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the+nineteenth+century

  • 81 close

    adj. nära; stängd; hopträngd; trång
    --------
    adv. nära
    --------
    n. slut; tillslutning; inhägnad; gränd; stänga; slut, slutledning; gård; gränd; när en person avslutar en mening där vissa ord saknas
    --------
    v. stänga; stängas; avsluta
    * * *
    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) nära
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) åtsittande, snävt, tätt
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) nära, förtrolig
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) jämn
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) grundlig, noggrann
    4) (tight: a close fit.) åtsittande, snäv, trång
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) kvav, tryckande
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) snål, gnidig
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) hemlighetsfull, förtegen
    - closeness
    - close call/shave
    - close-set
    - close-up
    - close at hand
    - close on
    - close to
    II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) stänga, slå igen
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) avsluta
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) avsluta, slutföra
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) slut
    - close up

    English-Swedish dictionary > close

  • 82 close

    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) blízko
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) dokonale padnoucí oděv
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) blízký
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) těsný
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) důkladný; přísný
    4) (tight: a close fit.) těsný
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) hustý, dusný
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) skoupý
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) tajný, důvěrný
    - closeness
    - close call/shave
    - close-set
    - close-up
    - close at hand
    - close on
    - close to
    II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) zavřít, zavírat
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) skončit
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) uzavřít
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) konec, závěr
    - close up
    * * *
    • těsně
    • uzavřít
    • zavřít
    • zavírat
    • blízký
    • důvěrný

    English-Czech dictionary > close

  • 83 close

    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) tesne
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) priliehavo
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) dôverný
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) tesný
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) prísny
    4) (tight: a close fit.) tesný
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) dusný
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) skúpy
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) uzavretý, mlčanlivý
    - closeness
    - close call/shave
    - close-set
    - close-up
    - close at hand
    - close on
    - close to
    II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) zavrieť
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) skončiť
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) uzavrieť
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) koniec
    - close up
    * * *
    • uzavriet
    • uzatvorený
    • uzavri
    • zatvor
    • zatvorit
    • zavriet (sa)
    • záver
    • zatvárat
    • tesne pri
    • tesný
    • ukoncit
    • dusný
    • blízky
    • blízko
    • podrobný
    • koniec

    English-Slovak dictionary > close

  • 84 close

    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) aproape (de)
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) strâns
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) apropiat
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) strâns
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) atent
    4) (tight: a close fit.) potrivit
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) închis
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) zgârcit
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) secretos
    - closeness
    - close call/shave
    - close-set
    - close-up
    - close at hand
    - close on
    - close to
    II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.)
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) a se sfârşi
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) a în­cheia
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) sfârşit
    - close up

    English-Romanian dictionary > close

  • 85 close

    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) κοντά
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) εφαρμοστά
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) κοντινός, στενός
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) με μικρή διαφορά
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) προσεκτικός
    4) (tight: a close fit.) στενός, εφαρμοστός
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) αποπνικτικός
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) `σφικτός`, τσιγκούνης
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) κλειστός, εχέμυθος
    - closeness
    - close call/shave
    - close-set
    - close-up
    - close at hand
    - close on
    - close to
    II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) κλείνω
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) τελειώνω
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) ολοκληρώνω
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) τέλος
    - close up

    English-Greek dictionary > close

  • 86 close

    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) près (de)
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) étroitement
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) intime
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) serré
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) rigoureux
    4) (tight: a close fit.) ajusté
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) étouffant
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) regardant
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) renfermé
    - closeness - close call/shave - close-set - close-up - close at hand - close on - close to II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) fermer
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) finir
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) conclure
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) fin
    - close up

    English-French dictionary > close

  • 87 close

    I 1. [kləus] adverb
    1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) perto
    2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) justo
    2. adjective
    1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) íntimo
    2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) apertado
    3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) minucioso
    4) (tight: a close fit.) apertado
    5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) abafado
    6) (mean: He's very close (with his money).) mesquinho
    7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) discreto
    - closeness - close call/shave - close-set - close-up - close at hand - close on - close to II 1. [kləuz] verb
    1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) fechar
    2) (to finish; to come or bring to an end: The meeting closed with everyone in agreement.) terminar
    3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) concluir
    2. noun
    (a stop, end or finish: the close of day; towards the close of the nineteenth century.) fim
    - close up

