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thomas+john

  • 1 Watson, Thomas John, Jr.

    (1914-1993) Уотсон, Томас Джон, мл.
    Бизнесмен, сын Т. Уотсона [ Watson, Thomas John]. Начал работать в отделе продаж корпорации ИБМ [ International Business Machines Corp.] перед началом второй мировой войны; участник войны. В 1952-61 президент компании. В 1961-81 председатель совета директоров, в том числе в период сложного для ИБМ перехода к производству персональных компьютеров. В 1979-81 посол США в СССР

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Watson, Thomas John, Jr.

  • 2 Watson, Thomas John

    (1874-1956) Уотсон, Томас Джон
    Предприниматель. В 1914 возглавил фирму "Компьютинг-тэбьюлейтинг-рекординг" [Computing- Tabulating-Recording Co.], в 1924 дал ей современное название - ИБМ [ International Business Machines Corp.]. Президент (1949) и председатель правления (1949-56) корпорации, выдвинул ее на ведущие позиции в области электроники и много сделал для внедрения в жизнь информатики и вычислительной техники. За время его руководства корпорация стала производить весь спектр электронного оборудования, в том числе первые компьютеры, выпущенные после второй мировой войны. Автор лозунга фирмы "Думай!" ["Think"]. Был также известен как филантроп, коллекционер и покровитель искусств

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Watson, Thomas John

  • 3 John

    John [dʒɒn]
    Bible Jean m;
    ∎ the Gospel According to (Saint) John l'Évangile selon saint Jean;
    ∎ (Saint) John the Baptist (saint) Jean-Baptiste
    ►► humorous John Barleycorn = personnage symbolisant l'alcool, notamment le whisky;
    John Birch Society = organisation conservatrice américaine, particulièrement hostile au communisme, influente dans les années 50-60;
    John Bull John Bull (personnification de la nation anglaise, du peuple anglais);
    American John Doe (average person) l'Américain m moyen, ≃ Monsieur Dupont; familiar (unidentified man → under arrest) inconnu□ m; (corpse) mort m non identifié□ ;
    Ichthyology John Dory saint-pierre m inv;
    American familiar John Hancock, John Henry signature□ f, griboullis m;
    ∎ to lay one's John Hancock = apposer sa signature au bas d'un document;
    John Lackland Jean sans Terre;
    John o'Groats = village d'Écosse qui marque le point le plus septentrional de la Grande-Bretagne continentale;
    American familiar John Q. Public Monsieur m Tout le Monde;
    familiar John Thomas (penis) zizi m, zob m

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > John

  • 4 John Thomas

    John Thom.as
    [dʒɔn t'ɔməs] n sl pênis, Braz vulg pinto, pau, pica.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > John Thomas

  • 5 John Scopes

    m.
    John Scopes, John Thomas Scopes.

    Spanish-English dictionary > John Scopes

  • 6 Thomas Edison State College

    Экстернат для взрослых в г. Принстоне, шт. Нью-Джерси. Создан в 1972. Принимает экзамены и выдает диплом об окончании двухгодичного колледжа или присваивает степень бакалавра за колледж высшей ступени [ senior college] лицам, готовым сдать такой экзамен экстерном. Ежегодно принимает экзамены у примерно 8 тыс. человек. Колледж не имеет постоянного штата преподавателей и не проводит занятий. Экзамены проводятся под контролем ученого совета, в состав которого входят профессора других колледжей штата Нью-Джерси. В состав колледжа входит Институт общественной политики Дж. Уотсона [The John S. Watson Institute for Public Policy], колледжу административно подчинена библиотека штата [New Jersey State Library]. Первое заведение такого рода в США, лидирующее в области образования для взрослых [ adult education]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Thomas Edison State College

  • 7 John Thomas

    Табуированная лексика: пенис, половой член

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > John Thomas

  • 8 John Thomas

    • frantík (penis slang.)

