-
1 WATER
nén (nen-) (LT1:262 also has linquë, but this word has other meanings in Tolkien’s later Quenya), WATER-FALL – LT1:249 gives axa, but this is probably obsoleted by axa "narrow path" in Etym; WATERY *nenda (wet – in the Etymologies as printed in LR, nenda seemed to be a Quenya word, but according to VT46:3 it actually appears as a primitive form nendā in Tolkien's manuscript; the Quenya form would still be *nenda, but it is unattested). WATER-MEAD, WATERED PLAIN nanda; WATER-LOVERS Nendili (used of the Lindar), WATER-VESSEL calpa; DRAW WATER calpa- (scoop out, bale out); ISSUE OF WATER ehtelë (fountain, spring, also cehtelë, see FOUNTAIN), WATER FALLING OUT SWIFTLY FROM A ROCKY SPRING celussë (freshet), YELLOW WATER-LILY nénu –NEN, WJ:410, NAD, KALPA, KEL, UT:426, LT1:248 -
2 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
3 BETWEEN
1) imbi (dual imbë). This is "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything intervening between two other things, like or unlike one another. The pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several things (ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"); "in the sense 'among' before plurals [imbë] is usually pluralized > imbi even when a plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" before two singular nouns connected by "and" (as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë "between heaven and earth"), whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between us". Elided imb' is attested in the phrase imb' illi "among all". The form imbit is said to be a "dualized form" expressing "between two things" when "these are not named" (VT47:30), apparently implying that imbit by itself means *"between the two", with no noun following. 2) enel (used for "between" = "at the central position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied to the case of three persons" [VT47:11]. This preposition refers to the position of a thing between others of the same kind). 3) mitta- (does the final hyphen suggest that the latter form is used as prefix, somewhat like *"inter-"?) –Nam/RGEO:67, VT47:11, 30; VT43:30 -
4 DO
\#car- (make, build; see MAKE for various attested forms of this verb); NOT DO \#um- (cited in the form umin "I do not", 1st pers. aorist; also short uin) (pa.t. úmë, not to be confused with a noun meaning "collection, crowd"). This verb is also used = "not be", see BE concerning this and other verbs for “not do, not be”. DO NOT! (imperative) vá! (also = I will not); DON'T áva, avá, alalyë (the last form incorporates the ending -lyë "thou", hence "do not thou [do something]") DON'T DO IT! áva carë! SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be compelled to do something, have an impulse) DO BACK ahtar- or accar- (react; requite, avenge) –KAR, UGU/UMU, WJ:371, VT44:8, VT45:22, PE17:166 -
5 FRIEND
meldo (pl meldor is attested). MY FRIEND meldonya (VT49:40). Apparently meldo is a masculine form, corresponding to feminine \#meldë (cf. meldenya *"my friend" in the Elaine inscription, Tolkien here referring to Elaine Griffiths). Other words for "friend": nildo (m.), nildë (f.), sermo, seron (m.), sermë (f.), málo (m.?), -ser (final element in compounds), –(n)dil (final element in compounds, e.g. Elendil, Anardil, Valandil – sometimes translated "lover" rather than "friend". When the first part of the compound ends in l, n, or r, the n of -ndil is left out).The final element -ndil also appears in the variant form -nil and with the longer forms -nildo, -dildo (VT46:4). FRIENDLY nilda (lovely), FRIENDSHIP nilmë –WJ:412 cf. VT45:34, NIL, SER, MEL, Letters:386 -
6 FINGER
(noun) leper (pl. leperi given). In an earlier source, the Etymologies, Tolkien gave the Quenya word for "finger" as lepsë (possibly with stem lepsi-, as indicated by the deleted ancestral form lepti, see VT45:27). The term ortil (ortill-, pl. ortilli given), "up-point", is also used for "finger". Special words for the various fingers, see THUMB, INDEX FINGER/FIRST FINGER, MIDDLE FINGER, FOURTH FINGER, LITTLE FINGER. Adj. FINGERED \#lepta (isolated from raccalepta "clawfingered") PICK (UP, OUT) WITH THE FINGERS or FEEL WITH FINGERTIPS lepta- –VT44:16/VT45:27/VT47:10 14, 24, LEP, SD:68, 72 (vb) lepta- (feel with fingertips; to pick up/out with the fingers) –VT44:16, VT47:10, 25 -
7 FIRE
ruinë (“a [concrete] fire, a blaze”), also úr (the stem from which this word is derived was struck out in Etym. However, several words that must be derived from this stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it). A more general word for "fire" (as an element, PE17:183) is nár, nárë, which appear (with the masculine ending -o) in the following names:) SPIRIT OF FIRE Fëanáro (Fëanor), FELL FIRE Aicanáro (Sharp Flame, Aegnor) (so in Silm:435; MR:323 has Aicanár). LT1:265 has sá "fire", poetic form sai, also sairin "fiery"; cf. also Sáya "the fire-fay" in GL:66. LT:271 has the following "fire"-words: FIRE uru, FIERY uruvoitë, ON FIRE urwa, LIKE FIRE urúva. Cf. also FIREWOOD turu (but the word was also used of wood in general). BOWL OF FIRE tanyasalpë (evindently \#tanya "fire" + \#salpë "bowl") –PE17:183, UR/VT46:20, Silm:397, MR:217, LT1:265, 270, 271, 292 -
