the+first+portuguese

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications

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Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.

With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.

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   This city in Braga district, which is known as the cradle of Portuguese nationality, has origins that precede both the monarchy and the nation. Portugal's first king, Afonso Henriques, was born in Guimarães, and it was here that the first Cortes was held, where it was decided in 1093 to give the government of the county of Portugal to the Burgundian Count Henry, the father of Afonso Henriques, later king of Portugal. In 1853, Guimarães was declared a city by Queen Maria II. Long a symbol of the founding of Portugal, Guimarães's classic granite castle has many historic associations. It was here that the official opening of the 1940 Double Centenary celebrations occurred. With only a small population, Guimarães has a large number of medieval monuments, including churches, palaces, and chapels.

   Historic, Catholic charitable institution, formally, Holy Houses of Mercy, which ministered welfare, medical, and other types of assistance to the poor and to prisoners beginning in the Middle Ages in Portugal. Although its origins lay in Christian charitable brotherhoods in medieval Portugal, the Hospitals of Mercy (Misericórdia) began in the late 15th century under royal patronage of Queen Leonor (1458-1525), wife of King João II, who founded the first Misericórdia in Lisbon. From the capital, this institution spread into other towns and regions of Portugal. She also founded the Misericórdia at Caldas da Rainha, a town north of Lisbon, where reputedly it became the world's first thermal (waters) treatment hospital, with more than 100 beds for patients. The Holy Houses of Mercy were responsible also for assisting orphans, invalids, and foundlings, as well as for feeding prisoners in jails and burying the executed. The administration of clerical brotherhood staff of these institutions increasingly was composed of persons of high social and professional standing in their communities.

   After 1500, the Misericórdias spread beyond continental Portugal to the Atlantic islands of Portugal, as well as to the overseas empire in Brazil, Cape Verdes, Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese India, Macau, and Japan. In Brazil alone, for example, there were more than 300 such places. Their activities went beyond hospital and other charity work and extended into education, learning, the founding of convents and presses, and patronage of the arts. More secular than religious today, the Houses of Mercy still function in Portugal by means of dispensing private welfare and mutual aid.

1) interrog. welch...

2) rel. welch... (geh.)

1) interrog. welcher/welche/welches

2) rel. der/die/das; welcher/welche/welches (veralt.); referring to a clause was

* * *

- academic.ru/81975/whichever">whichever

* * *

I. pron

1. interrog (one of choice) welche(r, s)

\which is mine? the smaller one? welches gehört mir? das Kleinere?

it was either Spanish or Portuguese, I've forgotten \which es war entweder Spanisch oder Portugiesisch, ich habe vergessen, welches von beiden

\which are the best varieties of grapes for long keeping? welche Traubensorten halten sich am besten?

\which of your parents do you feel closer to? welchem Elternteil fühlst du dich enger verbunden?

\which of you knows where the keys are kept? wer von euch weiß, wo die Schlüssel sind?

those two paintings look so alike I'm surprised anyone can tell \which is \which diese zwei Bilder sind so ähnlich, dass es mich wundert, dass sie jemand unterscheiden kann

I really can't tell them apart — \which is \which? ich kann sie nicht auseinanderhalten — wer ist wer?

2. rel (with defining clause) der/die/das

you know that little Italian restaurant — the one \which I mentioned in my letter? kennst du das kleine italienische Restaurant — das, das ich in meinem Brief erwähnt habe?

these are the principles \which we all believe in das sind die Prinzipien, an die wir alle glauben

a conference in Vienna \which ended on Friday eine Konferenz in Wien, die am Freitag geendet hat

3. rel (with non-defining clause) was

she says it's Anna's fault, \which is rubbish sie sagt, das ist Annas Schuld, was aber Blödsinn ist

he showed me round the town, \which was very kind of him er zeigte mir die Stadt, was sehr nett von ihm war

that building, the interior of \which is rather better than the outside,... das Gebäude, das innen besser ist als außen,...

it's the third in a sequence of three books, the first of \which I really enjoyed das ist das dritte aus einer Reihe von drei Büchern, von denen mir das erste wirklich gut gefallen hat

at/upon \which... woraufhin...

