the+perfect

the perfect tense of the negative verb ua-, q.v. Only attested with a 1st person sg. pronominal suffix uien.

vb. "to veil, cloak, mantle" VT43:22, mainly used of veils cast over things that shone, or that were brighter and more vivid PE17:174; according to Tolkien usually the strong past tense fánë and perfect afánië were used, but later also fantanë in the past tense and then perhaps *afantië in the perfect? PE17:179-180 Cf halya- q.v., the stem of which Tolkien contrasted with the stem of this verb PE17:184.

vb. “return” go/come back PE17:166. The etymological form nan-men- indicates that the second element is \#men- “go”, changed to -wen- following nan- “back”; hence the perfect should perhaps be *naneménië.

1 vb. "go away, leave" leave the point of the speaker's thought; old "strong" past tense anwë, usually replaced by vánë, perfect avánië – but when the meaning is purely physical "went away to another place" rather than "disappear", the past tense oantë, perfect oantië was used. Past participle vanwa "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past and over" WJ:366 2 vb. "invent, originate, devise" GAWA/GOWO This could be obsoleted by \# 1 above; on the other hand, the verbs would be quite distinct in the past tense, where auta- \#2 would likely have the straightforward form *autanë.

negative verb “not do, not be”. If a verb is to be negated, ua coming before the verb receives any pronominal endings and presumably also any endings for plurality or duality, -r or -t, whereas the uninflected tense-stem of the verb follows: With the ending -n for “I”, one can thus have constructions like uan carë *”I do not” aorist, uan carnë *“I did not” past, uan cára *“I am not doing” present, uan caruva *”I shall not do” future. The verb ua- can itself be fully conjugated: \#ua aorist or present?, únë past, úva “future, \#uië perfect the aorist and perfect are attested only with the ending -n “I”. In “archaic Quenya” these tense-forms could be combined with an uninflected aorist stem, e.g. future *úvan carë = later Quenya uan caruva, “I shall not do”. In later Quenya, only the forms ua present or aorist and “occasionally” the past tense form \#únë were used in normal prose únen *”I did not, was not”. PE17:144; compare FS for úva as a future-tense negative verb “will not”

1 vb. "send, cause to go" in a desired direction VT41:6, VT43:15. A similar-sounding primitive verb mentioned in PE17:93 is said to have past and perfect forms that would produce Quenya *mennë,*eménië, but here Tolkien seems to be discussing a distinct intransitive verb “go” and its Sindarin descendants, and Quenya menta- rather belongs to the causative transitive verbs which according to the same source has “weak” past-tense forms in -në, hence *mentanë “sent”, and likely *ementië as perfect “has sent”.

1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a “general aorist infinitive” in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa “I can do it” VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the “simplest aorist infinitive”, the same source referring to carië as the “general infinitive” of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar “k” "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a “simple past passive participle” of the form carinwa “kari-nwa”. “Rare” past participle active ? cárienwa “k” *”having done” PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë “war-made”, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. – Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë “hard to make / do”, urucarin “made with difficulty” PE17:154, saucarya “evil-doing” PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29

1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná “it is cold” VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted “where the meaning is clear” without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection “yes” or “it is so” VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai “be it that” see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár “are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you sg. are” polite and familiar, respectively, nás “it is”, násë “she is”, nalmë “we are” VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be “aorist”, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *“she is” is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “she/it was” VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië “has been” VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë “being”, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am".

1 sometimes "eä" vb. "is" CO, in a more absolute sense "exists", VT39:7/VT49:28-29 than the copula ná. Eä "it is" VT39:6 or "let it be". The verb is also used in connection with prepositional phrases denoting a position, as in the relative sentences i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “who is above all thrones” CO and i ëa han ëa *“who is beyond the universe of Eä” VT43:14. Eä is said to the be “present & aorist” tense VT49:29. The past tense of ëa is engë VT43:38, VT49:29; Tolkien struck out the form ëanë, VT49:30, the historically correct perfect should be éyë, but the analogical form engië was more common; the future tense is euva VT49:29. See also ëala. – Eä is also used as a noun denoting "All Creation", the universe WJ:402; Letters:284, footnote, but this term for the universe "was not held to include souls? and spirits" VT39:20; contrast ilu. One version of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer includes the words i ëa han ëa, taken to mean "who is beyond Eä" VT43:14. Tolkien noted that ëa “properly cannot be used of God since ëa refers only to all things created by Eru directly or mediately”, hence he deleted the example Eru ëa *”God exists” VT49:28, 36. However, ëa is indeed used of Eru in CO i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar uëa/u “the One who uis/u above all thrones” as well as in various Átaremma versions see VT49:36, so such a distinction may belong to the refined language of the “loremasters” rather than to everyday useage. 3 "eagle" LT1:251, LT2:338, a “Qenya” word apparently superseded by soron, sornë in Tolkien's later forms of Quenya.

vb. "come" WJ:368, 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" TUL, 3rd pers. sg. tulis “she comes” VT49:19, perfect utúlië "has come" utúlien "I am come", EO, utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come". Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" VT44:32/34, literally apparently *"thy kingdom, be-it-that it will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" LT1:114, 270, VT49:57 and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"LT1:114, 270. Read probably *utúlieltë, *Eldar utúlier in LotR-style Quenya.

