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81 Guarda Nacional Republicana
(GNR)The Republican National Guard is Portugal's national highway and traffic police, and forms its rural and urban constabulary. A paramilitary force, it was established in 1911, under the First Republic, to protect the novice regime in the capital and other main cities. While it was recruited from the career army officer corps and noncommissioned ranks, the GNR was based on a historic precedent (the monarchy had a life guard with similar functions) and a political necessity (the need to be a deterrent and bulwark against threatening army insurrections) during a time of political instability. With increasingly heavy weaponry, a much enlarged GNR became a source of controversy as the First Republic ended and the military dictatorship was established (1926-33) and grew into the Estado Novo. The Estado Novo eventually reduced its strength, but maintained it as a reserve force that might confront a potentially unreliable army in the capital and main cities and towns. Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the GNR has been used as a kind of state police. Its personnel can be seen in their distinctive uniforms, dealing with highway safety, traffic, the drug problem, and serious crimes. While the main headquarters is at Carmo barracks (Carmo Square), Lisbon, where Prime Minister Marcello Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement on 25 April 25 1974, GNR detachments are found all over the country.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Guarda Nacional Republicana
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82 approach
приближение, подход; сближение; заход на посадку; приближение к срыву [к сваливанию]; метод ( исследования) ; подходить, приближать(ся); заходить на посадку180-degree overhead — заход на посадку над ВПП с разворотом на 180° перед приземлением
360-degree overhead approach — заход на посадку с разворотом на 360° над ВПП (со снижением по спирали)
6-degree final approach — заход на посадку по глиссаде с углом 6° к горизонту
approach on the deck — разг. выход на цель на минимальной высоте
approach to the throat of a nozzle — суживающаяся [докритическая] часть сопла
automatic direction finder approach — заход на посадку с использованием автоматического радиокомпаса
fully coupled automatic approach — автоматический заход на посадку по сигналам курсоглиссадной системы
simulated engine-out missed approach — имитация ухода на второй круг с одним неработающим двигателем
very high-frequency omnirange approach — заход на посадку по системе ВОР [с использованием маяков системы ВОР]
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83 Renard, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 23 November 1847 Damblain, Vosges, Franced. 13 April 1905 Chalais-Meudon, France[br]French pioneer of military aeronautics who, with A.C.Krebs, built an airship powered by an electric motor.[br]Charles Renard was a French army officer with an interest in aviation. In 1873 he constructed an unusual unmanned glider with ten wings and an automatic stabilizing device to control rolling. This operated by means of a pendulum device linked to moving control surfaces. The model was launched from a tower near Arras, but unfortunately it spiralled into the ground. The control surfaces could not cope with the basic instability of the design, but as an idea for automatic flight control it was ahead of its time.Following a Commission report on the military use of balloons, carrier pigeons and an optical telegraph, an aeronautical establishment was set up in 1877 at Chalais-Meudon, near Paris, under the direction of Charles Renard, who was assisted by his brother Paul. The following year Renard and a colleague, Arthur Krebs, began to plan an airship. They received financial help from Léon Gambetta, a prominent politician who had escaped from Paris by balloon in 1870 during the siege by the Prussians. Renard and Krebs studied earlier airship designs: they used the outside shape of Paul Haenlein's gas-engined airship of 1872 and included Meusnier's internal air-filled ballonnets. The gas-engine had not been a success so they decided on an electric motor. Renard developed lightweight pile batteries while Krebs designed a motor, although this was later replaced by a more powerful Gramme motor of 6.5 kW (9 hp). La France was constructed at Chalais-Meudon and, after a two-month wait for calm conditions, the airship finally ascended on 9 August 1884. The motor was switched on and the flight began. Renard and Krebs found their airship handled well and after twenty-three minutes they landed back at their base. La, France made several successful flights, but its speed of only 24 km/h (15 mph) meant that flights could be made only in calm weather. Parts of La, France, including the electric motor, are preserved in the Musée de l'Air in Paris.Renard remained in charge of the establishment at Chalais-Meudon until his death. Among other things, he developed the "Train Renard", a train of articulated road vehicles for military and civil use, of which a number were built between 1903 and 1911. Towards the end of his life Renard became interested in helicopters, and in 1904 he built a large twin-rotor model which, however, failed to take off.[br]Bibliography1886, Le Ballon dirigeable La France, Paris (a description of the airship).Further ReadingDescriptions of Renard and Kreb's airship are given in most books on the history of lighter-than-air flight, e.g.L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London; pub. in paperback 1985.C.Bailleux, c. 1988, Association pour l'Histoire de l'Electricité en France, (a detailed account of the conception and operations of La France).1977, Centenaire de la recherche aéronautique à Chalais-Meudon, Paris (an official memoir on the work of Chalais-Meudon with a chapter on Renard).JDS -
84 состояние
состояние сущstateаварийное состояниеstate of emergencyвлиять на состояние воздушного суднаeffect on an aircraftвоздух в турбулентном состоянииrough airв рабочем состоянииoperationalв состоянии бедствияin distressв состоянии готовностиwhen under wayгодность по состоянию здоровьяmedical fitnessдатчик состояния поверхности ВППrunway surface condition sensorдонесение о состоянии парка воздушных судовaircraft status reportиндикатор аварийного состоянияunsafe indicatorкарта прогнозов состояния верхних слоев атмосферыprognostic upper air chartкарта суточного состояния погодыdaily weather mapконтроль состояния двигателейengines trend monitoringконтроль состояния посевов по пути выполнения основного заданияassociated crop control operationлиния неустойчивого состояния атмосферыinstability lineмедицинское заключение о состоянии здоровья пилотаpilot medical assessmentнесбалансированное состояниеout-of-trim conditionsнеустойчивое состояниеwaggleограничивать по состоянию здоровьяdecrease in medical fitnessотключать состояние готовности системыunarm the systemпериод включенного состоянияon-to off timeполет для контроля состояния посевовcrop control flightполет для контроля состояния посевов с воздухаcrop control operationположение амортизатора в обжатом состоянииshock strut compressed positionприводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годностиreturn an aircraft to flyable statusприводить в рабочее состояниеprepare for serviceприводить в состояние готовностиalert toрадиозондовое наблюдение за состоянием воздушных массrawinsonde observationрегистратор технического состоянияmaintenance recorderсигнал состояния готовностиsteady state signalсистема информации о состоянии безопасности полетовaviation safety reporting systemсостояние годности к полетамflyable statusсостояние годности к эксплуатацииoperational statusсостояние готовности1. armed condition2. alert 3. standby (к немедленному вылету) состояние готовности аэродрома по тревогеaerodrome alert status(состояние готовности служб аэродрома по тревоге) состояние готовности воздушного судна к вылетуaircraft alert positionсостояние готовности ВПП к полетамclear runway statusсостояние устойчивостиstability conditionsсостояние эксплуатационной готовностиoperational availabilityфизическое состояние экипажаcrew physical conditions
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