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  • 121 проверка


    check (снк), test, inspection
    - (раздел рэ) — adjustment/test
    -, автономная (инерц. сист.) — self-testing
    -, безвыборочная — random check
    - биения (радиального) — check for /of/ eccentricity
    - биения (скоса боковой поверхности, напр., колеса турбины) — check of swash. checking the swash of turbine wheel.
    - введенных координат гпм — waypoint coordinate insertion /entry/ verification
    - включения (работы) системы — system operational test
    -, внерегламентная — unschedule maintenance check
    проверки или осмотры самолета, его систем и агрегатов, проводимые в результате нарушения нормальных условий эксплуатации, независимо от утвержденных сроков проверок, производятся после грубых посадок, в случае удара молний в самолет, посадки с избыточным весом, столкновения с птицей и др. — those maintenance checks and inspection on the aircraft, its systems and units which are dictated by special or unusual conditions which are not related to the time limits. includes inspections and checks such as hard landing, turbulent air, lightning strike, overweight landing, bird strike
    - встроенным контролем — built-in test

    test the system by using its built-in test facility /ieature/.
    -, выборочная — spot check, sampling inspection
    -, выборочная (на работоспособность) — spot test
    - гермокабины на герметичность — pressurized cabin leakage test
    - готовности (ла) к полету — pre-flight check
    "- заправки топливом" — fuel oty test (switch) (выключатель)
    -, комплексная (систем) — combined systems checkout
    -, контрольная — inspection check
    - концентричности (колеса турбины, вала) — check of concentricity (of turbine wheel, shaft)
    - координат места ла — aircraft position coordinate verification
    - ламп — lamp test
    - ламп табло (повторным включением) — annunciator lights recall. any reset annunciator lights can be recalled using the warning, caution and advisory lights test switch.
    - межпопетная (перед обратным маршрутом) — turnround check
    - методом "прокачек" (функциональная проверка электр. цепей) — functional test
    - на выявление трещин (одним из объективных методов дефектоскопии) — inspection for cracks (by emplaying an objective method of inspection)
    - на герметичность — leak test
    -, наземная — ground check
    -, наземная (с опробованием) — ground test
    - на нспопнитепьном старте — lne-up check
    - на магнитном дефектоскопе (на выявление трещин) — magnetic inspection (for cracks)
    - на месте (без демонтажа изделия или агрегата с объекта) — in-situ check /test, inspection/. the on-condition check is normally an in-situ test.
    - на оправке — check on mandrel
    - на правильность формы и взаимного расположения поверхностей (детали) — test for truth
    сюда относятся проверки на (не)плоскостность, (не)перпендикулярность, (не)параллельность, овальность и на правильность совмещения отверстий. — the methods for testing for form and alignment are used to check the flatness, squareness, angular relationship or parallelism of the part surfaces, the alignment of holes or the true circularity of round parts.
    - на пробой изоляции — insulation breakdown test
    - на работоспособность (для подтверждения нормальной работы изделия) — operational test. the procedure required to ascertain only that a system or unit is operable.
    - на работоспособность (для подтверждения эксплуатационных характеристик) — operation test. то demonstrate the engine operational characteristics.
    - (реакции двигателя) на сброс газа — deceleration test
    - на слух — listening test
    перебои в работе двигателя могут определяться проверкой на слух, — listening test is employed to determine the engine rough operation.
    - на соответствие техническим условиям — functional test
    проверка, проводимая с целью подтверждения, что система или агрегат работает в соответствии с минимально допустимыми ту. — the procedure required to ascertain that а system or unit is functioning in all aspects in accordance with minimum acceptable design specifications.
    - на стоянке — ramp check /test, inspection/

    simple test module provides rapid ramp check.
    - на утечку (герметичность) — leak-test
    - на утечку мыльной пеной — leak-test with soap suds арplied

