-
1 термоэлектронная работа выхода
Русско-английский физический словарь > термоэлектронная работа выхода
-
2 термоэлектронная работа выхода
Русско-английский словарь по электронике > термоэлектронная работа выхода
-
3 термоэлектронная работа выхода
Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > термоэлектронная работа выхода
-
4 работа выхода при термоэлектронной эмиссии
1) Engineering: thermionic work function2) Makarov: thermionic functionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > работа выхода при термоэлектронной эмиссии
-
5 Elektronenaustrittsarbeit
f < phys> ■ electron work function; electronic work function; thermionic work functionGerman-english technical dictionary > Elektronenaustrittsarbeit
-
6 термоэлектронная работа выхода
1) Electronics: thermionic work function2) Makarov: thermoionic work functionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > термоэлектронная работа выхода
-
7 Elektronenaustrittsarbeit
Elektronenaustrittsarbeit f electron(ic) work function, thermionic work functionDeutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > Elektronenaustrittsarbeit
-
8 praca wyjścia elektronu
• electron affinity• electronic work function• thermionic work functionSłownik polsko-angielski dla inżynierów > praca wyjścia elektronu
-
9 Austrittsarbeit bei Glühemission
f < phys> ■ thermionic work functionGerman-english technical dictionary > Austrittsarbeit bei Glühemission
-
10 glühelektrische Austrittsarbeit
Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > glühelektrische Austrittsarbeit
-
11 thermionische Austrittsarbeit
Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > thermionische Austrittsarbeit
-
12 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
[br]b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, Englandd. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.[br]After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.Bibliography1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of theInstitution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).Further ReadingWho Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.KFBiographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
См. также в других словарях:
Work function — In solid state physics, the work function is the minimum energy (usually measured in electron volts) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point immediately outside the solid surface (or energy needed to move an electron from the Fermi… … Wikipedia
electronic work function — ▪ physics energy (or work) required to withdraw an electron completely from a metal surface. This energy is a measure of how tightly a particular metal holds its electrons that is, of how much lower the electron s energy is when present… … Universalium
work function — noun : the energy that is needed for a particle to come from the interior of a medium and break through the surface used especially of the photoelectric and thermionic emission of electrons from metals … Useful english dictionary
thermionic emission — n. the phenomenon of electron or ion emission from the heated surface of a conductor * * * ▪ physics discharge of electrons from heated materials, widely used as a source of electrons in conventional electron tubes (e.g., television picture … Universalium
Thermionic emission — Closeup of the filament on a low pressure mercury gas discharge lamp showing white thermionic emission mix coating on the central portion of the coil. Typically made of a mixture of barium, strontium and calcium oxides, the coating is sputtered… … Wikipedia
thermionic power converter — ▪ electronics Introduction also called thermionic generator, thermionic power generator, or thermoelectric engine any of a class of devices that convert heat directly into electricity using thermionic emission rather than first… … Universalium
Thermionic converter — A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which thermionically emits electrons over a potential energy barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful electric power output. Caesium vapor is used to optimize the electrode work… … Wikipedia
Field electron emission — It is requested that a diagram or diagrams be included in this article to improve its quality. For more information, refer to discussion on this page and/or the listing at Wikipedia:Requested images. Field emission (FE) (also known as field… … Wikipedia
Vacuum tube — This article is about the electronic device. For experiments in an evacuated pipe, see free fall. For the transport system, see pneumatic tube. Modern vacuum tubes, mostly miniature style In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North… … Wikipedia
Transmission electron microscopy — A TEM image of the polio virus. The polio virus is 30 nm in size.[1] Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it… … Wikipedia
Field emission — (FE) is the emission of electrons from the surface of a condensed phase into another phase due to the presence of high electric fields. In this phenomenon, electrons with energies below the Fermi level tunnel through the potential barrier at the… … Wikipedia
