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1 imbë
1 prep "between" Nam, RGEO:67, VT47:11, PE17:92. This is "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything intervening between two other things, like or unlike one another compare enel. The pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several things ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"; "in the sense 'among' before plurals imbë is usually pluralized imbi even when a plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" before two singular nouns connected by "and" as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë "between heaven and earth", whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between us". Elided imb' in the phrase imb' illi "among all" VT47:11, 30. A dual form imbit is also mentioned, used to express "in absolute form the sense 'between two things' when these are not named" apparently meaning that imbit expresses *"between them" referring to two entities, with no noun following VT47:30, PE17:92 2 noun "dell, deep vale" VT45:18, wide ravine between high mountain sides PE17:92 3 adv. "inwards" obsoleted by \#1 and \#2 above?. Changed by Tolkien from imba VT45:18 -
2 halya-
vb. "veil, conceal, screen from light" SKALsup1/sup, VT46:13 Tolkien noted that √SKAL applied to more opaque things that cut off light and cast shadows over other things PE17:184, contrasting it with √SPAN, the rejected stem of fanta-, q.v. -
3 sa
pron. "it", 3rd person sg, corresponding to the ending -s VT49:30. Used of inanimate things or abstracts VT49:37; plants are considered animate; see se. For sa as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34. Stressed sá VT49:51. Ósa *"with it" VT43:36. Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa *"itself", q.v. In one text, sa is also defined as that VT49:18; apparently Tolkien also at one point considered giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant *they, them of inanimate things, the counterpart of personal té VT49:51. -
4 úmë
1 vb. pa.t. of um- and u-?, q.v. UGU/UMU 2 "great collection or crowd of things of same sort" a struck-out note gave the rejected gloss "largeness" VT48:32, throng, great concourse of things without order PE17:115. Compare úvë. -
5 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
6 -inqua
adjectival ending, seen in alcarinqua "glorious" WJ:412 from alcar "glory". Etymologically, -inqua means "-full", like "glory-full" in this case. A variant *-unqua is implied in WJ:415 only referred to in archaic form -unkwā. The forms using u were mainly applied to things heavy, clumsy, ugly or bad, whereas -inqua in the same source derived from -inkwā is neutral. -
7 Eä
2 noun the universe, so called because Ilúvatar used the command Eä! Let these things be! when he gave independent being to the Music of the Ainur Ainulindalë. See ëa \#1 for references. -
8 Vána
fem. name, a Valië, the wife of Oromë Silm, WJ:383; the Etymologies gives Vana with no long vowel BAN. The apparent meaning is *beautiful one, since she was the most perfectly beautiful in form and feature representing the natural unmarred perfection of form in living things PE17:150. -
9 lelya-
1 vb. "go, proceed in any direction, travel", pa.t. lendë / elendë WJ:363, VT14:5, PE17:139At one point Tolkien assigned a more specific meaning to the underlying root LED: go away from the speaker or the point in mind, depart PE17:52, which would make lelya- a near synonym of auta-. The same source denies that the derivatives of LED were used simply for go, move, travel, but elsewhere Tolkien assigns precisely that meaning to lelya-. 3 vb. appear, of beautiful things, hence attract, enchant with dative, pa.t. lélinë PE17:151 -
10 mára
adj. "useful, fit, good" of things MAG; see MA3; Arct, VT42:34, VT45:30. Nás mara nin I like it, literally *it is good to me VT49:30; read mára for mara? As the comparative of mára, the unrelated adjective arya excelling is used in the sense of *better; for the superlative *best, one adds the article: i arya with genitive to express the best of PE17:57, -
11 tú
pron. they, them, 3rd person dual the two of them, both personal and neuter the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike. VT49:51 Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source VT49:56, but this form was apparently abandoned. -
12 tai
1 pron. "that which, what", which fact VT42:34, VT49:12, 20. The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more literally "that which" VT49:12, ta + i cf. ta \#1 and the use of i as a relative pronoun. In one note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the elements VT49:12 and also eliminating the ambiguity involving the homophone tai \#2, see below. 2 pron. they, them, 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things VT49:32, see ta \#3 above. Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai that which, the pronoun tai they, them was altered to te in at least one manuscript VT49:33, so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned see te. 3 adv. then, also tá which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well VT49:33 -
13 aica
1 "k" adj. "sharp" AYAK or "fell, terrible, dire" PM:347; according to PM:363 seldom applied to evil things. In Aicanáro, q.v. 2 "k" adj. "broad, vast" LT2:338 - this early "Qenya" form is probably obsoleted by \# 1 above -
14 maqua
noun "a hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed hand facing down for taking; group of five similar things"; in colloquial usage also "hand" as a limb VT47:7, 18-20; dual maquat "group of ten" VT47:7, 10. Compounded maquanotië = "decimal system" in counting VT47:10, Lungumaqua "Heavyhand" VT47:19 -
15 ta
1 pron. "that, it" TA; compare antaróuta/u "he gave it" FS; see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna thither, talo/tó thence and tás/tassë there are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: *to that, *from that and *in that place, respectively. Compare there as one gloss of ta see \#4. 2 adv. so, like that, also, e.g. ta mára so good VT49:12 3 pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things such as inanimates not by the Eldar regarded as persons" VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52. Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir uta/u "we forgive uthem/u" VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers. However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean that see \#1 above, he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta they, them, introducing variant forms like tai VT49:32 to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te VT49:33, which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate they, them was abandoned and the form te q.v. could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó-. 4 conj., said to be a reducted form of tá then, used before each new item in a series or list; if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important. PE17:70 Hence the use of arta ar ta, and ta for et cetera; in older language ta ta or just ta. 5 adv. there VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or element rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta \#1. -
16 vírin
noun "a magic glassy substance of great lucency used in fashioning the Moon. Used of things of great and pure transparency." LT2:339 -
17 ilya
adj. and noun "all" LR:47, 56; SD:310, "all, the whole" IL; "each, every, all of a particular group of things" VT39:20; ilyë before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an adjective Nam, RGEO:67: ilyë tier "all paths" Namárië, VT39:20, ilyë mahalmar "all thrones" CO, ilya raxellor "from all dangers" VT44:9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here, ilyárëa older ilyázëa "daily, of every day" evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a adjectival ending VT43:18. Tolkien apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of ilaurëa, q.v. -
18 se
1 pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used of living things including plants VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa. The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé I love him VT49:21. Ósë *"with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena to/for him orat him, VT49:14, allative senna *to him/her VT49:45, 46. Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself". 2, also long sé, preposition "at, in" VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25 -
19 vanima
adj. "beautiful, fair" BAN, VT39:14 glossed "proper, right, fair" in early "Qenya", LT1:272, though a later source says the word is used only of living things, especially Elves and Men, PE17:150; nominal pl. vanimar "beautiful ones", partitive pl. genitive vanimálion, translated "of beautiful children", but literally meaning *"of some beautiful ones" LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308. Arwen vanimalda "Beautiful Arwen", literally "Arwen your beauty" see -lda for reference; changed to Arwen vanimelda in the second edition of LotR; see vanimelda. -
20 celvar
sg. \#celva "k" noun "animals, living things that move" Silm
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