-
61 theory
['Ɵiəri]plural - theories; noun1) (an idea or explanation which has not yet been proved to be correct: There are many theories about the origin of life; In theory, I agree with you, but it would not work in practice.) teória2) (the main principles and ideas in an art, science etc as opposed to the practice of actually doing it: A musician has to study both the theory and practice of music.) teória•- theoretically
- theorize
- theorise
- theorist* * *• ucenie• teória• náhlad (osobný)• náuka -
62 theory
['Ɵiəri]plural - theories; noun1) (an idea or explanation which has not yet been proved to be correct: There are many theories about the origin of life; In theory, I agree with you, but it would not work in practice.) teorie2) (the main principles and ideas in an art, science etc as opposed to the practice of actually doing it: A musician has to study both the theory and practice of music.) teorie•- theoretically
- theorize
- theorise
- theorist -
63 theory
['Ɵiəri]plural - theories; noun1) (an idea or explanation which has not yet been proved to be correct: There are many theories about the origin of life; In theory, I agree with you, but it would not work in practice.) θεωρία2) (the main principles and ideas in an art, science etc as opposed to the practice of actually doing it: A musician has to study both the theory and practice of music.) θεωρία•- theoretically
- theorize
- theorise
- theorist -
64 transcendental
1. a филос. трансцендентальный; априорный; внеопытный, сверхопытный2. a необыкновенный, сверхъестественный3. a мат. трансцендентный4. a разг. неясный, туманный; абстрактныйСинонимический ряд:1. ideal (adj.) abstract; hypothetical; ideal; theoretical; transcendent2. metaphysical (adj.) extrasensory; metaphysical; miraculous; preternatural; superhuman; supernatural; unearthly3. of remarkable degree (adj.) beyond understanding; intellectual; intuitive; of remarkable degree; original; otherworldly; primordial; transmundane -
65 theory
['Ɵiəri]plural - theories; noun1) (an idea or explanation which has not yet been proved to be correct: There are many theories about the origin of life; In theory, I agree with you, but it would not work in practice.) théorie2) (the main principles and ideas in an art, science etc as opposed to the practice of actually doing it: A musician has to study both the theory and practice of music.) théorie•- theoretically - theorize - theorise - theorist -
66 theory
['Ɵiəri]plural - theories; noun1) (an idea or explanation which has not yet been proved to be correct: There are many theories about the origin of life; In theory, I agree with you, but it would not work in practice.) teoria2) (the main principles and ideas in an art, science etc as opposed to the practice of actually doing it: A musician has to study both the theory and practice of music.) teoria•- theoretically - theorize - theorise - theorist -
67 Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. between 3 October and 15 November 1535 Vico Equense, near Naples, Italyd. 4 February 1615 Naples, Italy[br]Italian natural philosopher who published many scientific books, one of which covered ideas for the use of steam.[br]Giambattista della Porta spent most of his life in Naples, where some time before 1580 he established the Accademia dei Segreti, which met at his house. In 1611 he was enrolled among the Oziosi in Naples, then the most renowned literary academy. He was examined by the Inquisition, which, although he had become a lay brother of the Jesuits by 1585, banned all further publication of his books between 1592 and 1598.His first book, the Magiae Naturalis, which covered the secrets of nature, was published in 1558. He had been collecting material for it since the age of 15 and he saw that science should not merely represent theory and contemplation but must arrive at practical and experimental expression. In this work he described the hardening of files and pieces of armour on quite a large scale, and it included the best sixteenth-century description of heat treatment for hardening steel. In the 1589 edition of this work he covered ways of improving vision at a distance with concave and convex lenses; although he may have constructed a compound microscope, the history of this instrument effectively begins with Galileo. His theoretical and practical work on lenses paved the way for the telescope and he also explored the properties of parabolic mirrors.In 1563 he published a treatise on cryptography, De Furtivis Liter arum Notis, which he followed in 1566 with another on memory and mnemonic devices, Arte del Ricordare. In 1584 and 1585 he published treatises on horticulture and agriculture based on careful study and practice; in 1586 he published De Humana Physiognomonia, on human physiognomy, and in 1588 a treatise on the physiognomy of plants. In 1593 he published his De Refractione but, probably because of the ban by the Inquisition, no more were produced until the Spiritali in 1601 and his translation of Ptolemy's Almagest in 1605. In 1608 two new works appeared: a short treatise on military fortifications; and the De Distillatione. There was an important work on meteorology in 1610. In 1601 he described a device similar to Hero's mechanisms which opened temple doors, only Porta used steam pressure instead of air to force the water out of its box or container, up a pipe to where it emptied out into a higher container. Under the lower box there was a small steam boiler heated by a fire. He may also have been the first person to realize that condensed steam would form a vacuum, for there is a description of another piece of apparatus where water is drawn up into a container at the top of a long pipe. The container was first filled with steam so that, when cooled, a vacuum would be formed and water drawn up into it. These are the principles on which Thomas Savery's later steam-engine worked.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of Scientific Biography, 1975, Vol. XI, New York: C.Scribner's Sons (contains a full biography).H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains an account of his contributions to the early development of the steam-engine).C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford University Press (contains accounts of some of his other discoveries).I.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, 2nd edn., New York: Doubleday.G.Sarton, 1957, Six wings: Men of Science in the Renaissance, London: Bodley Head, pp. 85–8.RLH / IMcNBiographical history of technology > Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della