4. rel, after prep der/die/das

is that the film in \which he kills his mother? ist das der Film, in dem er seine Mutter umbringt?

the death of his son was an experience from \which he never fully recovered der Tod seines Sohnes war eine Erfahrung, von der er sich nie ganz erholte

it isn't a subject to \which I devote a great deal of thought über dieses Thema mache ich mir nicht viele Gedanken

we are often afraid of that \which we cannot understand wir fürchten uns oft vor dem, was wir nicht verstehen

II. adj inv

1. interrog (what one) welche(r, s)

\which doctor did you see? bei welchem Arzt warst du?

\which button do I press next? auf welchen Knopf muss ich als Nächstes drücken?

I didn't know \which brother I was speaking to ich wusste nicht, mit welchem Bruder ich sprach

\which way is the wind blowing? woher kommt der Wind?

Jacinta came last night with her boyfriend — \which one? she's got several Jacinta kam letzten Abend mit ihrem Freund — mit welchem? sie hat mehrere

see if you can guess \which one is me in my old school photo mal schauen, ob du errätst, wer auf dem alten Schulfoto ich bin

2. rel (used to introduce more info) der/die/das

the picking of the fruit, for \which work they receive no money, takes about a week das Ernten des Obstes, wofür sie kein Geld bekommen, dauert etwa eine Woche

the talk lasted two hours, during all of \which time the child was well behaved das Gespräch hat zwei Stunden gedauert, während denen sich das Kind gut benahm

it might be made of plastic, in \which case you could probably carry it es könnte aus Plastik sein — dann könntest du es wahrscheinlich tragen

* * *

1. adj

1) (interrog) welche(r, s)

2) (rel) welche(r, s)

2. pron

1) (interrog) welche(r, s)

2) (rel) (with n antecedent) der/die/das, welche(r, s) (geh); (with clause antecedent) was

* * *

which [wıtʃ; hwıtʃ]

A int pr (bezogen auf Sachen oder Personen) welch(er, e, es) (aus einer bestimmten Gruppe oder Anzahl):

which of these houses? welches dieser Häuser?;

which of you has done it? wer oder welcher von euch hat es getan?

B rel pr

1. welch(er, e, es), der (die, das)

2. (auf den vorhergehenden Satz bezüglich) was:

3. (in eingeschobenen Sätzen) (etwas,) was:

and which is still worse, all you did was wrong und was noch schlimmer ist, alles, was du machtest, war falsch

C adj

1. (fragend oder relativ) welch(er, e, es):

which place will you take? auf welchem Platz willst du sitzen?;

take which book you please nimm welches Buch du willst

2. (auf das Vorhergehende bezogen) und dies(er, e, es), welch(er, e, es):

during which time he had not eaten und während dieser Zeit hatte er nichts gegessen

* * *

1) interrog. welch...

2) rel. welch... (geh.)

1) interrog. welcher/welche/welches

2) rel. der/die/das; welcher/welche/welches (veralt.); referring to a clause was

* * *

welch adj.

welcher adj.

welches adj. pron.

das pron.

der pron.

die pron.

(1952-)

   Academic, scholar, and politician who rose to prominence after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Trained as an academic in the field of political science and law, Durão Barroso received a master's degree in political science at a Swiss university in the 1980s and continued to a doctorate in Portugal. For some years, he taught political science at the University of Geneva. A student of Portuguese government and politics, he entered academic life in Lisbon at various universities, including the Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon, and spent terms abroad as a visiting political science professor at Georgetown University in the United States.