    English-Slovak dictionary > John Thomas

  • 9 John Thomas

    JT жарг. Мужской половой член

    Difficulties of the English language (lexical reference) English-Russian dictionary > John Thomas

  • 10 john\ thomas

    libériás inas

    English-Hungarian dictionary > john\ thomas

  • 11 Lombe, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. c. 1693 probably Norwich, England
    d. 20 November 1722 Derby, England
    [br]
    English creator of the first successful powered textile mill in Britain.
    [br]
    John Lombe's father, Henry Lombe, was a worsted weaver who married twice. John was the second son of the second marriage and was still a baby when his father died in 1695. John, a native of the Eastern Counties, was apprenticed to a trade and employed by Thomas Cotchett in the erection of Cotchett's silk mill at Derby, which soon failed however. Lombe went to Italy, or was sent there by his elder half-brother, Thomas, to discover the secrets of their throwing machinery while employed in a silk mill in Piedmont. He returned to England in 1716 or 1717, bringing with him two expert Italian workmen.
    Thomas Lombe was a prosperous London merchant who financed the construction of a new water-powered silk mill at Derby which is said to have cost over £30,000. John arranged with the town Corporation for the lease of the island in the River Derwent, where Cotchett had erected his mill. During the four years of its construction, John first set up the throwing machines in other parts of the town. The machines were driven manually there, and their product helped to defray the costs of the mill. The silk-throwing machine was very complex. The water wheel powered a horizontal shaft that was under the floor and on which were placed gearwheels to drive vertical shafts upwards through the different floors. The throwing machines were circular, with the vertical shafts running through the middle. The doubled silk threads had previously been wound on bobbins which were placed on spindles with wire flyers at intervals around the outer circumference of the machine. The bobbins were free to rotate on the spindles while the spindles and flyers were driven by the periphery of a horizontal wheel fixed to the vertical shaft. Another horizontal wheel set a little above the first turned the starwheels, to which were attached reels for winding the silk off the bobbins below. Three or four sets of these spindles and reels were placed above each other on the same driving shaft. The machine was very complicated for the time and must have been expensive to build and maintain.
    John lived just long enough to see the mill in operation, for he died in 1722 after a painful illness said to have been the result of poison administered by an Italian woman in revenge for his having stolen the invention and for the injury he was causing the Italian trade. The funeral was said to have been the most superb ever known in Derby.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Samuel Smiles, 1890, Men of Invention and Industry, London (probably the only biography of John Lombe).
    Rhys Jenkins, 1933–4, "Historical notes on some Derbyshire industries", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 14 (provides an acount of John Lombe and his part in the enterprise at Derby).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (briefly covers the development of early silk-throwing mills).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (includes a chapter on "Lombe's Silk Machine").
    P.Barlow, 1836, Treatise of Manufactures and Machinery of Great Britain, London (describes Lombe's mill and machinery, but it is not known how accurate the account may be).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lombe, John

  • 12 Coster, John

    [br]
    b. c. 1647 Gloucestershire, England
    d. 13 October 1718 Bristol, England
    [br]
    English innovator in the mining, smelting and working of copper.
    [br]
    John Coster, son of an iron-forge manager in the Forest of Dean, by the age of 38 was at Bristol, where he was "chief agent and sharer therein" in the new lead-smelting methods using coal fuel. In 1685 the work, under Sir Clement Clerke, was abandoned because of patent rights claimed by Lord Grandison, who financed of earlier attempts. Clerke's business turned to the coal-fired smelting of copper under Coster, later acknowledged as responsible for the subsequent success through using an improved reverberatory furnace which separated coal fume from the ores being smelted. The new technique, applicable also to lead and tin smelting, revitalized copper production and provided a basis for new British industry in both copper and brass manufacture during the following century. Coster went on to manage a copper-smelting works, and by the 1690s was supplying Esher copper-and brass-works in Surrey from his Redbrook, Gloucestershire, works on the River Wye. In the next decade he extended his activities to Cornish copper mining, buying ore and organizing ore sales, and supplying the four major copper and brass companies which by then had become established. He also made copper goods in additional water-powered rolling and hammer mills acquired in the Bristol area. Coster was ably assisted by three sons; of these, John and Robert were mainly active in Cornwall. In 1714 the younger John, with his father, patented an "engine for drawing water out of deep mines". The eldest son, Thomas, was more involved at Redbrook, in South Wales and the Bristol area. A few years after the death of his father, Thomas became partner in the brass company of Bristol and sold them the Redbrook site. He became Member of Parliament for Bristol and, by then the only surviving son, planned a large new smelting works at White Rock, Swansea, South Wales, before his death in 1734. Partners outside the family continued the business under a new name.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1714, British patent 397, with John Coster Jr.
    Further Reading
    Rhys Jenkins, 1942, "Copper works at Redbrook and Bristol", Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 63.
    Joan Day, 1974–6, "The Costers: copper smelters and manufacturers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 47:47–58.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Coster, John