    coat the pipe with soap suds to detect leakage.
    - наличия электрической цепи от...до... — check of electrical circuit between...and...for continuity
    - нивелировки (заклинения) неподвижных поверхностей самолета — check of rigging of fixed surfaces
    - огнетушителей (без разряда) — fire extinguisher test (firex
    нажать кнопку проверка огнетушителей и в этом случае должны загораться лампы 1-я очередь и 2-я очередь срабатывания. — press the firex test button and all main and altn lights illuminate on fire extinguisher test panel.
    -, перекрестная (напр., всех аналогичных приборов) — crosscheck (хснеск) crosscheck the three altimeters.
    -, периодическая — periodic check
    - пиропатронов (противопожарной системы) — squib test. repeat procedure with squib test switch in aft position.
    - плоскостности детали на контрольной плите — check for flatness of a part surface against the face of a surface plate
    для проведения данной проверки на поверхность кантрольной плиты наносится краска (берлинская лазурь), затем чистая проверяемая поверхность прижимается к контрольной плите. плоскостность проверяемой поверхности, оценивается no наличию отпечатков краски (на выступающих участках). — то make the test, smear the face of the surface plate with marking (consisting of prussian blue or redlead with oil), then wipe clean the sruface to be checked and rub it lightly on the surface plate. the truth of the surface can be estimated by the appearance of the transferred marking.
    -, повторная — recheck
    - под током /напряжением/ (оборудования, системы) — test /check/ of equipment energized, alive (equipment) test
    - по налету — check by flight hour(s)
    -по налету, регламентная — periodic /scheduled/ maintenance cheek by flight hour(s)
    -, послемонтажная — post-installation check
    -, послеполетная — post-flight check
    - по состоянию (по мере надобности) — оn-condition check (ос)
    профилактическое техническое обслуживание (контроль качества ремонта), выполняемое в виде периодических осмотров, проверок (или испытаний изделия (агрегата), на обнаружение механических дефектов (в доступных пределах) для определения допустимости дальнейшей эксппуатации изделия (до следующей проверки по состоянию). — а failure preventive primary maintenance (overhaul control) process which requires that the item be periodically inspected, checked or tested against some appropriate physical standards (wear or deterioration limits) to determine whether the item can continue its service (for another ос check interval).
    - по техническому состоянию — оn-condition check
    - по форме "а" ("в", "с"), регламентная (периодиче — scheduled (periodic) "а" ("в", "с") check
    - правильности ввода данных — data entry /insertion/ verification
    -, предварительная — preliminary check
    -, предвзлетная (по контрольной карте) — pre-takeoff check, before-takeoff check
    -, предполетная — pre-flight check
    -, предпосадочная (по контрольной карте) — pre-landing check, beforelanding check
    -, предстартовая — prestart procedure
    - приемистости (двигателя) — acceleration test
    - прилегания поверхностей на краску (берлинскую лазурь) — check of the surfaces for close contacting indicated by continuity of (prussian blue) marking transferred
    -, принудительная (вводимая вручную) — manually initiated /induced/ test /check/
    - противообледенительной системы (надпись) — anti-ice test
    - противопожарной системы (надпись) — firex test
    - работоспособности — operational test
    - работы — operational test
    - радиального биения (рабочего колеса турбины (на оправке) — check of eccentricity /concentricity/ of turbine wheel (on mandrel)
    -, регламентная — scheduled maintenance check
    проверки самолета, его систем и агрегатов в указанные сроки. — those manufacturer recommended check and inspections of the aircraft, its systems and units dictated by the time limits.
    - самолетов парка, выборочная — sampling inspection of fleet
    "- сигнальных ламп" (надпись) — lamp test
    - системы — system test (sys tst)
    - системы сигнализации пожаpa — fire warning) test
    "- системы сигн. пож. в otc. дв. (надпись) — eng compt fire warn test
    -, совместная (проводимая поставщиком и покупателем) — conjoint check, check or test conjointly conducted (by supplier and buyer)
    - соконусности несущего винта (вертолета) — rotor blade tracking test
    - сопротивления изоляции — insulation-resistance test