8 HAWK
fion (pl fioni, fiondi) (Tolkien's gloss was "not certainly legible; the likeliest interpretation would be 'haste', but 'hawk' is a possibility." The translation "haste" is out of the question, as this word would have no plural form. Besides, a quite different word for "haste" [ormë] is known.) –PHI -
9 SET
panya- (fix), SET (of Sun or Moon) núta- (sink, stoop), SET FREE lerya- (release, let go), SET UP tulca- (fix, establish. Note: there is a homophone meaning "firm, steadfast, strong, immoveable".) SET ASIDE \#sat- (appropriate to a special purpose or owner). The verb \#sat- is cited in the form "sati-", evidently including the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in *satin "I set aside". SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be compelled to do, have an impulse) –PAN, NDŪ, VT41:5, 6; LT1:270 cf. TULUK, VT42:20, VT45:22 -
10 SUN
Anar, Úrin (Úrind-) (the latter was a "name of the Sun"; in LT1:271 úrin is glossed "blazing hot", and the word for "Sun" is Úr ["Ûr"] or Úri, Úrinci, Urwen.The stem Úrin is derived from was struck out in Etym. However, several words that must be derived from the same stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it.) Naira ("the heart of flame"), Calavénë, Calaventë (other names for the Sun). Yet another term was Ancalë or "Radiant One", but it is unclear whether or not Tolkien rejected this form (see LR:362 s.v. KAL). NEW SUN AFTER SOLSTICE ceuranar (VT48:7). SUNLIGHT árë (older [MET] ázë); SUNRISE anarórë, ambaron/Ambarónë (uprising, Orient) (a similar but untranslated word, Ambaróna, occurs in LotR), rómen (glossed "uprising, sunrise, east" in Silm:437, but the normal meaning of the word is always "east"). SUNSET andúnë (west, evening). (Amuntë in LT2 is certainly obsolete in LotR-style Quenya.) RAY OF THE SUN firin (this may not be a valid word in LotR-style Quenya; in a later source, firin is the adjective "dead"). –ANÁR, UR, LotR:1157, LotR:254, ORO, AM, LotR:490, NDU, MR:198, Silm:428, LT2:335, 341
См. также в других словарях:
out|per|form — «OWT puhr FAWRM», transitive verb. to outdo; surpass … Useful english dictionary
out of form — ► off (or Brit. out of) form not playing or performing well. Main Entry: ↑form … English terms dictionary
off (or chiefly Brit. out of) form — not playing or performing well. → form … English new terms dictionary
out·per·form — … Useful english dictionary
form — ► NOUN 1) visible shape or configuration. 2) a way in which a thing exists or appears. 3) a type or variety. 4) the customary or correct method or procedure. 5) a printed document with blank spaces for information to be inserted. 6) chiefly Brit … English terms dictionary
out- — [out] [< OUT] combining form 1. situated at or coming from a point away, outside, external [outbuilding, outpatient] 2. going away or forth, outward [outbound] 3. better, greater, or more than: used to form verbs from verbs, adjectives, or… … English World dictionary
form — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 type of sth/way of doing sth ADJECTIVE ▪ common ▪ Strikes are the most common form of industrial protest. ▪ different, various ▪ various forms of surveillance … Collocations dictionary
form */*/*/ — I UK [fɔː(r)m] / US [fɔrm] noun Word forms form : singular form plural forms 1) [countable] a type of something form of: The car is by far the most popular form of transport. He developed a rare form of cancer. Everyone agrees that the kids must… … English dictionary
form — form1 [ fɔrm ] noun *** ▸ 1 type of something ▸ 2 way something appears/exists ▸ 3 shape of someone/something ▸ 4 level of ability ▸ 5 official document ▸ 6 about art/music etc. ▸ 7 one of parts of word ▸ 8 class at school ▸ + PHRASES 1. ) count… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
form — 01. You must fill out this [form], and hand it in before beginning. 02. We could see the [form] of the old castle through the fog. 03. These ridges and cracks in the rocks were [formed] when the glaciers retreated thousands of years ago. 04. The… … Grammatical examples in English
form — form1 W1S1 [fo:m US fo:rm] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(type)¦ 2¦(way something is/appears)¦ 3¦(shape)¦ 4¦(document)¦ 5¦(art/literature)¦ 6¦(performance)¦ 7¦(school)¦ 8¦(grammar)¦ 9¦(criminal record)¦ 10 bad form … Dictionary of contemporary English
