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to+be+well+grounded+in+english

  • 1 Kenntnis

    f; -, -se
    1. nur Sg. knowledge (+ Gen oder von of); Kenntnis haben von know (about), be aware of; jemanden von etw. in Kenntnis setzen inform s.o. of s.th., bring s.th. to s.o.’s attention; Kenntnis nehmen von take note of; es ist uns zur Kenntnis gelangt, dass... we have learned ( oder been informed) that...; das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis I have no knowledge of it
    2. Kenntnisse (Wissen) knowledge (+ Gen oder in + Dat of); (Erfahrung) experience (in, of); (Verständnis) understanding (of); gute Kenntnisse haben in (+ Dat) have a good knowledge of, be well grounded in
    * * *
    die Kenntnis
    knowledge; awareness
    * * *
    Kẹnnt|nis ['kɛntnɪs]
    f -, -se
    1) (= Wissen) knowledge no pl

    über Kenntnisse von etw verfügen — to be knowledgeable about sth, to know about sth

    ohne Kenntnis des Englischen — without any or a knowledge of English, without knowing English

    2) no pl (form)

    etw zur Kenntnis nehmen, von etw Kenntnis nehmen — to note sth, to take note of sth

    ich nehme zur Kenntnis, dass... — I note that...

    * * *
    die
    1) ((with with) knowledge: My acquaintance with the works of Shakespeare is slight.) acquaintance
    2) (information or what is known: He had a vast amount of knowledge about boats.) knowledge
    4) (a job or activity that requires training and practice; an art or craft: the basic skills of reading and writing.) skill
    * * *
    Kennt·nis
    <-, -se>
    [ˈkɛntnɪs]
    f
    1. kein pl (Vertrautheit) knowledge
    etw entzieht sich jds \Kenntnis (geh) sb has no knowledge of [or doesn't know anything about] sth
    \Kenntnis von etw dat erhalten (geh) to learn [or be informed] of [or about] sth
    von etw dat \Kenntnis haben (geh) to have knowledge of [or know about] sth
    etw zur \Kenntnis nehmen to take note of sth
    zur \Kenntnis nehmen, dass to note that
    jdn von etw dat in \Kenntnis setzen (geh) to inform [or notify] sb of sth
    jdn davon in \Kenntnis setzen, dass (geh) to inform sb that
    ohne \Kenntnis einer S. gen without knowing sth
    ohne \Kenntnis der familiären Situation können wir nicht viel tun we can't do much without knowing about the family situation
    2. pl (Wissen) knowledge no pl
    Sie sollten Ihre \Kenntnisse vertiefen you should broaden your knowledge
    [gründliche] \Kenntnisse in etw dat haben to have a [thorough] knowledge of sth
    über \Kenntnisse [in etw dat] verfügen (geh) to be knowledgeable [or know] [about sth]
    von etw dat \Kenntnis haben (geh) to have knowledge of [or know about] sth
    3. JUR (gerichtliches Wissen) cognizance; (Kenntnisnahme) notice
    \Kenntnis des Gerichts judicial knowledge [or cognizance]
    gesetzlich vermutete \Kenntnis constructive notice
    etw zur \Kenntnis nehmen to take cognizance of sth
    * * *
    die; Kenntnis, Kenntnisse
    1) o. Pl. knowledge

    von etwas Kenntnis haben/erhalten — be informed on something or have knowledge of something/learn or hear about something

    das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis — (geh.) I have no knowledge of that

    von etwas Kenntnis nehmen, etwas zur Kenntnis nehmen — take note of something

    jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen — inform or notify somebody of something

    2) Plural knowledge sing.

    oberflächliche/gründliche Kenntnisse in etwas (Dat.) haben — have a superficial/thorough knowledge of something

    * * *
    Kenntnis f; -, -se
    1. nur sg knowledge (+gen oder
    von of);
    Kenntnis haben von know (about), be aware of;
    jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen inform sb of sth, bring sth to sb’s attention;
    Kenntnis nehmen von take note of;
    es ist uns zur Kenntnis gelangt, dass … we have learned ( oder been informed) that …;
    das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis I have no knowledge of it
    2.
    Kenntnisse (Wissen) knowledge (+gen oder
    in +dat of); (Erfahrung) experience (in, of); (Verständnis) understanding (of);
    gute Kenntnisse haben in (+dat) have a good knowledge of, be well grounded in
    * * *
    die; Kenntnis, Kenntnisse
    1) o. Pl. knowledge

    von etwas Kenntnis haben/erhalten — be informed on something or have knowledge of something/learn or hear about something

    das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis — (geh.) I have no knowledge of that

    von etwas Kenntnis nehmen, etwas zur Kenntnis nehmen — take note of something

    jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen — inform or notify somebody of something

    2) Plural knowledge sing.

    oberflächliche/gründliche Kenntnisse in etwas (Dat.) haben — have a superficial/thorough knowledge of something

    * * *
    -se f.
    familiarity n.
    knowledge n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kenntnis

  • 2 justificado

    adj.
    justified.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: justificar.
    * * *
    * * *
    justificado1

    Ex: This new arrangement is meant to give the U.S. military a more justified presence in the eyes of many would-be critics.