-
68 Weber, Wilhelm Eduard
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 24 October 1804 Wittenberg, Germanyd. 23 June 1891 Göttingen, Germany[br]German physicist, the founder of precise measurement of electrical quantities.[br]Weber began scientific experiments at an early age and entered the University of Halle, where he came under the influence of J.S.C.Schweigger, inventor of the galvanometer. Completing his education with a dissertation on the theory of organ pipes and making important contributions to the science of acoustics, he was awarded a lectureship and later an assistant professorship at Halle. Weber was offered the Chair of Physics at Göttingen in 1831 and jointly with Gauss began investigations into the precision measurement of magnetic quantities. In 1841 he invented the electrodynamometer type of electrical measuring instrument. This was a development of the galvanometer in which, instead of a needle, a small coil was suspended within an outer coil. A current flowing through both coils tended to turn the inner coil, the sine of the angle through which the suspending wires were twisted being proportional to the square of the strength of the current. A variation of the electrodynamometer was capable of measuring directly the power in electrical circuits.The introduction by Weber of a system of absolute units for the measurement of electrical quantities was a most important step in electrical science. He had a considerable influence on the British Association committees on electrical standards organized in 1861 to promote a coherent system of electrical units. Weber's ideas also led him to define elementary electric particles, ascribing mass and charge to them. His name was used for a time before 1883 as the unit of electric current, until the name "ampere" was proposed by Helmholtz. Since 1948 the term "weber" has been used for the SI unit of magnetic flux.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1850. Royal Society Copley Medal 1859.Bibliography1892–4, William Weber's Werke, 6 vols, Berlin.Further ReadingP.Lenard, 1954, Great Men of Science, London, pp. 263–70 (a reliable, short biography). C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1976, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. XIV, New York, pp.203–9 (discusses his theoretical contributions).S.P.Bordeau, 1982, Volts to Herz, Minneapolis, pp. 172 and 181 (discusses Weber's influence on contemporary scientists).GW
См. также в других словарях:
theoretical — theoretical, *speculative, academic can be applied to minds, types of reasoning or philosophizing, or branches of learning as meaning concerned principally with abstractions and theories, sometimes at the expense of practical basis or application … New Dictionary of Synonyms
theoretical — UK US /θɪəˈretɪkəl/ adjective ► based on ideas or theories, rather than practical uses of something or actual events: »theoretical economics/physics »theoretical models/analyses/approaches »a theoretical framework/foundation/underpinning ►… … Financial and business terms
Theoretical definition — A hypothetical construct like intelligence must be understood in terms of a comprehensive theory of mind and reality A theoretical (or conceptual) definition gives the meaning of a word in terms of the theories of a specific discipline. This type … Wikipedia
theoretical — theo|ret|i|cal W3 [θıəˈretıkəl US ˌθi:ə ] adj also theo|ret|ic [θıəˈretık US ˌθi:ə ] 1.) relating to the study of ideas, especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of the ideas or practical experience →↑theory, practical… … Dictionary of contemporary English
theoretical — the|o|ret|i|cal [ ,θiə retıkl ] adjective ** based on theories or ideas instead of practical experience: The course is designed to be practical rather than theoretical. a. relating to theories or ideas: the theoretical framework of the research b … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
theoretical */*/ — UK [ˌθɪəˈretɪk(ə)l] / US [ˌθɪəˈretɪk(ə)l] adjective 1) based on theories or ideas instead of on practical experience The course is designed to be practical rather than theoretical. a) relating to theories or ideas the theoretical framework of the … English dictionary
Theoretical ecology — Mathematical models developed in theoretical ecology predict complex food webs are less stable than simple webs.[1]:75–77[2]:64 … Wikipedia
theoretical — [[t]θi͟ːəre̱tɪk(ə)l[/t]] 1) ADJ: usu ADJ n A theoretical study or explanation is based on or uses the ideas and abstract principles that relate to a particular subject, rather than the practical aspects or uses of it. ...theoretical physics. 2)… … English dictionary
Theoretical philosophy — The division of philosophy into a practical and a theoretical discipline has its origin in Aristotle s natural philosophy and moral philosophy categories. In Sweden, Denmark and Finland courses in theoretical and practical philosophy are taught… … Wikipedia
Theoretical behaviorism — (not to be confused with behavioralism of political science) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of materialism, denying any… … Mini philosophy glossary
Theoretical reductionism — a number of related, contentious theories that hold, very roughly, that the nature of complex things can always be reduced to (be explained by) simpler or more fundamental things. This is said of objects, phenomena, explanations, theories, and… … Mini philosophy glossary