  • 13 Ford, John

    1894-1973
       Sean Aloysius O’Fearna, Sean Aloysius O’Feeney, o John Martin Feeney, que con alguno de esos tres nombres figura en diversas biografias, nacio el primero de febrero de 1894, o de 1895 segun otros, en Cape Elizabeth, Maine, de padres irlandeses. En 1914, despues de sus estudios secundarios, se traslada a Hollywood, donde ya se encontraba su hermano Francis, actor y director, del que es ayudante hasta 1917, en que dirige su primera pelicula, The Tornado, como Jack Ford, nombre que en 1923 cambiaria por el de John Ford. Hay que tener en cuenta que el apellido Ford fue el que uso su hermano Francis desde el primer momento. Entre The Tor nado y Buenos amigos (Just Pals, 1920), primera de sus peliculas de la que se conservan copias, rueda un total de 37 filmes de dos, tres y cinco bobinas, siempre para Universal, como productora o, al me nos, distribuidora. Buenos amigos es, precisamente, la primera que realiza para Fox. En adelante, mientras duro el cine mudo, fue esta quien produjo o distribuyo los filmes de John Ford, de los que se conservan solo otros once.
       En total, dirige 67 peliculas mudas, de las que se conservan doce, tres de ellas westerns. Estos son: A prueba de balas (Straight Sho oting, 1917), la archifamosa El caballo de hierro (The Iron Horse, 1924), y Tres hombres malos (Three Bad Men, 1926). Lamentablemente ha desaparecido La fuerza de las circunstancias (Marked Men, 1919), version muda de uno de los westerns sonoros de Ford, Three God fathers. Se conservan, sin embargo, los sesenta filmes sonoros que dirigio, ademas de otro que abandono a poco de comenzar, El sonador rebelde (Young Cassidy, Jack Cardiff, 1965), algunos documentales para el Ejercito y unos pocos trabajos para television. De esos sesenta titulos, solo quince son westerns, y uno de ellos, La conquista del Oeste, es obra de Ford en una pequena parte de su metraje..Por que se dice, entonces, que John Ford es un di rector de westerns?.Por que lo dijo el mismo cuando, en una celebre reunion de directores de cine, durante el asunto aquel del Comite de Acti vidades Antinortea mericanas, al preguntarsele quien era, res pondio: “Soy John Ford. Hago westerns”? Sin duda porque la obra de John Ford no se en tenderia sin sus westerns. Es, sin discusion, uno de los reyes del genero, si no el rey maximo. El director mas admirado por una larga fila de cinefilos, aunque no dirigio tantos westerns sonoros como a primera vista podria parecer, convirtio cada uno de ellos en un espectaculo visual, en el sentido mas profundo del termino. El primero, La diligencia abre la puerta al western moderno, en un momento en el que la produccion del genero estaba mayoritariamente ocupada por filmes de serie de una hora de duracion, la llamada serie B, y seriales diversos. El ultimo, El gran combate, es un emocionante canto a la dignidad del ser humano. John Ford extrae todas las inmensas posibilidades que el genero ofrece como espejo en el que se mira la naturaleza de los seres racionales.
       Entre sus quince westerns sonoros se encuentra la que, sin duda alguna, es una de las diez o quince mejores peliculas de la historia del cine, Centauros del desierto que, junto con la llamada “trilogia de la caballeria” (Fort Apache, La legion invencible y Rio Grande) y la injustamente infravalorada y extraordi naria Dos cabalgan juntos, constituyen la cumbre de la obra de este inigualable realizador en el genero que nos ocupa.
