-
1 SET
panya- (fix), SET (of Sun or Moon) núta- (sink, stoop), SET FREE lerya- (release, let go), SET UP tulca- (fix, establish. Note: there is a homophone meaning "firm, steadfast, strong, immoveable".) SET ASIDE \#sat- (appropriate to a special purpose or owner). The verb \#sat- is cited in the form "sati-", evidently including the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in *satin "I set aside". SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be compelled to do, have an impulse) –PAN, NDŪ, VT41:5, 6; LT1:270 cf. TULUK, VT42:20, VT45:22 -
2 GO
lelya- or lenna- (pa.t. lendë in both cases; the printed Etymologies gives "linna" instad of lenna-, but according to VT45:27 this is a misreading) (proceed, travel); \#men- (attested in the aorist: menë "goes"), vanya- (pa.t. vannë) (depart, disappear – it may be that Tolkien abandoned the verb vanya-, if it is regarded as the conceptual predecessor of auta-, see GO AWAY below), GO ROUND pel- (revolve, return; the Silmarillion Appendix also mentions “encircle” as a meaning of the root PEL, cf. also “Qenya” pele- “surround, fence in, pen in”; pa.t. pellë given, QL:73). GO OVER, see CROSS. GO ATHWART tara- (cross); GO AWAY auta- (leave, pass); pa.t. oantë, perf. oantië (in the physical sense "went away [to another place]", vánë ("the most frequently used past [tense]" – less "physical" than oantë, rather meaning to be lost or to disappear), also anwë (this pa.t. was "only found in archaic language"), perf. avánië (pl. avánier is attested); perf. vánië with no augment may occur in verse. GO FORTH TOWARDS (with the thing approached as direct object) tenta-, pa.t. tentanë (the verb can also mean “direct toward” or “be directed toward”, in the intransitive tense apparently with the pa.t. tenantë). CAUSE TO GO (in a desired direction) menta- (send), GONE vanwa (departed, vanished, dead, lost, past and over, no longer to be had) BE GONE! heca! – also with pronominal affixes: sg hecat, pl hecal "you be gone!" (stand aside!) LET GO lerya- (release, set free), sen- (let loose, free) –WJ:363, LED/VT45:27, VT47:11, 30, PEL, LT2:347, WAN, Nam, WJ:364, VT41:5, VT49:23, WJ:366, VT41:5, VT43:18 -
3 FREE
(adj.) léra, aranya (not to be confused with aranya *"my king"; the shorter form ranya also cited must not be confused with the verb "stray, wander"), mirima (but a very similar word, mírima, is rather assigned the meaning “very valuable” in Tolkien’s later Quenya). The previous words are apparently used to describe “free” persons, whereas the following refer to inanimates: latin, latina (open, cleared [of land]), lerina ("free" of things in the sense of "not guarded, reserved, made fast, or 'owned'", VT41:5). Lehta “free, released” (perhaps applicable to persons, but cf. the following:) FREE ELEMENT (a term for "vowel") \#lehta tengwë (only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi). (A word fairë "free" is mentioned in LT1:250, but may be obsolete: several other meanings are attributed to this word in later writings [see DEATH, PHANTOM, RADIANCE]. Fairië "freedom" does not clash with later words, but must probably be considered conceptually obsolete if fairë is so regarded.) FREE FROM EVIL aman (see BLESSED) –VT41:5, VT46:10, MIS, LAT, VT39:17, WJ:399 (verb) rúna- (see DELIVER); SET FREE lerya- (release, let go), sen- (let go, let loose) –VT43:23, VT41:5, 6, VT43:18 -
4 APPROPRIATE
(to a special purpose or owner) \#sat- (set aside). The verb \#sat- is cited in the form "sati-", evidently including the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in *satin "I appropriate". –VT42:20 -
5 IMPULSE
felmë (emotion), hórë; BODY-IMPULSE hroafelmë (impulses provided by the body, e.g. physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual desire), SPIRIT-IMPULSE fëafelmë (impulses originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate); IMPULSIVE hórëa (the gloss "impulsion" in the printed Etymologies is a misreading, VT45:22); HAVE AN IMPULSE horya- (be compelled to do something, set vigorously out to do) –KHOR, VT41:19 cf. 13, VT45:22 -
6 DO
\#car- (make, build; see MAKE for various attested forms of this verb); NOT DO \#um- (cited in the form umin "I do not", 1st pers. aorist; also short uin) (pa.t. úmë, not to be confused with a noun meaning "collection, crowd"). This verb is also used = "not be", see BE concerning this and other verbs for “not do, not be”. DO NOT! (imperative) vá! (also = I will not); DON'T áva, avá, alalyë (the last form incorporates the ending -lyë "thou", hence "do not thou [do something]") DON'T DO IT! áva carë! SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be compelled to do something, have an impulse) DO BACK ahtar- or accar- (react; requite, avenge) –KAR, UGU/UMU, WJ:371, VT44:8, VT45:22, PE17:166 -
7 STRONG
tulca (firm, immoveable, steadfast. Note: there is a homophone meaning "fix, set up, establish"), STRONG (physically) polda (burley). STRONG/SWIFT AT RUNNING nórima. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word sarnë is glossed "strong place" (entry SAR), but according to VT46:12, the gloss should actually read "stony place". –TULUK, POL, VT49:29 -
8 LET
(see ALLOW); LET GO lerya (release, set free), LET GO or LET LOOSE sen- (to free). LET IT BE THAT nái (in Namárië: nai; the editor conjectures that nái is an etymological form, VT49:36). –VT41:5, 6; VT43:18, VT49:28
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