    test for measuring ohmic resistance of insulation.
    - с помощью встроенного контроля — built-in test
    - с (к-л.) пульта (или наборного поля) — test /check/ via /from/ сапtrol panel (or keyboard)
    -, стартовая — on line test
    -, стендовая — bench test
    -, стендовая (испытание) — bench check/test/
    - технического состояния — operational status check, check for condition
    -, транзитная — transit check
    план транзитного полета включает транзитную проверку. — the transit time schedule includes transit check.
    -, тщательная — thorough check
    -, функциональная — functional test
    - электрической прочности (изоляции) — (insulation) voltage-withstand test
    проверка способности изоляции выдерживать (повышеннoe против нормы) напряжение. — application of voltage (higher than rated) for determining the adequancy of insulation materials against breakdown.
    - элементов конструкции (ла), выборочная — structural sampling test
    - эффективности системы охлаждения (двигателя и редуктора вертолета) при взлете (висении, наборе высоты, снижении) — takeoff (hovering, climb, descent) cooling test
    'включение проверки' (надпись) — test on
    причина п. — reason for check /test/
    производить п. по 3, пп. a,6 — test the unit according to requirements of para. 3 (a, b)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > проверка

  • 122 Bourn, Daniel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1744 Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of a machine with cylinders for carding cotton.
    [br]
    Daniel Bourn may well have been a native of Lancashire. He set up a fourth Paul-Wyatt cotton-spinning mill at Leominster, Herefordshire, possibly in 1744, although the earliest mention of it is in 1748. His only known partner in this mill was Henry Morris, a yarn dealer who in 1743 had bought a grant of spindles from Paul at the low rate of 30 shillings or 40 shillings per spindle when the current price was £3 or £4. When Bourn patented his carding engine in 1748, he asked Wyatt for a grant of spindles, to which Wyatt agreed because £100 was offered immedi-ately. The mill, which was probably the only one outside the control of Paul and his backers, was destroyed by fire in 1754 and was not rebuilt, although Bourn and his partners had considerable hopes for it. Bourn was said to have lost over £1,600 in the venture.
    Daniel Bourn described himself as a wool and cotton dealer of Leominster in his patent of 1748 for his carding engine. The significance of this invention is the use of rotating cylinders covered with wire clothing. The patent drawing shows four cylinders, one following the other to tease out the wool, but Bourn was unable to discover a satisfactory method of removing the fibres from the last cylinder. It is possible that Robert Peel in Lancashire obtained one of these engines through Morris, and that James Hargreaves tried to improve it; if so, then some of the early carding engines in the cotton industry were derived from Bourn's.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1748, British patent no. 628 (carding engine).
    Further Reading
    A.P.Wadsworth and J.de Lacy Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire 1600–1780, Manchester (the most significant reference to Bourn).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (provides an examination of the carding patent).
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (mentions Bourn in his survey of the textile scene before Arkwright).
    R.Jenkins, 1936–7, "Industries of Herefordshire in Bygone Times", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 17 (includes a reference to Bourn's mill).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford: Clarendon Press; ibid., 1958, Vol, IV (brief mentions of Bourn's work).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Bourn, Daniel