   A leading member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) after 1993, he was minister of foreign affairs in the Cavaco Silva government in the mid-1990s. When Marcello Rebelo de Sousa withdrew from politics in 1999, Durão Barroso was elected in his place as chief of the PSD; he led the party in the October 1999 elections, won by the Socialist Party (PS) under Guterres. The defeat of the PSD in this election, whose final results were closer than predicted, cast a shadow on the leadership position of Durão Barroso, whose brittle style and manner of public speaking aroused controversy. The position of the PSD, however, still retained some strength; the results of the October 1999 elections were disappointing to the PS, which expected to win an overall majority in the Assembly of the Republic. Instead, the PS fell one seat short. The electoral results in seats were PS (115) to PSD (81). As the PS's hold on the electorate weakened during 2001, and the party was defeated in municipal elections in December 2001, the PSD's leader came into his own as party chief.

   In the parliamentary elections of 17 March 2002, the PSD won the largest number of seats, and Durão Barroso was appointed prime minister. To have a majority, he governed in coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Durão Barroso reduced government spending, which affected the budgets of local governments and civil service recruitment. These measures, as well as plans to accelerate privatization and introduce labor reforms, resulted in a public-sector worker's strike in November 2002, the first such strike in 10 years. Durão Barroso decided to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a freeze on the wages of employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than 50 percent of the workforce.

   In 2004, he became president of the Commission, European Union (EU). He took up the office on 23 November 2004, and Pedro Santana Lopes, then the PSD mayor of Lisbon, became prime minister. Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.

[(h)wɪtʃ] pron

1) interrogative ( one of choice) welche(r, s);

\which is mine? the smaller one? welches gehört mir? das Kleinere?;

it was either Spanish or Portuguese, I've forgotten \which es war entweder Spanisch oder Portugiesisch, ich habe vergessen, welches von beiden;

\which are the best varieties of grapes for long keeping? welche Traubensorten halten am besten?;

\which of your parents do you feel closer to? welchem Elternteil fühlst du dich enger verbunden?;

\which of you knows where the keys are kept? wer von euch weiß, wo die Schlüssel sind?;

\which of the suspects murdered him? wer von den Verdächtigen hat ihn umgebracht?;

those two paintings look so alike I'm surprised anyone can tell \which is \which diese zwei Bilder sind so ähnlich, dass es mich wundert, dass sie jemand unterscheiden kann;

I really can't tell them apart - \which is \which? ich kann sie nicht auseinanderhalten - wer ist wer?

2) relative ( with defining clause) der/die/das;

you know that little Italian restaurant - the one \which I mentioned in my letter? kennst du das kleine italienische Restaurant - das, das ich in meinem Brief erwähnt habe?;

these are the principles \which we all believe in das sind die Prinzipien, an die wir alle glauben;

a conference in Vienna \which ended on Friday eine Konferenz in Wien, die am Freitag geendet hat

3) relative ( with non-defining clause) was;

she says it's Anna's fault, \which is rubbish sie sagt, das ist Annas Schuld, was aber Blödsinn ist;

he showed me round the town, \which was very kind of him er zeigte mir die Stadt, was sehr nett von ihm war;

that building, the interior of \which is rather better than the outside,... das Gebäude, das innen besser ist als außen,...;

it's the third in a sequence of three books, the first of \which I really enjoyed das ist das dritte aus einer Reihe von drei Büchern, von denen mir das erste wirklich gut gefallen hat;

at/upon \which... woraufhin...

4) after prep der/die/das;

is that the film in \which he kills his mother? ist das der Film, in dem er seine Mutter umbringt?;

the death of his son was an experience from \which he never fully recovered der Tod seines Sohnes war eine Erfahrung, von der er sich nie ganz erholte;

it isn't a subject to \which I devote a great deal of thought über dieses Thema mache ich mir nicht viele Gedanken;

we are often afraid of that \which we cannot understand wir fürchten uns oft vor dem, was wir nicht verstehen adj

1) interrogative ( what one) welche(r, s);

\which doctor did you see? bei welchem Arzt warst du?;

\which button do I press next? auf welchen Knopf muss ich als Nächstes drücken?;

I didn't know \which brother I was speaking to ich wusste nicht, mit welchem Bruder ich sprach;

\which way is the wind blowing? woher kommt der Wind?;

