-
1 US
The exclusive pronoun (us = “I and some others, not you”) is me (suffixed to ála “do not” in álamë tulya, "do not lead us”, VT43:12, 22). This pronoun evidently connects with the ending -lmë, see WE. Inclusive "us" (i.e. "you and me") should apparently be *ve (for older we), connecting with the subject ending -lvë (older -lwë). If the pronouns me, *ve are stressed, the vowel may be lengthened (mé, vé, VT49:51). In another conceptual phase, Tolkien’s word for inclusive "we, us" may have been *ngwë (Third Age Quenya *nwë), VT48:11. The dual forms receive the ending -t, hence met, wet > *vet as the words for “us” referring to only two persons (exclusive met = “me and one other [not you]”; inclusive wet/*vet = “thee and me”). – Evidently me, *ve would be the same as subject and object, so that these forms could also be translated "we" as a short independent pronoun, and they can also receive case endings, e.g. attested forms like locative messë "on us", allative mello "from us", dative men "for us", allative véna “to us”. The forms atarmë, metermë "for us" also seem to include me, but these forms were evidently ephemeral ("for us", exclusive, is better rendered as men, itself an attested form). –Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:15, 19, VT44:18, VT49:14 -
2 OUR
As described in the entry WE, the 3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms from dual (depending on whether two or more persons are involved) and exclusive forms from inclusive (depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien revised the relevant endings repeatedly. According to one late resolution described in VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are –lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, hence *aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at least three persons, not including the party addressed), but *aldamma “our tree = my and one other person’s tree”. The corresponding inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa (dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to the former is attested as “-lwe, –lve” (VT49:51), –lwa can surely also appear as *-lva, as in *omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the genitive case: omentielvo “of our meeting”, WJ:367). Hence *aldalwa/aldalva “our tree” (an “our” of at least three persons, including the party addressed), dual *aldangwa “our tree = thy and my tree”. – An independent word for plural exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya (also menyë modifying a plural noun). The corresponding plural inclusive form should apparently be *venya (pl. *venyë) for archaic *wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë). The dual forms would most likely be *mentya (excl.) and *ventya (incl.); compare me, we/ve as the independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms met, wet/*vet and dative forms *ment, * went/vent, from which the independent possessive pronouns are apparently derived by adding the adjectival ending -ya). – Notice that in an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm- were plural (not as later dual) inclusive, and the forms in –lm- were plural inclusive rather than exclusive. This is why the word translated “of our meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12); this “our” is obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather than dual as it later became (according to Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would be *Átarelma when a group of three or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”, in this case the Father himself). -
3 TWELVE
yunquë ("q"), archaic (pre-historic?) form yuncë (VT48:7, 8). Also (or in another conceptual phase, or in duodecimal counting?) \#rasta (only the stem RÁSAT is given in the Etymologies, but cf. yurasta "24", i.e. 2 x 12, in PE14:17). For the syntax of numerals, see THREE. TWELVE HOURS ("day" when not meaning 24 hours) arya (day). (The word arya is however assigned other meanings in later sources, and aurë is given as the word for “day” meaning daylight period.) Fraction ONE TWELFTH yunquesta –VT47:41, VT48:6, PE14:82, RÁSAT, AR1, VT48:11 -
4 YES
ná (literally "is", i.e. "[so it] is"), also (in the “past tense”) né, with reference to something past, i.e. “yes” =” it was so, it was as you say/ask”. Náto is possibly an emphatic form of “yes”. – In one conceptual phase, Tolkien used lá for "yes", but in both earlier and later material, lá is the negation "no, not" instead. –QL:64, VT42:33, VT49:18, 28-29, 31 -
5 YESTERDAY
noa (shortened from the full phrase noa ré “former day”; thus noa is basically an adjective “former”). In another conceptual phase, noa meant “tomorrow” instead. Not to be confused with noa “conception; idea”. –VT49:34
См. также в других словарях:
The Next Phase — Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Geordi and Ro coming back in phase Episode … Wikipedia
The Mutant Phase — Bigfinishbox title=The Mutant Phase series= Doctor Who number=15 featuring=Fifth Doctor Nyssa writer=Nicholas Briggs director=Nicholas Briggs producer=Gary Russell Jason Haigh Ellery executive producer=Jacqueline Rayner production code=6CC set… … Wikipedia
The Plateau Phase — Infobox Album | Name = The Plateau Phase Type = Album Artist = Crispy Ambulance Released = March, 1982 Recorded = 1982 Genre = Post punk Length = 39:54 Label = Factory Benelux Producer = Crispy Ambulance, Chris Nagle Reviews = Last album = This… … Wikipedia
The Penalty Phase — Verdict (film, 1986) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Verdict (homonymie). Verdict (The Penalty Phase) est un téléfilm américain réalisé par Tony Richardson, diffusé en 1986. Sommaire 1 Synopsis 2 … Wikipédia en Français
Take Me to the Next Phase (Part 1) — Infobox Single Name = Take Me to the Next Phase (Part 1) Artist = The Isley Brothers from Album = Showdown B side = Take Me to the Next Phase (Part 2) Tell Me When You Need it Again (12 single) Released = March, 1978 Format … Wikipedia
Take Me To The Next Phase — is a funk hit by The Isley Brothers released in 1978 on the T Neck/Epic label as the leading single from the brothers Showdown album.Written and produced by the group, the single was released in the middle years of the group s 3 + 3 (1973 1983)… … Wikipedia
Phase (waves) — Phase in waves is the fraction of a wave cycle which has elapsed relative to an arbitrary point.[1] Contents 1 Formula 2 Phase shift 3 Phase difference … Wikipedia
Phase contrast microscopy — Phase contrast image of a cheek epithelial cell Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique of great importance to biologists in which small (invisible to the human eye) phase shifts in the light passing through a… … Wikipedia
Phase Boundary Catalysis — (PBC) in chemistry is a type of heterogeneous catalytic system which facilitates the chemical reaction of a particular chemical component in immiscible phase react on a catalytic active site located at phase boundary. The chemical component is… … Wikipedia
Phase-shift mask — Phase shift masks are photomasks that take advantage of the interference generated by phase differences to improve image resolution in photolithography. There exist alternating [cite web|url = http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6977127.html | title … Wikipedia
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases — The Tertiary Phase , Quandary Phase and Quintessential Phase are radio adaptations of the books Life, the Universe and Everything , So Long, and Thanks For All the Fish and Mostly Harmless recorded in 2003 and 2004 by Above the Title Productions… … Wikipedia