    * bien justificado = well-founded, well-formulated.
    * excusa justificada = justified excuse.
    * poco justificado = ill-justified.
    * razón justificada = justified reason.
    * sin causa justificada = without justified reason.
    * sin excusa justificada = unexcused.
    * sin motivo justificado = without justified reason.
    * sin razón justificada = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * tener causa justificada = have + good cause.
    * tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.

    justificado2

    Ex: Opinions differ as whether justification facilitates or hinders reading; detractors point as well to a variety of increased costs due to the use of a justified format.

    * * *

    Del verbo justificar: ( conjugate justificar)

    justificado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    justificado    
    justificar
    justificar ( conjugate justificar) verbo transitivo


    sus sospechas no estaban justificadas his suspicions were not justified;
    trabajar por tan poco no se justifica it isn't worth working for so little
    b) ( disculpar) ‹ persona› to find o make excuses for

    justificarse verbo pronominal
    to justify oneself, excuse oneself
    justificado,-a adjetivo justified, well-grounded
    justificar verbo transitivo to justify
    ' justificado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    justificada
    English:
    justified
    - righteous
    * * *
    justificado, -a adj
    justified
    * * *
    adj tb
    TIP justified

    Spanish-English dictionary > justificado

  • 3 controlar

    v.
    1 to control.
    Pedro controla su vida al fin Peter controls his life at last.
    María controla a sus hijos con lástima Mary controls her kids through pity.
    2 to check.
    3 to watch, to keep an eye on.
    4 to take over, to control.
    María controla los negocios Mary takes over business.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to control
    2 (comprobar) to check
    1 (moderarse) to control oneself
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dominar) [+ situación, emoción, balón, vehículo, inflación] to control

    los rebeldes controlan ya todo el país — the rebels now control the whole country, the rebels are now in control of the whole country

    no controlo muy bien ese tema — * I'm not very hot on that subject *

    2) (=vigilar)

    contrólame al niño mientras yo estoy fuera — * can you keep an eye on the child while I'm out

    controla que no hierva el café — * make sure the coffee doesn't boil, see that the coffee doesn't boil

    3) (=regular) to control
    2.
    VI *
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( dominar) <nervios/impulsos/persona> to control
    2) ( vigilar) <inflación/proceso> to monitor