Jacinta came last night with her boyfriend - \which one? she's got several Jacinta kam letzten Abend mit ihrem Freund - mit welchem? sie hat mehrere;

see if you can guess \which one is me in my old school photo mal schauen, ob du errätst, wer auf dem alten Schulfoto ich bin

2) relative ( used to introduce more info) der/die/das;

the picking of the fruit, for \which work they receive no money,... das Ernten des Obstes, für das sie kein Geld erhalten,...;

the talk lasted two hours, during all of \which time the child was well behaved das Gespräch hat zwei Stunden gedauert, während der sich das Kind gut benahm;

it might be made of plastic, in \which case you could probably carry it es könnte aus Plastik sein - in dem Fall könntest du es wahrscheinlich tragen

[from Lat. "mundus"] iz.

a. world; \munduko hoberena the best in the world; munduan diren euskal hiztegi guziak every Basque dictionary in the world; \mundu guztiko langileak workers throughout the whole world; \munduari itzuli egin zion he went around the world

b. ( bizi garen planeta) world; Europan eta \mundu guztian in Europe and throughout the world; \mundu ra jaio direnak those who have been born into the world

c. ( lurraren zatia) world; M\mundu berria \\ zaharra the New \\ Old World; Lehen M\mundua the First World

d. [ izenen aurrean ] world-; \mundu gerla world war; Bigarren M\mundu Gerla The Second World War | World War Two

e. (irud.) (esa.) \munduan batekoa da it's absolutely superb; \munduan batekoa da neska hori that girl is an absolute jewel

2. (esa.) \mundu guztia everyone; \mundu guztiak hori esaten du everybody says that

3. ( unibertsoa, e.a.) world; jendeztaturik daudekeen beste \munduak other worlds which may be populated; hala iraungo du \mundua \mundu deino that is how the world will endure as long as there is a world; \munduaren azkena hurbil dago the end of the world is nigh

4. ( teologiari d., e.a.) world; handiko \mundu eternity; \mundua \mundu | \munduak diraueino as long as the world lasts; niore erreinua ez da \mundu honetakoa my kingdom is not of this world; gure \mundu galgarri honetan in this perverse world of ours; \mundutik joan to pass away; beste \mundua the other world; \munduaren bekatuak sins of the world; \munduaren hasieratik from the foundation of the world

a. ( gizartea, e.a.) world; \munduaren begietan erruduna da in the eyes of the world he's guilty

b. ( gizakia) world, people; \mundu osoa harriturik utzi zuen egitandia a deed which astounded the whole world

c. ( nolabait ezaugarritzen den gizarte zatia) world; hemen bi \mundu daudela: erdal \mundua eta euskal \mundua there are two worlds here: the Spanish-speaking world and the Basque-speaking one; portugesez mintzatzen den kultur munduan in the cultural world where Portuguese is spoken

( látigo [látigo], a term of uncertain origin, common to Spanish and Portuguese; given that the oldest meaning is 'strap used for tying something,' it is probable that the term derives from Gothic * laittug, which would also be related to the Anglo-Saxon látteh 'halter rope')

   1) Clark: 1880s. A piece of leather three to five feet long and two inches wide used to fasten the cinch onto the saddle. One end is fastened to the cinch ring on the saddle and the other passed through the ring on the end of the cinch and the saddle ring and secured with a knot once the desired adjustment is obtained.

    Alternate forms: ladigo, largo, larigo, latigo strap.

   The form larigo is a spelling pronunciation; English speakers seeing the term in its written form would have pronounced the intervocalic {t} (or {d}) in the first variant form as a flap, which is how an intervocalic {r} in Spanish is pronounced. Largo is a later term that evolved from larigo via schwa deletion. Bentley notes that largo is extremely common today on ranches where a western-style saddle is employed.

   2) Hendrickson indicates that the term also refers to a rawhide thong that secures a gun holster to the leg. The DRAE glosses it either as a long, thin, flexible whip made from rope, leather, baleen, or another material used principally to discipline horses, or as a cord or strap used to secure and adjust the cinch of a saddle.