2 prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" WJ:370 3 prefix "without" ARsup2/sup, AWA. In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" q.v. 4 vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit WJ:370. Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed with the ending -n “I” in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan ávëan, future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t.aunë in the sense “was not”, as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkien’s the text was revised.

1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen “I gave”, VT49:14 or †ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an “ironic tone” to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena “I gave him a spear as a present” was often used with the real sense of “I cast a spear at him”. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English “present someone with something” in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, “I presented him with a book” PE17:91. – The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than “Qenya” -ro for “he”. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative “give”, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle.

4 vb. "go" VT47:11, cf. VT42:30, VT49:23, attested in the aorist menë in the sentence imbi Menel Cemenyë menë Ráno tië "between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon". In the verb nanwen- “return” or go/come back, -men- is changed to -wen- following nan- “back” etymological form cited as nan-men-, PE17:166. – In examples from VT49:23, 24, Tolkien used men- in the sense of “go as far as”: 1st person sg. aorist menin menin coaryanna “I arrive at or come/get to his house”, endingless aorist menë, present tense ména- “is on point of arrival, is just coming to an end”, past tense mennë “arrived, reached”, in this tense usually with locative rather than allative mennen sís “I arrived here”, perfect eménië “has just arrived”, future menuva “will arrive”. All of these examples were first written with the verb as ten- rather than men-, Tolkien then emending the initial consonant.

1 adv. “no, not" LA, VT45:25 According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. – In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" VT42:32-33, but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. – The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb “when another verb is not expressed” VT49:13, apparently where the phrase “is not” is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English “I do not” i.e. “I do not do whatever the context indicates”. With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë “I do not, am not” etc. Tolkien abandoned the form lamin. Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa ulanyë/u hé *“I love him but uI do not love/u him” another person VT49:15. Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva. 2 prep. “athwart, over, across, beyond” PE17:65, also used in phrases of comparison, e.g. "A ná calima lá B", A is bright beyond = brighter than B VT42:32. 3 interjection? "please" reading of gloss uncertain VT45:25

vb. "urge, impel, move", only of "mental" impulse. Constructed as an impersonal verb: orë nin caritas "I would like/feel moved to do so" VT41:13, literally *"it impels for me to do so" notice that what is the subject in English appears in the dative in Quenya. Elsewhere this verb is presented as an A-stem ora- instead so that the aorist would be ora instead of orë, cf. ora nin "it warns me" in VT41:15, with past tense oranë or ornë, future tense oruva, present tense órëa and a form orië that may be the gerund; the forms orórië and ohórië were rejected but may have been intended as perfect forms VT41:13, 18, VT49:54

2 vb. “to read written matter”, called a “weak verb”; aorist tengwa “reads”, present tense tengwëa “is reading”, past tense tengwane “read”, perfect etengwië “has read”, the latter without lengthening of the stem-vowel not **eténgwië because there is a consonant cluster following VT49:55. Gerund or “verbal noun” tengwië, also attested with a pronominal suffix + genitive: tengwiesto “of your dual reading” VT49:47, 48, 52, 54

vb. "find", perfect \#utúvië "has found" in Aragorn's exclamation when he found the sapling of the White Tree: utúvienyes "I have found it" utúvie-nye-s "have found-I-it" LotR3:VI ch. 5

vb. "slip, slide down, collapse, slope" TALÁT; reduplicated stem in the participle talta-taltala in Markirya, simply translated "falling" in MC:215. Strong intransitive conjugation: present talta, aorist talt- derived from talati tal’ti, hence presumably *talti- with endings and *taltë without any, past talantë, perfect ataltië. Weak transitive conjugation: present taltëa, aorist talta, past taltanë. This is said to be the conjugation type of a certain class of verbs, namely “√TALAT stems” PE17:186.

vb. “enclose, set bounds to/about” PE17:43. Past tense yórë, †yondë, perfect oiórië PE17:43. The forms yonda, yonna “enclosed” may be regarded as the passive participle of this verb.

vb. “gather, assemble” intransitive PE17:157, 158. Cited in the form ócomë “gathers, assembles”, evidently an endingless aorist. Perfect ócómië given.