    controlar el peso/la línea — to watch one's weight/one's waistline

    3) ( regular) <presión/inflación> to control
    2.
    controlarse v pron
    1) ( dominarse) to control oneself
    2) ( vigilar) <peso/colesterol> to check, monitor
    * * *
    = control, get + command of, govern, keep + a rein on, keep within + bounds, monitor, regulate, peg, police, master, command, scourge, keep down + Nombre, stem + the tide of, bring under + control, hold in + line, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, hold + the reins of, corral, check up on, keep + tabs on, wield + control, hold + sway (over), wiretap [wire-tap], hold + the line, keep + a tight hold on, take + control of, stay on top of, stay in + control, rein in, hold + Nombre + in.
    Ex. These fields control the access to the main record and are all fixed length fields.
    Ex. The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.
    Ex. It is not sufficient merely to describe the processes that govern the creation and generation of indexing and abstracting data.
    Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex. Costs can be kept within reasonable bounds if a method appropriate to the specific application is chosen.
    Ex. Ideally it should be possible to include some form of student assessment or to monitor the student's progress.
    Ex. Built into each operator are sets of instructions to the computer which regulate where the term must appear in the printed entries generated from the string, typefaces, and necessary punctuation.
    Ex. After a couple of months, I had his overall behavior pretty well pegged.
    Ex. For many centuries local authorities have been responsible for policing Weights and Measures Acts and regulations and, where a breach of legislation was uncovered, would prosecute in the criminal court.
    Ex. The library director strove to master his frustration.
    Ex. Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.
    Ex. The reference librarian must always resist an impulse to be glib; he must scourge and throttle his vanity; he must reach a conclusion rather than begin with it.
    Ex. Activities such as gardening or cookery are dealt with in many books in ways which go far beyond the simple keeping down of weeds or just filling empty stomachs.
    Ex. This article discusses some strategies that are being developed to stem the tide of losses caused worldwide by piracy.
    Ex. But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex. The library staff consists of 6 professional librarians and 11 clerical workers, all of whom are held firmly in line by the forceful personality of the director, a retired military colonel.
    Ex. Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex. The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex. This trend may also be explained by the hegemony of those who hold the reins of international publication.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Microfilm retrieval system corrals paper flood for Ameritech publishing'.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. Influence and control is currently wielded by sterile professionals who are blind to the need to develop services beyond print.
    Ex. This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    Ex. The implementation of this system would enable law enforcement agencies to wiretap all digital communication.
    Ex. The standpatters argue, and the progressives agree, that the tax line must be held in the interest of attracting industry = Los conservadores proponen y los progresistas están de acuerdo en que se deben contener los impuestos para atraer a la industria.
    Ex. A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.
    Ex. Five years after they took control of war-ravaged Afghanistan, reconstruction remains a job half done.
    Ex. Adapting to change -- and staying on top of the changes -- is a huge key to success in industry.
    Ex. This section of the book is all about how to stay in control of your personal information.
    Ex. If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex. The longer a fart is held in, the larger the proportion of inert nitrogen it contains, because the other gases tend to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine.
    ----
    * controlar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la economía = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar las finanzas = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * controlar los gastos = control + costs, contain + costs.
    * controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * controlarse = command + Reflexivo, pace.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( dominar) <nervios/impulsos/persona> to control
    2) ( vigilar) <inflación/proceso> to monitor

    controlar el peso/la línea — to watch one's weight/one's waistline

    3) ( regular) <presión/inflación> to control
    2.
    controlarse v pron
    1) ( dominarse) to control oneself
    2) ( vigilar) <peso/colesterol> to check, monitor
    * * *
    = control, get + command of, govern, keep + a rein on, keep within + bounds, monitor, regulate, peg, police, master, command, scourge, keep down + Nombre, stem + the tide of, bring under + control, hold in + line, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, hold + the reins of, corral, check up on, keep + tabs on, wield + control, hold + sway (over), wiretap [wire-tap], hold + the line, keep + a tight hold on, take + control of, stay on top of, stay in + control, rein in, hold + Nombre + in.

    Ex: These fields control the access to the main record and are all fixed length fields.

    Ex: The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.
    Ex: It is not sufficient merely to describe the processes that govern the creation and generation of indexing and abstracting data.
    Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex: Costs can be kept within reasonable bounds if a method appropriate to the specific application is chosen.
    Ex: Ideally it should be possible to include some form of student assessment or to monitor the student's progress.
    Ex: Built into each operator are sets of instructions to the computer which regulate where the term must appear in the printed entries generated from the string, typefaces, and necessary punctuation.
    Ex: After a couple of months, I had his overall behavior pretty well pegged.
    Ex: For many centuries local authorities have been responsible for policing Weights and Measures Acts and regulations and, where a breach of legislation was uncovered, would prosecute in the criminal court.
    Ex: The library director strove to master his frustration.
    Ex: Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.
    Ex: The reference librarian must always resist an impulse to be glib; he must scourge and throttle his vanity; he must reach a conclusion rather than begin with it.
    Ex: Activities such as gardening or cookery are dealt with in many books in ways which go far beyond the simple keeping down of weeds or just filling empty stomachs.
    Ex: This article discusses some strategies that are being developed to stem the tide of losses caused worldwide by piracy.
    Ex: But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex: The library staff consists of 6 professional librarians and 11 clerical workers, all of whom are held firmly in line by the forceful personality of the director, a retired military colonel.
    Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex: The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex: This trend may also be explained by the hegemony of those who hold the reins of international publication.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Microfilm retrieval system corrals paper flood for Ameritech publishing'.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: Influence and control is currently wielded by sterile professionals who are blind to the need to develop services beyond print.
    Ex: This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    Ex: The implementation of this system would enable law enforcement agencies to wiretap all digital communication.
    Ex: The standpatters argue, and the progressives agree, that the tax line must be held in the interest of attracting industry = Los conservadores proponen y los progresistas están de acuerdo en que se deben contener los impuestos para atraer a la industria.
    Ex: A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.
    Ex: Five years after they took control of war-ravaged Afghanistan, reconstruction remains a job half done.
    Ex: Adapting to change -- and staying on top of the changes -- is a huge key to success in industry.
    Ex: This section of the book is all about how to stay in control of your personal information.
    Ex: If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex: The longer a fart is held in, the larger the proportion of inert nitrogen it contains, because the other gases tend to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine.
    * controlar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la economía = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar las finanzas = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * controlar los gastos = control + costs, contain + costs.
    * controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * controlarse = command + Reflexivo, pace.