   See chicote

   Built during the country's early imperial age when Portugal was a world maritime power, the Tower of Belém (Torre do Belém) in Lisbon was constructed as a defense against maritime attack in the Tagus River. This historic stone tower, one of Portugal's most perfect Manueline architectural style monument-treasures, was begun in 1515 by order of King Manuel I. The first architect was the military architect Francisco Arruda, and the tower was built in the River Tagus.

   With changes in tides, time, and the shoreline since, the tower today rests close to the Belém shoreline. The tower was built to accommodate a garrison, a prison, and artillery to ward off pirates and other raiders coming from the Atlantic up the Tagus River. Eclectic in architectural style, the tower's styles include Roman-Gothic and Manu-eline, with touches of Venetian and Moroccan influence. Located not far from the massive Monastery of Jerónimos convent, the tower is square and is surrounded by a polygonal bulwark, as well as by walls facing the Tagus. Centuries after its use in defense had ceased, the tower in its restored state became a memorable symbol of Portugal's Age of Discoveries and expansion, as well as a much-photographed icon in tourist literature.

    See also Castles, Portuguese.

   Village in central Portugal, site of a Catholic shrine and pilgrimage center, and place associated with the cult of Our Lady of Fátima. Near this small village in the so-called "Cove of the Lions," the Virgin Mary reportedly appeared before three peasant children, on the 13th of each month, from May to October 1917. The children were told that they were being addressed by Our Lady of the Rosary, and that a chapel should be built there in her honor. Fátima soon became, in effect, the Portuguese Lourdes, one of the great Catholic shrines and pilgrimage centers. In 1932, the Catholic Church authorized devotion to Our Lady of Fátima, and a large shrine and basilica were constructed near the site of the incidents. In 1967, Pope Paul VI visited Fátima. Fátima has become a center of devotion for millions of persons in recent decades, as well as the topic of a continuing controversy between believers and skeptics and critics. Debates about the significance of what happened at Fátima in 1917 and the aftermath will continue, but it is a fact that the development of Fátima as a Catholic shrine and pilgrimage center occurred amidst a Catholic revival in Portugal during the first third of the 20th century.

(1810-1877)

   One of Portugal's greatest historians and one of its giants in 19th-century writing and literature. Born in Lisbon to a middle-class family, Herculano studied commerce and diplomacy. At age 21, he enlisted in the liberal armed forces of King Pedro IV but was forced to flee to exile in Great Britain and then France. Later, he was part of the victorious liberal expeditionary force that landed near Oporto. He began his serious studies in Oporto, but soon relocated to Lisbon, where he worked as a journalist. In 1839, he was named to the post of director of the Royal Library at Ajudá Palace and at Necessidades Palace, and thus began to prepare to write his classic work, História de Portugal, a major study that when completed took the history of the country only up to the end of the 13th century. The first volume of this work, with which his fame as a historian is most closely associated, was published in 1846, but Herculano was a versatile writer who wrote novels, essays, and poetry as well as history.

   In addition to being a man of words, he was a man of action who was active in exchanges with other literati and who did government service. Herculano, for example, was on the commission that revised the civil code of Portugal. His histori cal writings influenced future generations of writers because of his literary style, because he broke through the legend and myth that had surrounded ancient and medieval Portuguese history, and above all because of his objective, scientific approach to research and conclusions. Dissatisfied with politics and public life, Herculano retired to a farm in the country (at Vale de Lobos) in 1859 and worked as a farmer until 1866.

(1838-89)

   King Luís I was the second son of Queen Maria II and Dom Fernando. When his older brother, King Pedro V, died suddenly in October 1861, he ascended the throne. Well-educated, with the temperament of a writer and artist, Luís probably preferred the literary life to politics and public affairs. In the history of Portugal's literature, Luís is noted for his translations into Portuguese of several of Shakespeare's plays. During his 28-year reign, Portugal experienced a phase of the Regeneration and, for part of the period after 1870, relatively stable politics and a lack of military intervention in public life. During his reign, too, there was material progress and great literary accomplishment; for example, the famous novels of José Maria Eça de Queirós and the poetry of Antero de Quental. While republicanism became a greater force after 1871, and the first republican deputy was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1878, this party and its ideology were not a threat to the monarchy until after the reign of Dom Luís. When King Luís died in 1889, he was succeeded by his oldest son, Dom Carlos, whose stormy reign witnessed the rise of republicanism and serious degeneration of the monarchy.