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > close

  • 88 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

    [br]
    b. 2 August 1802 Lille, France
    d. 28 April 1872 Lille, France
    [br]
    French photographer, photographic innovator and entrepreneur.
    [br]
    After beginning his working life in a tobacco company, Blanquart-Evrard became Laboratory Assistant to a chemist. He also became interested in painting on ivory and porcelain, foreshadowing a life-long interest in science and art. Following his marriage to the daughter of a textile merchant, Blanquart-Evrard became a partner in the family business in Lyon. During the 1840s he became interested in Talbot's calotype process and found that by applying gallic acid alone, as a developing agent after exposure, the exposure time could be shorter and the resulting image clearer. Blanquart-Evrard recognized that his process was well suited to producing positive prints in large numbers. During 1851 and 1852, in association with an artist friend, he became involved in producing quantities of prints for book illustrations. In 1849 he had announced a glass negative process similar to that devised two years earlier by Niepcc de St Victor. The carrying agent for silver salts was albumen, and more far-reaching was his albumen-coated printing-out paper announced in 1850. Albumen printing paper was widely adopted and the vast majority of photographs made in the nineteenth century were printed in this form. In 1870 Blanquart-Evrard began an association with the pioneer colour photographer Ducos du Hauron with a view to opening a three-colour printing establishment. Unfortunately plans were delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, and Blanquart-Evrard died in 1872 before the project could be brought to fruition.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1851, Traité de photographie sur papier, Paris (provides details of his improvements to Talbot's process).
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstein, New York.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

  • 89 Cochran, Josephine C.

    [br]
    b. c.1842 Ohio, USA
    d. after November 1908 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the dishwashing machine.
    [br]
    Amidst the growing cohorts of American inventors who began to deluge the patent office with their inventions from around the middle of the nineteenth century are at least 30 women who received patents for dishwashers. Of these, it seems that Josephine C.Cochran can be credited with the invention of the first commercially available dishwasher. She developed her machine over a period often years, achieving patents in 1886 and 1888, with a third in 1894 for a "dish-cleaner". She completed the work in 1889, only after the death of her husband, who had kept her too short of funds to perfect her invention. Cochran exhibited her dishwasher at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1892. There was a smaller, "family"-size machine for domestic use and a larger model, steam-driven, for major hotels and restaurants; this latter model was used by many such establishments in Chicago. It was said that the large machine could scald, rinse and dry up to 240 plates of various shapes and sizes in two minutes. Her invention had won her sufficient fame to earn her a place in a list, published in 1886, of prominent American women inventors.
    Little is known of Cochran's personal details, save that she was married to a circuit clerk ten years her senior, by whom she had a daughter. She was still active in November 1908, for she exhibited again at the Martha Washington Hotel Suffrage Bazaar in New York City.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Stanley, 1993, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Meruchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, pp. 438–9.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cochran, Josephine C.

  • 90 Cruickshank, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    d. 1810/11 Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish chemist and surgeon, inventor of a trough battery developed from Volta's pile.
    [br]
    Cruickshank graduated MA from King's College, Aberdeen, in 1765, and later gained a Diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons. When chemistry was introduced in 1788 into the course at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich, Cruickshank became a member of staff, serving as Assistant to Dr A.Crawford, the Lecturer in Chemistry. Upon Crawford's death in 1796 Cruickshank succeeded him as Lecturer and held the post until his retirement due to ill health in 1804. He also held the senior posts of Chemist to the Ordnance at Woolwich and Surgeon to the Ordnance Medical Department. He should not be confused with William Cumberland Cruickshank (1745–1800), who was also a surgeon and Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1801, shortly after Volta's announcement of his pile, Cruickshank built a voltaic pile to facilitate his experiments in electrochemistry. The pile had zinc and silver plates about 1½ in2 (10 cm2) with interposed papers moistened with ammonium chloride. Dissatisfied with this arrangement, Cruickshank devised a horizontal trough battery in which a wooden box was divided into cells, each holding a pair of zinc and silver or zinc and copper plates. Charged with a dilute solution of ammonium chloride, the battery, which was typically of sixty cells, was found to be more convenient to use than a pile and it, or a derivative, was generally adopted for electrochemical experiments including tose of Humphrey Davy during the early years of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1802.
    Bibliography
    1801, article in Nicholsons Journal 4:187–91 (describes Cruickshank's original pile). 1801, article in Nicholsons Journal 4:245–64 (describes his trough battery).
    Further Reading
    B.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London (a short account). A.Courts, 1959, "William Cruickshank", Annals of Science 15:121–33 GW