    * * *
    controlar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹nervios/impulsos/emociones› to control; ‹persona/animal› to control
    controlamos la situación we are in control of the situation, we have the situation under control
    el incendio fue rápidamente controlado por los bomberos the firemen quickly got o brought the fire under control
    controlan ahora toda la zona they now control o they are now in control of the whole area
    pasaron a controlar la empresa they took control of the company
    2 ( fam); ‹tema› to know about
    estos temas no los controlo I don't know anything about these things, I'm not too well up on o hot on these things ( colloq)
    B
    (vigilar): tiene que controlar su peso he has to watch o check o ( frml) monitor his weight
    deja de controlar todos mis gastos stop checking up on how much I spend the whole time
    me tienen muy controlada they keep a close watch o they keep tabs on everything I do, they keep me on a very tight rein
    el portero controlaba las entradas y salidas the porter kept a check on everyone who came in or out
    controlé el tiempo que me llevó I timed myself o how long it took me
    C (regular) to control
    este mecanismo controla la presión this mechanism regulates o controls the pressure
    medidas para controlar la inflación measures to control inflation o to bring inflation under control
    D ( Dep) (en doping) to administer a test to
    fue controlado positivo tras su victoria he tested positive after his victory
    lo controlaron negativo he was tested negative
    A (dominarse) to control oneself
    si no se controla acabará alcoholizado if he doesn't get a grip o a hold on himself he's going to become an alcoholic
    B (vigilar) ‹peso/colesterol› to check, watch, monitor ( frml)
    se controla el peso regularmente she checks her weight regularly, she keeps a regular check on her weight
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    controlar    
    controlar algo
    controlar ( conjugate controlar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹nervios/impulsos/persona› to control;
    ‹ incendio› to bring … under control;

    pasaron a controlar la empresa they took control of the company
    2 ‹inflación/proceso› to monitor;
    ‹ persona› to keep a check on;
    ◊ controlar el peso/la línea to watch one's weight/one's waistline;

    controlé el tiempo que me llevó I timed how long it took me
    3 ( regular) ‹presión/inflación› to control
    controlarse verbo pronominal ( dominarse) to control oneself;
    ( vigilar) ‹peso/colesterol› to check, monitor
    controlar verbo transitivo
    1 to control
    2 (comprobar) to check
    ' controlar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dominar
    - fraude
    - manejar
    - potingue
    - sujetar
    - contener
    English:
    control
    - grip
    - hold down
    - manage
    - monitor
    - regiment
    - spot-check
    - stamp out
    - check
    - discipline
    - help
    - unruly
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [dominar] to control;
    controlar la situación to be in control of the situation;
    la empresa controla el 30 por ciento del mercado the company controls 30 percent of the market;
    los bomberos todavía no han conseguido controlar el incendio firefighters have still not managed to bring the fire under control;
    medidas para controlar los precios measures to control prices
    2. [comprobar, verificar] to check;
    controla el nivel del aceite check the oil level;
    controlan continuamente su tensión arterial they are continuously monitoring his blood pressure
    3. [vigilar] to watch, to keep an eye on;
    la policía controla todos sus movimientos the police watch his every move;
    nos controlan la hora de llegada they keep a check on when we arrive;
    controla que no se cuele nadie see o make sure that no one Br jumps the queue o US cuts in line
    ♦ vi
    Fam [saber] to know;
    Rosa controla un montón de química Rosa knows loads about chemistry
    * * *
    v/t
    1 control
    2 ( vigilar) check
    * * *
    1) : to control
    2) : to monitor, to check
    * * *
    1. (dominar) to control [pt. & pp. controlled]
    2. (comprobar) to check