  • 123 Bullard, Edward Payson

    [br]
    b. 18 April 1841 Uxbridge, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 22 December 1906 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer who designed machines for boring.
    [br]
    Edward Payson Bullard served his apprenticeship at the Whitin Machine Works, Whitinsville, Massachusetts, and worked at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, until 1863; he then entered the employ of Pratt \& Whitney, also in Hartford. He later formed a partnership with J.H.Prest and William Parsons manufacturing millwork and tools, the firm being known as Bullard \& Prest. In 1866 Bullard organized the Norwalk Iron Works Company of Norwalk, Connecticut, but afterwards withdrew and continued the business in Hartford. In 1868 the firm of Bullard \& Prest was dissolved and Bullard became Superintendent of a large machine shop in Athens, Georgia. He later organized the machine tool department of Post \& Co. at Cincinnati, and in 1872 he was made General Superintendent of the Gill Car Works at Columbus, Ohio. In 1875 he established a machinery business in Beekman Street, New York, under the name of Allis, Bullard \& Co. Mr Allis withdrew in 1877, and the Bullard Machine Company was organized.
    In 1880 Bullard secured entire control of the business and also became owner of the Bridgeport Machine Tool Works, Bridgeport, Connecticut. In 1883 he designed his first vertical boring and turning mill with a single head and belt feed and a 37 in. (94 cm) capacity; this was the first small boring machine designed to do the accurate work previously done on the face plate of a lathe. In 1889 Bullard gave up his New York interests and concentrated his entire attention on manufacturing at Bridgeport, the business being incorporated in 1894 as the Bullard Machine Tool Company. The company specialized in the construction of boring machines, the design being developed so that it became essentially a vertical turret lathe. After Bullard's death, his son Edward Payson Bullard II (b. 10 July 1872 Columbus, Ohio, USA; d. 26 June 1953 Fairfield, Connecticut, USA) continued as head of the company and further developed the boring machine into a vertical multi-spindle automatic lathe which he called the "Mult-au-matic" lathe. Both father and son were members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (describes Bullard's machines).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Bullard, Edward Payson

  • 124 Fairbairn, Sir Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. September 1799 Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotland
    d. 4 January 1861 Leeds, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    British inventor of the revolving tube between drafting rollers to give false twist.
    [br]
    Born of Scottish parents, Fairbairn was apprenticed at the age of 14 to John Casson, a mill-wright and engineer at the Percy Main Colliery, Newcastle upon Tyne, and remained there until 1821 when he went to work for his brother William in Manchester. After going to various other places, including Messrs Rennie in London and on the European continent, he eventually moved in 1829 to Leeds where Marshall helped him set up the Wellington Foundry and so laid the foundations for the colossal establishment which was to employ over one thousand workers. To begin with he devoted his attention to improving wool-weaving machinery, substituting iron for wood in the construction of the textile machines. He also worked on machinery for flax, incorporating many of Philippe de Girard's ideas. He assisted Henry Houldsworth in the application of the differential to roving frames, and it was to these machines that he added his own inventions. The longer fibres of wool and flax need to have some form of support and control between the rollers when they are being drawn out, and inserting a little twist helps. However, if the roving is too tightly twisted before passing through the first pair of rollers, it cannot be drawn out, while if there is insufficient twist, the fibres do not receive enough support in the drafting zone. One solution is to twist the fibres together while they are actually in the drafting zone between the rollers. In 1834, Fairbairn patented an arrangement consisting of a revolving tube placed between the drawing rollers. The tube inserted a "middle" or "false" twist in the material. As stated in the specification, it was "a well-known contrivance… for twisting and untwisting any roving passing through it". It had been used earlier in 1822 by J. Goulding of the USA and a similar idea had been developed by C.Danforth in America and patented in Britain in 1825 by J.C. Dyer. Fairbairn's machine, however, was said to make a very superior article. He was also involved with waste-silk spinning and rope-yarn machinery.
    Fairbairn later began constructing machine tools, and at the beginning of the Crimean War was asked by the Government to make special tools for the manufacture of armaments. He supplied some of these, such as cannon rifling machines, to the arsenals at Woolwich and Enfield. He then made a considerable number of tools for the manufacture of the Armstrong gun. He was involved in the life of his adopted city and was elected to Leeds town council in 1832 for ten years. He was elected an alderman in 1854 and was Mayor of Leeds from 1857 to 1859, when he was knighted by Queen Victoria at the opening of the new town hall. He was twice married, first to Margaret Kennedy and then to Rachel Anne Brindling.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1858.
    Bibliography
    1834, British patent no. 6,741 (revolving tube between drafting rollers to give false twist).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    Obituary, 1861, Engineer 11.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a brief account of Fairbairn's revolving tube).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vols IV and V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides details of Fairbairn's silk-dressing machine and a picture of a large planing machine built by him).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Fairbairn, Sir Peter