(1867-1955)

   One of Portugal's most important and influential colonial administrators of the 20th-century African empire, a central figure in the management of Portugal's dispatch of an army to Flanders in World War I, and oppositionist candidate in the 1949 presidential elections. Trained as an army engineer, he attended Coimbra University and became a stalwart republican. During much of the 1890s, he served in Portuguese India, where he came under the influence of the style and policies of the British Raj. During the First Republic, he held a number of important posts in the empire and in Portugal: governor-general of Angola (1912-15), colonial minister (1915), and minister of war (1915-17), during which service he was instrumental in organizing the mobilization and dispatch of Portugal's Expeditionary Force (CEP) to the western front in 1917. Later, he served as high commissioner and governor-general of Angola (1921-24) and was named Portugal's minister to Great Britain (1924-26).

   Dismissed from his London post by the military dictatorship in 1926, Norton de Matos never held an official post again and, as he opposed both the military dictatorship and the Estado Novo, he found it difficult to practice his engineering profession while in retirement from the army. However, he remained important in post-1926 colonial policies and concepts, and attempted to put them into practice after 1945. In 1949, General Norton de Matos was the oppositionist candidate in the presidential elections and opposed the regime incumbent, Marshal Antônio Óscar Carmona. Using the law, police harassment, and other means, the Estado Novo persecuted Norton de Matos's followers and disrupted his campaign. Just before the rigged election was to be held, the aged general withdrew his candidacy, rightfully claiming fraud and intimidation. A tough if liberal reformist in colonial affairs, the senior colonial authority wrote his final book A Nação Una in 1953, calling for the regime to implement his basic reform ideas and to improve treatment of Africans in labor and race relations. Norton de Matos's prescient warnings about African policies were largely ignored, while Lisbon followed his key strategic and development concepts.

    See also Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso.

(1872-1918)

   Leading political figure during the First Republic, minister to Berlin for the republic, and ill-fated president of the republic (1917-18) as well as founder of the New Republic system. Born in the Minho district to a family of modest means, Sidónio Pais was one of the most brilliant students in mathematics of his generation at Coimbra University, the pre-1926 crucible for so many of Portugal's future political leaders. Following his doctorate in mathematics at Coimbra, he became a faculty member at that institution and entered republican politics. He joined Brito Camacho's moderate republican party, the Unionists, and served as Portugal's minister to Berlin, 1912-16.

   A reserve army major, Pais was ambitious as well as idealist ic, and sought to reform the republic's turbulent, inefficient system. He headed the military coup and insurrection of 5-8 December 1917, which overthrew the Afonso Costa government and ousted the Portuguese Republican Party from power. Sidónio Pais engineered a novel regime called the New Republic during 1917-18 and was elected president of the republic in the spring of 1918. This new government sought to reconcile monarchists and republicans and to stabilize politics. Described by admirers as "half prince, half condottiere" Sidónio Pais's experiment was short-lived and soon collapsed in chaos. Pais was assassinated by a fanatic republican at Rossio railroad station on 14 December 1918.

(1506-1551)

   Jesuit missionary and preacher in Asia, known as the "Apostle of the Indies" and the "Apostle of Japan," one of the most prominent and admired saints in the Catholic tradition. Born a Basque in Navarre, Spain, Xavier studied at the University of Paris and became one of the first Jesuits following his friendship and association with St. Ignatius Loyola.

