to+give+up+on+sb

1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen “I gave”, VT49:14 or †ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an “ironic tone” to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena “I gave him a spear as a present” was often used with the real sense of “I cast a spear at him”. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English “present someone with something” in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, “I presented him with a book” PE17:91. – The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than “Qenya” -ro for “he”. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative “give”, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle.

vb. “to give in marriage” give a person in marriage to another; also “to take as husband or wife to oneself” VT49:45

adverbial particle "indeed" that may be prefixed to a sentence VT45:11. Short e in the sentence e man antaváro? "what will he give indeed?" LR:63.

stem *lúni-, given the primitive form ¤lugni adj. "blue" LUGsup2/sup, LT1:262; later sources rather give luinë, with pl. form luini in Namárië. According to VT45:29, lúnë in the Etymologies was changed by Tolkien from lúna.

prep. "under" NŪ; all other sources give nu instead. In early "Qenya", no meant "upon"; MC:214

future tense ending. In avuva, caluva, cenuva, hiruva, enquantuva, entuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out before the ending -uva is added: quanta- “fill”, future tense quantuva PE17:68. A verbal stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva follows, as when avuva is stated to have become auva VT49:13. Origin/etymology of the ending -uva, see VT48:32. In VT49:30, the future tense of the verb “to be” is given as uva, apparently the future-tense “ending” appearing independently, but several other sources rather give nauva for “will be” see ná \#1.

noun "birth, birthday" LT1:272; maybe not a valid word in Tolkien’s later Quenya because the meaning of the corresponding verb was changed from "give birth" to "beget"

vb. "jerk, give quick twist or move, twitch" RIKH

adj. "grey" PE17:72; nominal pl. Sindar used = "Grey-elves", lit. *"Grey ones"; see WJ:375. Gen. pl. Sindaron in WJ:369. With general meaning "grey" also in Sindacollo Singollo "Grey-cloak, Thingol" SA:thind, PE17:72; see also sindë, Sindicollo;†sindanórië "grey land", ablative sindanóriello "from/out of a grey country" Nam; the reference is to a “mythical region of shadows lying at outer feet of the Mountains of Valinor” PE17:72. However, other sources give sindë q.v. as the Quenya word for "grey"; perhaps sinda came to mean primarily "Grey-elf" as a noun. Derived adjective Sindarin "Grey-elven", normally used as a noun to refer to the Grey-elven language. Appendix F

1 prefix "k" "four" KÁNAT 2 vb. "command, order" give an order or with things as object "demand" PM:361-362; where various derivatives of the stem KAN- are listed; the verb *can- is not directly cited, but seems implied by the statement "in Quenya the sense command had become the usual one". The undefined verb canya- listed elsewhere PE17:113 may also be taken as the actual verbal derivative that Tolkien here refers to.

noun "thanksgiving", isolated from Eruhantalë UT:166; see also VT43:14. A verbal stem \#hanta- "thank, give thanks" may apparently be isolated from this word.

1 conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar. 2 prep. "with" MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as. See ó- below. 3 prep.? variant along with au and va of the stem awa “away from” VT49:24. It is uncertain whether this o is a Quenya word; Patrick Wynne suggests it could be the first element of the preposition ollo “away from” ibid.

vb., variously glossed "beget" SD:73 or passive “be begotten” PE17:170; in earlier "Qenya" the gloss was "give birth" LT1:272

pronominal element "you", originally the "reverential 2nd person sing" RGEO:73, VT49:56. However, singular le was apparently altered to lye q.v., and le took on a plural significance le for pl. “you” is apparently derived from de, the ancient 2nd person pl. stem, VT49:50-51. Stressed lé VT49:51, dual let *“the two of you” ibid.. At certain points in Tolkien’s conception, le was still sg. “thou” rather than pl. “you”. It is attested as an ending in the imperative form antalë *"give thou" VT43:17; see anta-. The form ólë in VT43:29 apparently means *"with thee"; according to Tolkien’s later system, it would rather mean “with you” pl. Compare aselyë “with thee” sg. in a later source see as.

adj. "happy" LT1:272,. This word, as well as valima and vald-, connect with Tolkien's early concept of Valar meaning "happy ones".Since the term Valar was later reinterpreted as "the Powers", the conceptual validity of these terms for "happy” depends on whether the bliss associated with the Valar and Valinor is regarded as sufficient to give them a secondary justification.

noun "air, tune, singing, song" SA:gond, LINsup2/sup, GLIN; lindelorendor "music-dream-land"; see laurelindórenan lindelorendor... LotR2:III ch. 4, cf. Letters:308. Also compare lindi- in lindimaitar, q.v. but the other compounds here cited do not give a lindë a stem-form lindi-.

1 vocative particle "O" in a vanimar "O beautiful ones" LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308; also attested repeatedly in VT44:12 cf. 15: A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion*"o God the son/son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". 2 conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna *”and northwards” in a late text, VT49:26. According to PE17:41, “Old Quenya” could have the conjunction a as a variant of ar before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw f is not mentioned, PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r,þ, s. See ar \#1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen “he ran with his speed” i.e. as quickly as he could is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is *“he ran and did so with his speed” PE17:58. 3, also á, imperative particle. An imperative with “immediate time reference” is expressed by á in front of the verb or “occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis”, with the verb following in “the simplest form also used for the uninflected ‘aorist’ without specific time reference past or present or future” PE17:93. Cf. a laita te, laita te! "o bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" see laita, vala for reference; cf. also á carë *“do!”, á ricë “try!”, á lirë “sing!”, á menë “proceed!”, a norë “run!” PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example, á tula *"come!" VT43:14. In the last example, the verb tul- “come” receives an ending -a that probably represents the suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both “before and after” the verbal stem “for emphasis” PE17:93. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta “speak!” PE17:138. Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira VT47:31, see cen-, tir-; the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë PE17:94 with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! “let them try!” PE17:93. Alyë VT43:17, VT44:9 seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta *"give thou" elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"; presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, \#ála or áva, q.v.

vb. “give instructions to” QL:72

"kâ" "jaw" noun GL:37; later sources give anca

1 prep. “to” VT49:35, “as preposition ana is used when purely dative formula is required” PE17:147, perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n \#1, q.v. Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" NĀsup1/sup; an q.v. is used with this meaning in one source PE17:127 2 vb., apparently the imperative "give!", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13. See anta \#1.