  • 125 MacGregor, Robert

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1873 Hebburn-on-Tyne, England
    d. 4 October 1956 Whitley Bay, England
    [br]
    English naval architect who, working with others, significantly improved the safety of life at sea.
    [br]
    On leaving school in 1894, MacGregor was apprenticed to a famous local shipyard, the Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company of Jarrow-on-Tyne. After four years he was entered for the annual examination of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, coming out top and being nominated Queen's Prizeman. Shortly thereafter he moved around shipyards to gain experience, working in Glasgow, Hull, Newcastle and then Dunkirk. His mastery of French enabled him to obtain in 1906 the senior position of Chief Draughtsman at an Antwerp shipyard, where he remained until 1914. On his return to Britain, he took charge of the small yard of Dibbles in Southampton and commenced a period of great personal development and productivity. His fertile mind enabled him to register no fewer than ten patents in the years 1919 to 1923.
    In 1924 he started out on his own as a naval architect, specializing in the coal trade of the North Sea. At that time, colliers had wooden hatch covers, which despite every caution could be smashed by heavy seas, and which in time of war added little to hull integrity after a torpedo strike. The International Loadline Committee of 1932 noted that 13 per cent of ship losses were through hatch failures. In 1927, designs for selftrimming colliers were developed, as well as designs for steel hatch covers. In 1928 the first patents were under way and the business was known for some years as MacGregor and King. During this period, steel hatch covers were fitted to 105 ships.
    In 1937 MacGregor invited his brother Joseph (c. 1883–1967) to join him. Joseph had wide experience in ship repairs and had worked for many years as General Manager of the Prince of Wales Dry Docks in Swansea, a port noted for its coal exports. By 1939 they were operating from Whitley Bay with the name that was to become world famous: MacGregor and Company (Naval Architects) Ltd. The new company worked in association with the shipyards of Austin's of Sunderland and Burntisland of Fife, which were then developing the "flatiron" colliers for the up-river London coal trade. The MacGregor business gained a great boost when the massive coastal fleet of William Cory \& Son was fitted with steel hatches.
    In 1945 the brothers appointed Henri Kummerman (b. 1908, Vienna; d. 1984, Geneva) as their sales agent in Europe. Over the years, Kummerman effected greater control on the MacGregor business and, through his astute business dealings and his well-organized sales drives worldwide, welded together an international company in hatch covers, cargo handling and associated work. Before his death, Robert MacGregor was to see mastery of the design of single-pull steel hatch covers and to witness the acceptance of MacGregor hatch covers worldwide. Most important of all, he had contributed to great increases in the safety and the quality of life at sea.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.C.Burrill, 1931, "Seaworthiness of collier types", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architechts.
    S.Sivewright, 1989, One Man's Mission-20,000 Ships, London: Lloyd's of London Press.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > MacGregor, Robert

  • 126 Robert, Nicolas Louis

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 2 December 1761 Paris, France
    d. 8 August 1828 Dreux, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the papermaking machine.
    [br]
    Robert was born into a prosperous family and received a fair education, after which he became a lawyer's clerk. In 1780, however, he enlisted in the Army and joined the artillery, serving with distinction in the West Indies, where he fought against the English. When dissatisfied with his prospects, Robert returned to Paris and obtained a post as proof-reader to the firm of printers and publishers owned by the Didot family. They were so impressed with his abilities that they promoted him, c. 1790, to "clerk inspector of workmen" at their paper mill at Essonnes, south of Paris, under the control of Didot St Leger.
    It was there that Robert conceived the idea of a continuous papermaking machine. In 1797 he made a model of it and, after further models, he obtained a patent in 1798. The paper was formed on a continuously revolving wire gauze, from which the sheets were lifted off and hung up to dry. Didot was at first scathing, but he came round to encouraging Robert to make a success of the machine. However, they quarrelled over the financial arrangements and Robert left to try setting up his own mill near Rouen. He failed for lack of capital, and in 1800 he returned to Essonnes and sold his patent to Didot for part cash, part proceeds from the operation of the mill. Didot left for England to enlist capital and technical skills to exploit the invention, while Robert was left in charge at Essonnes. It was the Fourdrinier brothers and Bryan Donkin who developed the papermaking machine into a form in which it could succeed. Meanwhile the mill at Essonnes under Robert's direction had begun to falter and declined to the point where it had to be sold. He had never received the full return from the sale of his patent, but he managed to recover his rights in it. This profited him little, for Didot obtained a patent in France for the Fourdrinier machine and had two examples erected in 1814 and the following year, respectively, neatly side-tracking Robert, who was now without funds or position. To support himself and his family, Robert set up a primary school in Dreux and there passed his remaining years. Although it was the Fourdrinier papermaking machine that was generally adopted, it is Robert who deserves credit for the original initiative.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Papermaking Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 279–83 (provides a full description of Robert's invention and patent, together with a biography).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Robert, Nicolas Louis