    Spanish-English dictionary > controlar

  • 4 arraigado

    adj.
    rooted, well-established, deep-rooted, deep-seated.
    f. & m.
    person out on bail.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: arraigar.
    * * *
    1→ link=arraigar arraigar
    1 (deeply) rooted
    * * *
    ADJ [costumbre] deep-rooted; [creencia] deep-seated; [persona] property-owning
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < costumbre> deeply rooted, deep-rooted; < vicio> deeply entrenched
    * * *
    = ingrained [engrained], long-held, entrenched, engrained [ingrained].
    Ex. Such conventions are so ingrained in American library practice that it is easy to forget they are not self-evident.
    Ex. In these statements, Carnegie added strong confirmation to the librarian's long-held elitist views.
    Ex. Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.
    Ex. No one who reads thoughtfully the dialectic of 'Huckleberry Finn''s great moral crisis will ever again accept the engrained customary beliefs of his time and place.
    ----
    * arraigado en la cultura = culturally-embedded.
    * estar muy arraigado en = be well embedded in.
    * idea arraigada = ingrained attitude.
    * muy arraigado = deep-rooted, well established, long-established.
    * profundamente arraigado = deeply ingrained, deeply grounded, deeply rooted, deep-seated.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < costumbre> deeply rooted, deep-rooted; < vicio> deeply entrenched
    * * *
    = ingrained [engrained], long-held, entrenched, engrained [ingrained].

    Ex: Such conventions are so ingrained in American library practice that it is easy to forget they are not self-evident.

    Ex: In these statements, Carnegie added strong confirmation to the librarian's long-held elitist views.
    Ex: Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.
    Ex: No one who reads thoughtfully the dialectic of 'Huckleberry Finn''s great moral crisis will ever again accept the engrained customary beliefs of his time and place.
    * arraigado en la cultura = culturally-embedded.
    * estar muy arraigado en = be well embedded in.
    * idea arraigada = ingrained attitude.
    * muy arraigado = deep-rooted, well established, long-established.
    * profundamente arraigado = deeply ingrained, deeply grounded, deeply rooted, deep-seated.

    * * *
    ‹costumbre/tradición› deeply rooted, deep-rooted; ‹vicio› deeply entrenched
    no se siente arraigado en ningún sitio he doesn't feel that he really belongs anywhere o that he has roots anywhere
    * * *

    Del verbo arraigar: ( conjugate arraigar)

    arraigado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    arraigado    
    arraigar
    arraigado
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹ costumbre› deeply rooted, deep-rooted;


    ‹ vicio› deeply entrenched
    arraigar ( conjugate arraigar) verbo intransitivo [ costumbre] to become rooted, take root;
    [ vicio] to become entrenched;
    [ planta] to take root
    arraigarse verbo pronominal [costumbres/ideas] to take root;
    [ persona] to settle
    arraigado,-a adjetivo deeply-rooted: una costumbre muy arraigada, a deeply-rooted custom
    arraigar verbo intransitivo to take root
    ' arraigado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arraigada
    English:
    deep-rooted
    - established
    - ingrained
    - well-established
    - deep
    - rooted
    * * *
    arraigado, -a adj
    1. [costumbre, idea] deeply rooted;
    el racismo está muy arraigado en la región racism is endemic in the region
    2. [persona] established
    * * *
    adj entrenched
    * * *
    arraigado, -da adj
    : deep-seated, ingrained

    Spanish-English dictionary > arraigado

  • 5 fundamentar

    v.
    1 to base.
    2 to lay the foundations of (construction).
    * * *
    1 figurado to base (en, on)
    2 (construcción) to lay the foundations of
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=basar) to base, found (en on)
    2) (=poner las bases de) to lay the foundations of
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( apoyar) to support, back up
    b) ( basar)
    * * *
    = found.
    Ex. No citation order, no matter how well founded, will prove suitable for every searcher.
    ----
    * fundamentar conclusiones en = base + judgement on.
    * fundamentarse en = be grounded in, build on/upon.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( apoyar) to support, back up
    b) ( basar)
    * * *

    Ex: No citation order, no matter how well founded, will prove suitable for every searcher.

    * fundamentar conclusiones en = base + judgement on.
    * fundamentarse en = be grounded in, build on/upon.

    * * *
    vt
    1 (apoyar) to support, back up
    las pruebas que fundamentan su teoría the evidence to back up o support his theory
    2 (basar) fundamentar algo EN algo to base sth ON sth
    * * *

    fundamentar verbo transitivo to base [en, on]
    ' fundamentar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    found
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [basar] to base;
    fundamentó sólidamente su tesis she underpinned her theory with sound arguments;
    fundamentó su defensa en la falta de pruebas he based his defence on the lack of evidence
    2. [afianzar]
    el nuevo acuerdo fundamenta sus relaciones the new agreement puts their relations on a firm footing
    3. Constr to lay the foundations of
    * * *
    v/t base (en on)
    * * *
    1) : to lay the foundations for
    2) : to support, to back up
    3) : to base, to found

    Spanish-English dictionary > fundamentar

  • 6 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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