    Biographical history of technology > Cruickshank, William

  • 91 Cubitt, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 25 February 1788 Buxton, Norfolk, England
    d. 20 December 1855 Dorking, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English master builder and founder of the first building firm of modern type.
    [br]
    He started his working life as a carpenter at a time when work in different trades such as bricklaying, masonry, carpentry and plumbing was subcontracted. The system had worked well enough until about 1800, but when large-scale development was required, as in the nineteenth century, it showed itself to be inefficient and slow. To avoid long delays in building, Cubitt bought land and established workshops, founding a firm that employed all the craftsmen necessary to the building trade on a permanent-wage basis. To keep his firm financially solvent he had to provide continuous work for his staff, which he achieved by large-scale, speculative building even while maintaining high architectural standards.
    Cubitt performed a major service to London, with many of his houses, squares and terraces still surviving as sound and elegant as they were over 150 years ago in the large estates he laid out. His most ambitious enterprise was Belgravia, where he built 200 imposing houses for the aristocracy upon an area of previously swampy land that he leased from Lord Grosvenor. His houses expose as inferior much of the later phases of development which surround them. All his life Cubitt used his influence to combat the abuses of architecture, building and living standards to which speculative building is heir. He was especially interested in drainage, smoke control and London's sewage arrangement, and constantly worked to improve these. He supplied first-class amenities in the way of land drainage, sewage disposal, street lighting and roads, and his own houses were soundly built, pleasant to live in and created to last.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Hermione Hobhouse, 1971, Thomas Cubitt: Master Builder, Macmillan.
    Henry Russell-Hitchcock, 1976, Early Victorian Architecture, 2 vols, New York: Da Capo.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Cubitt, Thomas

  • 92 Huntsman, Benjamin

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1704 Barton-on-Humber, Lincolnshire, England
    d. 21 June 1776 Sheffield, England
    [br]
    English inventor of crucible steelmaking.
    [br]
    Of Dutch descent, Hunstman was apprenticed to a clockmaker at Epworth, Lincolnshire. In 1725 he set up in Doncaster as a maker of clocks, locks and roasting jacks. He made improvements in his tools but found himself hampered by the poor quality of the steel available, then made by the cementation process, which yielded a steel with a non-uniform carbon content. Around 1740, Huntsman moved to Handsworth, now part of Sheffield, and began experimenting by heating varying compositions of fuel and flux with crude steel in a crucible, to obtain a steel of uniform composition. During the years 1745 to 1750 he attained his object, but not without many unsuccessful "heats", as excavations of the site of his works now reveal. Although his steel was far better than that previously available, however, the conservative cutlers of Sheffield rejected it, claiming it was too hard to work; therefore Huntsman exported his product to France, where the cutlers promptly worked it into high-quality knives and razors that were exported to England. The Sheffield cutlers' attempts to prevent Huntsman from exporting his steel proved unsuccessful. Huntsman did not patent his process, preferring to retain his advantage by shrouding his work in secrecy, carrying out his melting at night to escape observation, but a rival cutler, Samuel Walker, gained admittance to Huntsman's works disguised as a tramp seeking food. As a result, Walker was able to make crucible steel at a handsome profit. Huntsman fought back and earned success through the sheer quality of his steel, and had to move to.a larger site at Attercliffe in 1770. Crucible steelmaking remained important through the nineteenth century although, as it was a small-scale process, its application was restricted to engineers' cutting tools and the cutting edges of certain tools.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.W.Hulme, 1945, "The pedigree and career of Benjamin Huntsman, inventor in Europe of crucible steel", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24:37–48.
    W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longman.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Huntsman, Benjamin

  • 93 commute to jobs

    фраз. ездить на работу

    As a result of the expansion of the railways in the nineteenth century, for instance, many white collar workers were able to move to the clearer air of the suburbs and commute to their jobs in the city centres. — В результате расширения сети железных дорог в XIX веке, к примеру, многие работники умственного труда могли переехать к более свежему воздуху пригородов и ежедневно ездить из пригорода на работу в городской центр.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > commute to jobs