        Stagecoach (La diligencia). 1939. 97 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Walter Wanger Productions (UA). John Wayne, Claire Trevor, John Carradine, Thomas Mitchell, Andy Devine, Louise Platt, Tim Holt, Donald Meek, George Bancroft.
        Drums Along the Mohawk (Corazones indomables). 1939. 103 minutos. Technicolor. Fox. Claudette Colbert, Henry Fonda, Edna May Oliver, Eddie Collins, John Carradine, Dorris Bowdon, Jessie Ralph.
        My Darling Clementine (Pasion de los fuertes). 1946. 97 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Fox. Henry Fonda, Linda Darnell, Victor Mature, Walter Brennan, Tim Holt, Ward Bond, Cathy Downs, John Ireland.
        Fort Apache (Fort Apache). 1948. 127 minutos. Blanco y negro. Argosy Pictures (RKO). John Wayne, Henry Fonda, Shirley Temple, John Agar, Ward Bond, George O’Brien, Victor McLaglen, Pedro Armendariz, Anna Lee.
        Three Godfathers. 1948. 106 minutos. Technicolor. Argosy Pictures (MGM). John Wayne, Pedro Armendariz, Harry Carey, Jr., Ward Bond, Mae Marsh.
        She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (La legion invencible). 1949. 103 minutos. Technicolor. Argosy Pictures (RKO). John Wayne, Joanne Dru, John Agar, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr., Victor McLaglen, George O’Brien.
        Wagonmaster. 1950. 86 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Argosy Pictures (RKO). Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr., Joanne Dru, Ward Bond.
        Rio Grande (Rio Grande). 1950. 105 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Argosy Pictures (Republic). John Wayne, Maureen O’Hara, Ben Johnson, Harry Carey, Jr.,Chill Wills, J. Carrol Naish, Victor McLaglen.
        The Searchers (Centauros del desierto). 1956. 119 minutos. Technicolor. VistaVision. C.V. Whitney Pictures (WB). John Wayne, Jeffrey Hunter, Vera Miles, Ward Bond, Natalie Wood.
        The Horse Soldiers (Mision de audaces). 1959. 119 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Mirisch Company (UA). John Wayne, William Holden, Constance Towers, Anna Lee.
        Sergeant Rutledge (El sargento negro). 1960. 111 minutos. Technicolor. Ford Productions (WB). Jeffrey Hunter, Constance Towers, Woody Strode, Willie Burke.
        Two Rode Together (Dos cabalgan juntos). 1961. 109 minutos. Eastmancolor. Shpetner Productions (Columbia). James Stewart, Richard Widmark, Shirley Jones, Linda Cristal, Andy Devine, John McIntire, Annelle Hayes.
        The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (El hombre que mato a Liberty Valance). 1962. 122 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ford Productions (Paramount). James Stewart, John Wayne, Vera Miles, Lee Marvin, Edmond O’Brien, Andy Devine.
        How the West Was Won (La conquista del Oeste) (co-d.: Henry Hathaway, George Marshall). Episodio: The Civil War (La guerra civil). 1962. 165 minutos (duracion total). Technicolor. Super Cinerama. MGM. George Peppard, Carroll Baker, Russ Tamblyn, John Wayne.
        Cheyenne Autumn (El gran combate). 1964. 159 minutos. Technicolor. Super-Panavision 70. John Ford Bernard Smith Production (WB). Richard Widmark, Carroll Baker, James Stewart, Edward G. Robinson, Karl Malden, Sal Mineo, Dolores del Rio, Ricardo Montalban, Gilbert Roland, Arthur Kennedy.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Ford, John