  • 127 Williams, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Wales
    d. 29 November 1802 Bath, England
    [br]
    Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.
    [br]
    Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.
    As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.
    In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.
    After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Williams, Thomas

  • 128 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1889 Mourum (near Moscow), Russia
    d. 29 July 1982 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American 1924) television pioneer who invented the iconoscope and kinescope television camera and display tubes.
    [br]
    Zworykin studied engineering at the Institute of Technology in St Petersburg under Boris Rosing, assisting the latter with his early experiments with television. After graduating in 1912, he spent a time doing X-ray research at the Collège de France in Paris before returning to join the Russian Marconi Company, initially in St Petersburg and then in Moscow. On the outbreak of war in 1917, he joined the Russian Army Signal Corps, but when the war ended in the chaos of the Revolution he set off on his travels, ending up in the USA, where he joined the Westinghouse Corporation. There, in 1923, he filed the first of many patents for a complete system of electronic television, including one for an all-electronic scanning pick-up tube that he called the iconoscope. In 1924 he became a US citizen and invented the kinescope, a hard-vacuum cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display of television pictures, and the following year he patented a camera tube with a mosaic of photoelectric elements and gave a demonstration of still-picture TV. In 1926 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Pittsburgh and in 1928 he was granted a patent for a colour TV system.
    In 1929 he embarked on a tour of Europe to study TV developments; on his return he joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) as Director of the Electronics Research Group, first at Camden and then Princeton, New Jersey. Securing a budget to develop an improved CRT picture tube, he soon produced a kinescope with a hard vacuum, an indirectly heated cathode, a signal-modulation grid and electrostatic focusing. In 1933 an improved iconoscope camera tube was produced, and under his direction RCA went on to produce other improved types of camera tube, including the image iconoscope, the orthicon and image orthicon and the vidicon. The secondary-emission effect used in many of these tubes was also used in a scintillation radiation counter. In 1941 he was responsible for the development of the first industrial electron microscope, but for most of the Second World War he directed work concerned with radar, aircraft fire-control and TV-guided missiles.
    After the war he worked for a time on high-speed memories and medical electronics, becoming Vice-President and Technical Consultant in 1947. He "retired" from RCA and was made an honorary vice-president in 1954, but he retained an office and continued to work there almost up until his death; he also served as Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1954 until 1962.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Zworykin received some twenty-seven awards and honours for his contributions to television engineering and medical electronics, including the Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1965; US Medal of Science 1966; and the US National Hall of Fame 1977.
    Bibliography
    29 December 1923, US patent no. 2,141, 059 (the original iconoscope patent; finally granted in December 1938!).
    13 July 1925, US patent no. 1,691, 324 (colour television system).
    1930, with D.E.Wilson, Photocells and Their Applications, New York: Wiley. 1934, "The iconoscope. A modern version of the electric eye". Proceedings of the
    Institute of Radio Engineers 22:16.
    1946, Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope.
    1940, with G.A.Morton, Television; revised 1954.
    Further Reading
    J.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

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