  • 94 railway

    1) (a track with (usually more than one set of) two (or sometimes three) parallel steel rails on which trains run: They're building a new railway; (also adjective) a railway station.) vía; línea de ferrocarril
    2) ((sometimes in plural) the whole organization which is concerned with the running of trains, the building of tracks etc: He has a job on the railway; The railways are very badly run in some countries.) ferrocarriles
    1. ferrocarril
    2. vía férrea
    tr['reɪlweɪ]
    1 ferrocarril nombre masculino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    railway engine máquina de tren, locomotora
    railway line vía férrea, vía del tren
    railway station estación nombre femenino de ferrocarril, estación nombre femenino de trenes
    railway track vía férrea
    railway ['reɪl.weɪ] railroad
    adj.
    ferroviario, -a adj.
    vía férrea adj.
    n.
    ferrocarril s.m.
    noun (BrE) railroad I
    ['reɪlweɪ] (Brit)
    1.
    N (=system) ferrocarril m, ferrocarriles mpl ; (as track) vía f, vía f férrea
    2.
    CPD

    railway bridge Npuente m de ferrocarril

    railway carriage Nvagón m, coche m (de ferrocarril)

    railway crossing Npaso m a nivel

    railway engine Nmáquina f, locomotora f

    railway line N(=route) línea f ferroviaria or de ferrocarril; (=track) vía f (férrea)

    railway network Nred f ferroviaria

    railway station Nestación f (de ferrocarril)

    railway timetable Nhorario m de trenes

    railway track Nvía f (férrea)

    * * *
    noun (BrE) railroad I

    English-spanish dictionary > railway

  • 95 slave

    sleiv
    1. noun
    1) (a person who works for a master to whom he belongs: In the nineteenth century many Africans were sold as slaves in the United States.) esclavo
    2) (a person who works very hard for someone else: He has a slave who types his letters and organizes his life for him.) esclavo

    2. verb
    (to work very hard, often for another person: I've been slaving away for you all day while you sit and watch television.) trabajar como una bestia, trabajar como un negro
    slave1 n esclavo
    slave2 vb matarse a trabajar
    tr[sleɪv]
    1 esclavo,-a
    1 trabajar como una bestia (at, en), trabajar como un negro (at, en)
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    slave driver negrero,-a, tirano,-a
    slave labour (slaves) los esclavos 2 (hard work) trabajo de negros
    slave trade trata de esclavos
    slave ['sleɪv] vi, slaved ; slaving : trabajar como un burro
    : esclavo m, -va f
    adj.
    esclavo, -a adj.
    n.
    esclavo s.m.
    siervo s.m.
    v.
    sudar tinta v.
    trabajar como un esclavo v.

    I sleɪv
    noun esclavo, -va m,f

    to be a slave TO something — ser* esclavo de algo; (before n)

    slave tradecomercio m or trata f de esclavos

    slave trader — negrero, -ra m,f


    II

    to slave AT o OVER something: he's been slaving (away) at o over the report for days — lleva días trabajando como un negro or como un burro con el informe

    [sleɪv]
    1.
    N esclavo(-a) m / f

    to be a slave to sth — (fig) ser esclavo de algo

    2.
    VI

    to slave (away) at sth/at doing sth — trabajar como un negro en algo/haciendo algo

    3.
    CPD

    slave driver Nnegrero(-a) m / f ; (fig) tirano(-a) m / f

    slave labour N(=work) trabajo m de esclavos; (=persons) esclavos mpl

    slave ship Nbarco m de esclavos

    slave trade Ntrata f de esclavos, comercio m de esclavos, tráfico m de esclavos

    slave trader Ntraficante mf en esclavos

    * * *

    I [sleɪv]
    noun esclavo, -va m,f

    to be a slave TO something — ser* esclavo de algo; (before n)

    slave tradecomercio m or trata f de esclavos

    slave trader — negrero, -ra m,f


    II

    to slave AT o OVER something: he's been slaving (away) at o over the report for days — lleva días trabajando como un negro or como un burro con el informe

    English-spanish dictionary > slave

  • 96 a circuit rider

    амер.
    разъездной епархиальный священник (объезжающий свою паству; преим. о священниках, принадлежащих к методистской церкви)