  • 14 Gilbert, John

    [br]
    b. 1724 Cotton Hall, Cotton, Staffordshire, England
    d. 3 August 1795 Worsley, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English land agent, mining engineer and canal entrepreneur.
    [br]
    Younger son of a gentleman farmer, Gilbert was apprenticed to Matthew Boulton, a buckle maker of Birmingham and father of the Matthew Boulton who was associated with James Watt. He also gained mining experience. Through the influence of his older brother, Thomas Gilbert, he became Land Agent to the Duke of Bridgewater (Francis Egerton) for the Worsley estate. He proposed extensions to the underground waterway system and also made a preliminary survey for a canal from Worsley to Salford, a project which Brindley joined as Assistant Engineer. Gilbert was therefore the prime mover in the construction of the Bridgewater Canal, which received its Act in 1759. He then collected evidence for the second Act to permit construction of the aqueduct across the Irwell at Barton. He was involved in a consortium with his brother Thomas and Earl Gower to develop the Earl's East Shropshire mines and to build the Shrewsbury and the Shropshire Coal Canals. He also excavated the Speedwell Mine at Castleton in Derbyshire between 1774 and 1781 and constructed the underground canal to serve the workings. With his brother, he was involved in the promotion of the Trent \& Mersey Canal and was a shareholder in the undertaking. Among his other entrepreneurial activities, he entered the canal-carrying business. His last work was beginning the underground inclined planes at Worsley, but these were not completed until after his death. His important place in the historical development of the inland navigational system in England has been very much overlooked.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.Lead, 1990, Agents of Revolution: John and Thomas Gilbert-Entrepreneurs, Keele University Centre for Local History.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Gilbert, John

  • 15 Carr, Thomas

    1907-1997
       Hijo y hermano de actores, tambien actor el, lo encontramos desde la infancia dentro del mundo del cine, interpretando papeles de distinta importancia hasta que, en 1945, se incorpora a la realizacion. Thomas Carr fue uno mas entre tantos directores de series (incluidas unas Adventures of Superman televisivas en 1952), sobre todo para Republic. Nada resenable en su extensa filmografia, que incluye un importante numero de producciones destinadas a la pequena pantalla.
        Santa Fe Saddlemates. 1945. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Linda Stirling, Roy Barcroft.
        Oregon Trail. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Peggy Stewart, Si Jenks.
        Bandits of the Badlands. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Peggy Stewart, Si Jenks.
        Rough Riders of Cheyenne. 1945. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Peggy Stewart, Monte Hale.
        The Cherokee Flash. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Linda Stirling, Tom London.
        Days of Buffalo Bill. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Peggy Stewart, Tom London.
        Alias Billy the Kid. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Peggy Stewart, Tom London.
        The El Paso Kid. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Marie Harmon, Edmund Cobb.
        Red River Renegades. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Peggy Stewart, Tom London.
        Rio Grande Raiders. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Sunset Carson, Bob Steele, Linda Sterling.
        Jesse James Rides Again (co-d.: Fred C. Brannon). 1947. 180 minutos. 13 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Clayton Moore, Linda Stirling.
        Song of the Wasteland. 1947. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jimmy Wakely, Lee White, Holly Bane.
        Code of the Saddle. 1947. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton, Kay Morley.
        The Dalton’s Women. 1950. 80 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Howco. Lash LaRue, Al St. John, Pamela Blake.
        Hostile Country. 1950. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jimmy Ellison, Russell Hayden, Julie Adams.
        Marshal of Heldorado. 1950. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jimmy Ellison, Russell Hayden, Julie Adams.
        Colorado Ranger. 1950. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jimmy Ellison, Russell Hayden, Julie Adamas.
        Roar of the Iron Horse, Rail-Blazer of the Apache Trail (co-d.: Spencer Gordon Bennett). 1950. 260 minutos. 15 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Jock Mahoney, Virginia Herrick.
        West of the Brazos. 1950. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jimmy Ellison, Russell Hayden, Julie Adams.
        Crooked River. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jimmy Ellison, Russell Hayden, Julie Adams.
        Fast on the Draw. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jimmy Ellison, Russell Hayden, Julie Adams.
        Outlaws of Texas. 1950. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Whip Wilson, Andy Clyde, Phyllis Coates.
        Wanted: Dead or Alive. 1951. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Whip Wilson, Fuzzy Knight, Christine McIntyre.
        Man from the Black Hills. 1952. 51 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Johnny Mack Brown, Jimmy Ellison, Lane Bradford.
        Behind Southern Lines. 1952. 51 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Guy Madison, Andy Devine, Rand Brooks.
        Trail of the Arrow. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Guy Madison, Andy Devine, Wendy Waldron.
        Wyoming Roundup. 1952. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Whip Wilson, Phyllis Coates, Tommy Farrell.
        The Maverick. 1952. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Bill Elliott, Phyllis Coates, Myron Healey.
        Star of Texas. 1953. 68 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Wayne Morris, Paul Fix, Frank Ferguson.
        Rebel City. 1953. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Bill Elliott, Marjorie Lord, Robert Kent.
        Topeka. 1953. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Bill Elliott, Phyllis Coates, Fuzzy Knight.
        The Fighting Lawman. 1953. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Wayne Morris, Virginia Grey, John Kellogs.
        Bitter Creek. 1954. 74 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Bill Elliott, Beverly Garland, Carleton Young.
        The Forty-Niners (El pistolero desconocido). 1954. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Bill Elliott, Virginia Grey, Henry Morgan.
        The Desperado. 1954. 81 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied. Wayne Morris, James Lydon, Beverly Garland.
        The Tall Stranger (Valle prohibido). 1957. 81 minutos. Color DeLuxe. CinemaScope. Allied. Joel McCrea, Virginia Mayo, Barry Kelley, Michael An sara.
        Gunsmoke in Tucson. 1958. 79 minutos. Color DeLuxe. CinemaScope. Allied. Mark Stevens, Forrest Tucker, Gale Robbins.
        Cast a Long Shadow. 1959. 82 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Mirisch (UA). Audie Murphy, John Dehner, Terry Moore.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Carr, Thomas