   He became a Jesuit in Italy and, in 1540, was named by the pope Apostolic Nuncio to the East. After an arduous 13-month journey, he reached Goa, Portuguese India, which became the base for his personal preaching and conversion crusade in Asia. He spread the Gospel and converted thousands in India, Malaysia, Malacca, and Japan during a full decade of tireless effort. Prematurely, he died exhausted in China on the eve of an effort to preach in that kingdom. He was buried in Goa, India, in 1551; his body remained in an incorrupt state for a long period and his grave became an important Catholic shrine and center of devotion. In 1622, he was canonized by Pope Gregory XV, and Pope Pius XI declared him patron saint of all foreign missions.

   A conservative political doctrine that had some influence on the designers and managers of the Estado Novo after 1926. Strongly influenced by the French writer Charles Maurras and his Action Française, Portuguese integralists formed a group called "Integralismo Lusitano" and, in 1914, began publishing a periodical in Coimbra called Nação Portuguesa. This advocated restoration of the monarchy in Portugal, but a monarchy that was described as "organic, traditionalist, and anti-parliamentary," where Portugal would be ruled by a very strong royal executive. The integralists made numerous attacks on the First Republic and, undoubtedly, Prime Minister Salazar and his circle were influenced by this set of ideas. Its main doctrine of a return to monarchy, however, doomed it to failure, and the death of its main ideologue and writer, Antônio Sardinha, in 1925, deprived it of its greatest thinker.

    See also Salazarism.

[Swahili Word] Ureno

[English Word] Portugal

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9

[Derived Language] Portuguese

[Derived Word] reino

[Related Words] Mreno, Kireno

[Terminology] geography

[Note] origin is the first part of the expression "reino de Portugale" (kingdom of Portugal)

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[English Word] Portugal

[Swahili Word] Ureno

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9

[Derived Language] Portuguese

[Derived Word] reino

[Related Words] Mreno, Kireno

[Terminology] geography

[Note] origin is the first part of the expression "reino de Portugale" (kingdom of Portugal)

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пп бумажный транзистор.

   The 1976 Constitution and 1982 revisions provide for three fundamental courts, each with different functions, as well as other special courts, including a military court. The three principal courts are the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Justice, and Supreme Court of Administration. The Constitutional Court determines whether legislative acts (laws) are legal and constitutional. In addition, it ascertains the physical ability of the president of the Republic to perform duties of office, as well as to determine the constitutionality of international agreements. Ten of this court's members are selected by the Assembly of the Republic.

   The Supreme Court of Justice, the highest court of law, heads the court system and tries civil and criminal cases. It includes first courts to try cases and courts of appeal. The Supreme Court of Administration examines the administrative and fiscal conduct of government institutions. All matters concerning judges, including the power to discipline judges whose conduct does not comply with the law, are overseen by the Higher Council of the Bench and the Superior Council of the Administrative and Fiscal Courts. There is also an Ombudsman, elected for a four-year term by the Assembly of the Republic, who serves as chief civil and human rights officer of the country. This officer receives 3,000-4,000 complaints a year from citizens who dispute acts of the judicial and legal system.

   Portugal's system of laws is based on Roman civil law and has been shaped by the French legal system. Unlike common law in the American and British legal systems, Portugal's system of laws is based on a complete body of law so that judicial reason is deductive. Legal precedent, then, has little influence. Portuguese judges are viewed as civil servants simply applying the law from codes, not as a judiciary who interpret law. While the post-1974 judicial and legal system is freer and fairer than that under the Estado Novo dictatorship, it has received criticism on the grounds of being very slow, cumbersome, overburdened with cases, and sometimes corrupt. There has been a backlog of untried cases and long delays before trial because of vacant judgeships and inefficient operations.

   Under Portuguese criminal law, preventive detention for a maximum of four months is legal. Much longer preventive detention terms occur due to the trial backlog. Memories persist of legal abuses under the Estado Novo system, when suspects convicted of crimes against the state could be detained legally for periods of from six months to three years. Media sensationalism and the cited problems of the judicial system exacerbated tensions in recent high-profile trials, including the 2004-05 trial of a child prostitution and pedophile ring, tried in Lisbon, with suspects including a celebrated television personality and a former diplomat.