    Jealous of the success of the Methodists, other religious groups often condemned the circuit riders as American sympathizers, a dangerous charge during the early years of the nineteenth century when relations with the United States were very unsettled. (R. Cook and others, ‘Canada. A Modern Study’, ch. 2) — Завидуя успехам методистов, другие религиозные группы часто обвиняли разъездных епархиальных священников в том, что они сочувствуют Америке, - тяжелое обвинение в первые годы девятнадцатого столетия, когда отношения с Соединенными Штатами еще не были налажены.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > a circuit rider

  • 97 a rod in pickle

    ((have или keep) a rod in pickle (for smb.))
    (иметь) наказание наготове (для кого-л.) [намёк на старый обычай держать розги в солёной воде]

    She went away in an opposite direction, turning her head and saying to the unconscious Jim, ‘There is a fine rod in pickle for you, my gentleman, if you carry out that pretty scheme.’ (Th. Hardy, ‘The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid’, ch. XV) — Она пошла в противоположную сторону, потом повернулась и сказала ничего не подозревавшему Джиму: - Если вы попытаетесь осуществить этот прелестный план, сударь, то вас ждет суровое наказание.

    Immediately after the outbreak of war, Bismark produced a rod that he had been keeping in pickle for France, in the shape of the draft of a suggested treaty of 1866, written out in the handwriting of Benedetti, then french Ambassador at Berlin. (G. M. Trevelyan, ‘British History in the Nineteenth Century, 1782-1901’, ch. XXIII) — Вскоре после начала войны Бисмарк приготовил для Франции "розги в соленом растворе" в виде проекта договора 1866 года, написанного рукой Бенедетти, тогдашнего французского посла в Берлине.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > a rod in pickle

  • 98 an ivory tower

    "башня из слоновой кости", оторванность от жизни [этим. фр. une tour d'ivoire; выражение создано французским поэтом и критиком Сент-Бёвом и является переосмыслением библеизма]

    ...Lanny just forgot that some people were poor - it is so easy to forget that when you live in any ivory tower! (U. Sinclair, ‘Between Two Worlds’, ch. 7) —...Ланни совершенно забыл о существовании бедных людей. Так легко забыть об этом, когда живешь в башне из слоновой кости!

    Throughout the nineteenth century we find the artist engaging in a vain effort to deny the world which imposes upon him standards he can never accept. Some do so by building their ivory tower and hoisting from its summit the silken banner of art for art's sake. (R. Fox, ‘The Novel and the People’, ch. IV) — Мы видели, как в течение всего XIX века художники тщетно пытались отгородиться от мира, навязывающего им нормы, которые они не могут принять. Некоторые для этого уединялись в "башню из слоновой кости", вывешивая знамя искусства ради искусства.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > an ivory tower

  • 99 span

    A n
    1 ( period of time) durée f ; the span of sb's life/career la durée de la vie/la carrière de qn ; a short span of time une courte période ; time span espace m de temps ; over a span of several years sur une période de plusieurs années ; to have a short concentration span avoir une capacité de concentration de courte durée ;
    2 ( width) (across hand, arms, wings) envergure f ; ( of bridge) travée f ; ( of arch) portée f ; the bridge crosses the river in a single span le pont enjambe la rivière d'une seule travée ;
    3 fig ( extent) the whole span of human history la totalité or l'ensemble de l'histoire de l'humanité ;
    4 Meas empan m ; ⇒ wingspan.
    B vtr ( p prés etc - nn-)
    1 [bridge, arch] enjamber ; Constr [person] construire un pont sur [river] ;
    2 fig ( encompass) s'étendre sur ; her life spanned most of the nineteenth century sa vie s'est étendue sur la presque totalité du dix-neuvième siècle ; his career spanned several decades sa carrière s'est étendue sur or a couvert plusieurs décennies ; a group spanning the age range 10 to 14 un groupe comprenant les enfants âgés de 10 à 14 ans.
    C ppspin.

    Big English-French dictionary > span

  • 100 Hannart, Louis

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. c.1863
    [br]
    Inventor of the first press stud for garments.
    [br]
    Fastenings are an essential component of the majority of garments. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, these relied on buttons or toggles passing through either button holes or loops of cord. The press stud stems from the invention by Louis Hannart in 1863 of an "Improved clasp or fastener for gloves and other wearing apparel, for umbrellas, travelling bags…".
    [br]
    Further Reading
    I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 852–3 (provides a short account of fastenings).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Hannart, Louis

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