  • 16 Williams, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Wales
    d. 29 November 1802 Bath, England
    [br]
    Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.
    [br]
    Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.
    As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.
    In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.
    After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Williams, Thomas

  • 17 Wilson, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1781 Dunbar, Scotland
    d. 1 December 1873 Grangemouth, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish shipwright and canal engineer, builder of the barge Vulcan, the world's first properly constructed iron ship.
    [br]
    Wilson, the son of a sailor, spent his early years on the Forth. Later his father moved home to the west and Wilson served his apprenticeship as a shipwright on the Clyde at the small shipyards of Bowling, fifteen miles (24 km) west of Glasgow and on the river's north bank. In his late thirties Wilson was to take the leading role in what is arguably the most important development in Scotland's distinguished shipbuilding history: the building of the world's first properly constructed iron ship. This ship, the Vulcan, was the culmination of several years' effort by a group of people well connected within the academic establishment of Scotland. The Forth and Clyde Canal Company had passed instructions for investigations to be made into reducing running expenses and a distinguished committee looked into this matter. They included John Robison (Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh), Professor Joseph Black of Glasgow University, James Watt and John Schanck. After a period of consideration it was decided to build a new, fastpassage barge of iron, and tenders were invited from several appropriate contractors. Wilson, with the assistance of two blacksmiths, John and Thomas Smellie, was awarded the work, and the Vulcan was constructed and ultimately launched at Faskine near Glasgow in 1819. The work involved was far beyond the comprehension of engineers of the twentieth century, as Wilson had to arrange puddled-iron plates for the shell and hand-crafted angle irons for the frames. His genius is now apparent as every steel ship worldwide uses a form of construction literally "hammered out on the anvil" between 1818 and 1819. The Vulcan was almost 64 ft (19.5 m) in length and 11 ft (3.4 m) broad. In 1822 Wilson was appointed an inspector of works for the Canal Company, and ultimately he superintended the building of the docks at Grangemouth, where he died in 1873, the same year that the Vulcan was broken up.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.Harvey, 1919, Early Days of Engineering in Glasgow, Glasgow: Aird and Coghill. F.M.Walker, 1989–90, "Early iron shipbuilding. A reappraisal of the Vulcan and other pioneer vessels", Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in
    Scotland 133:21–34.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Wilson, Thomas

  • 18 Cotchett, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1700s
    [br]
    English engineer who set up the first water-powered textile mill in Britain at Derby.
    [br]
    At the beginning of the eighteenth century, silk weaving was one of the most prosperous trades in Britain, but it depended upon raw silk worked up on hand twisting or throwing machines. In 1702 Thomas Cotchett set up a mill for twisting silk by water-power at the northern end of an island in the river Derwent at Derby; this would probably have been to produce organzine, the hard twisted thread used for the warp when weaving silk fabrics. Such mills had been established in Italy beginning with the earliest in Bologna in 1272, but it would appear that Cotchett used Dutch silk-throwing machinery that was driven by a water wheel that was 13½ ft (4.1 m) in diameter and built by the local engineer, George Sorocold. The enterprise soon failed, but it was quickly revived and extended by Thomas and John Lombe with machinery based on that being used successfully in Italy.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (provides an account of Cotchett's mill).
    W.H.Chaloner, 1963, "Sir Thomas Lombe (1685–1739) and the British silk industry", History Today (Nov.).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a brief coverage of the development of early silk throwing mills).
    Technology, Part 9, Textile Technology: spinning and reeling, Cambridge (covers the diffusion of the techniques of the mechanization of the silk-throwing industry from China to the West).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotchett, Thomas

  • 19 Gilbert, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 1720 Cotton Hall, Cotton, Staffordshire, England
    d. 18 December 1798
    [br]
    English politician, mine and canal entrepreneur.
    [br]
    He was the older brother of John Gilbert and, trained as a lawyer, he became Land Agent to Earl Gower and Legal Adviser to the Duke of Bridgewater (Francis Egerton). Brindley had carried out work for Gilbert on the Gower estates and the standard of work impressed him. In 1759 he recommended Brindley to his brother at Worsley as a competent engineer who would be valuable in the construction of the new canal. Gilbert became Member of Parliament for Newcastle under Lyme in 1763 and was thus able to sponsor the Trent and Mersey Bill when it came before Parliament. He joined the committee of the Trent and Mersey, representing the interests of both Earl Gower and himself. He was also involved with the East Shropshire mines and canals with his brother. He continued as a Member of Parliament (until 1768 for Newcastle and afterwards for Lichfield) until December 1794.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.Lead, 1990, Agents of Revolution: John and Thomas Gilbert—Entrepreneurs, Keele University Centre for Local History.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Gilbert, Thomas

  • 20 Highs, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1760s England
    [br]
    English reedmaker who claimed to have invented both the spinning jenny and the waterframe.
    [br]
    The claims of Highs to have invented both the spinning jenny and the waterframe have been dismissed by most historians. Thomas Highs was a reedmaker of Leigh, Lancashire. In about 1763 he had as a neighbour John Kay, the clockmaker from Warrington, whom he employed to help him construct his machines. During this period they were engaged in making a spinning jenny, but after several months of toil, in a fit of despondency, they threw the machine through the attic window. Highs persevered, however, and made a jenny that could spin six threads. The comparatively sophisticated arrangements for drawing and twisting at the same time, as depicted by Guest (1823), suggest that this machine came after the one invented by James Hargreaves. Guest claims that Highs made this machine between 1764 and 1766 and in the following two years constructed another, in which the spindles were placed in a circle. In 1771 Highs moved to Manchester, where he constructed a double jenny that was displayed at the Manchester Exchange, and received a subscription of £200 from the cotton manufacturers. However, all this occurred after Hargreaves had constructed his jenny. In the trial of Arkwright's patent during 1781, Highs gave evidence. He was recalled from Ireland, where he had been superintending the building of cotton-spinning machinery for Baron Hamilton's newly erected mill at Balbriggan, north of Dublin. Then in 1785, during the next trial of Arkwright's patent, Highs claimed that in 1767 he had made rollers for drawing out the cotton before spinning. This would have been for a different type of spinning machine, similar to the one later constructed by Arkwright. Highs was helped by John Kay and it was these rollers that Kay subsequently built for Arkwright. If the drawing shown by Guest is correct, then Highs was working on the wrong principles because his rollers were spaced too far apart and were not held together by weights, with the result that the twist would have passed into the drafting zone, producing uneven drawing.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.Guest, 1823, A Compendious History of the Cotton-Manufacture: With a Disproval of the Claim of Sir Richard Arkwright to the Invention of its Ingenious Machinery, Manchester (Highs's claim for the invention of his spinning machines).
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (an examination of Highs's claims).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of the invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Highs, Thomas

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