-
41 Mouriés, Hippolyte Mège
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 24 October 1817 Draguignan, Franced. 1880 France[br]French inventor of margarine.[br]The son of a schoolmaster. Mouriés became a chemist's assistant in his home town at the age of 16. He then spent a period of training in Aix-enProvence, and in 1838 he moved to Paris, where he became Assistant to the Resident Pharmacist at the Hotel Dieu Hospital. He stayed there until 1846 but never sat his final exams. His main success during this period was with the drug Copahin, which was used against syphilis; he invented an oral formulation of the drug by treating it with nitric acid. In the 1840s he took out various patents relating to tanning and to sugar extraction, and in the 1850s he turned his attention to food research. He developed a health chocolate with his calcium phosphate protein, and also developed a method that made it possible to gain 14 per cent more white bread from a given quantity of wheat. He lectured on this process in Berlin and Brussels and was awarded two gold medals. After 1862 he concentrated his research on fats. His margarine process was based on the cold saponification of milk in fat emulsions and was patented in both France and Britain in 1869. These experiments were carried out at the Ferme Impériale de La Faisanderie in Vincennes, the personal property of the Emperor, and it is therefore likely that they were State-funded. He sold his knowledge to the Dutch firm Jurgens in 1871, and between 1873 and 1874 he also sold his British, American and Prussian rights. His final patent, in 1875, was for canned meat.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNapoleon III awarded him the Légion d'honneur for his work on wheat and bread.Further ReadingJ.H.van Stuyvenberg (ed.), Margarine: An Economic, Social and Scientific History, 1869–1969 (provides a brief outline of the life of Mouriés in a comprehensive history of his discovery).APBiographical history of technology > Mouriés, Hippolyte Mège
-
42 Poitevin, Alphonse Louise
[br]b. 1819 Conflans, Franced. 1882 Conflans, France[br]French chemical engineer who established the essential principles of photolithography, carbon printing and collotype printing.[br]Poitevin graduated as a chemical engineer from the Ecole Centrale in Paris in 1843. He was appointed as a chemist with the Salines National de l'Est, a post which allowed him time for research, and he soon became interested in the recent invention of photography. He conducted a series of electrolytic experiments on daguerreotype plates in 1847 and 1848 which led him to propose a method of photochemical engraving on plates coated with silver or gold. In 1850 he joined the firm of Periere in Lyons, and the same year travelled to Paris. During the 1850s, Poitevin conducted a series of far-reaching experiments on the reactions of chromates with light, and in 1855 he took out two important patents which exploited the light sensitivity of bichromated gelatine. Poitevin's work during this period is generally recognized as having established the essential principles of photolithography, carbon printing and collotype printing, key steps in the development of modern photomechanical printing. His contribution to the advancement of photography was widely recognized and honours were showered upon him. Particularly welcome was the greater part of the 10,000 franc prize awarded by the Duke of Lynes, a wealthy art lover, for the discovery of permanent photographic printing processes. This sum was not sufficient to allow Poitevin to stop working, however, and in 1869 he resumed his career as a chemical engineer, first managing a glass works and then travelling to Africa to work in silver mines. Upon the death of his father he returned to his home town, where he remained until his own death in 1882.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1865. Paris Exposition Internationale Gold Medal for Services to Photography, 1878.BibliographyDecember 1855, British patent nos 2,815, 2,816.Further ReadingG.Tissandiers, 1876, A History and Handbook of Photography, trans. J.Thomson. J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.JWBiographical history of technology > Poitevin, Alphonse Louise
См. также в других словарях:
(the) British Legion — the British Legion UK US an organization that helps people who have served in the British armed forces, and their families http://www.macmillandictionary.com/med2cd/weblinks/british legion the.htm Thesaurus: veterans and civilianshyponym * * *… … Useful english dictionary
the British Legion — UK / US an organization that helps people who have served in the British armed forces, and their families … English dictionary
The Royal British Legion — British Legion redirects here. For other uses, see British Legion (disambiguation). The Royal British Legion Abbreviation RBL Motto Service not Self … Wikipedia
British Legion (disambiguation) — British Legion could refer to:*The Royal British Legion, a large British charity that provides support to armed forces veterans, known as the British Legion until 1971 *British Legion Badge The badge of the Briish Legion has evolved over the… … Wikipedia
British Legion Volunteer Police Force — The British Legion Volunteer Police Force was formed on the 6th October 1938. It was disbanded on the 15th October 1938, some ten days later.To set the formation of the British Legion Volunteer Police Force into context it is necessary to briefly … Wikipedia
British Legion (1835) — The British Legion (1835 1837) was a British military force sent to Spain to support the Liberals and Queen Isabella II of Spain against the Carlists in the First Carlist War. Under the Quadruple Alliance Great Britain had controlled maritime… … Wikipedia
British Legion — British Le|gion, the also the Royal British Legion a British organization which helps people who have been in the armed forces and their families. The British Legion collects money by selling poppies for ↑Remembrance Day … Dictionary of contemporary English
British Legion (South American) — The British Legion was a military detachment commanded by Irish colonel James Rooke, who participated in the Vargas Swamp Battle, one of the definitive battles that concluded the victory of Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander over… … Wikipedia
The Central Band of the Royal British Legion — Unreferenced|date=November 2006 Infobox musical artist Name = The Central Band Of The Royal British Legion Landscape = Img capt = Background = group or band Origin = London, England Genre = Military Music Years active = 1944–present Label =… … Wikipedia
The Last Legion — Infobox Film name = The Last Legion image size = caption = Promotional film poster director = Doug Lefler producer = Dino De Laurentiis Martha De Laurentiis Raffaella De Laurentiis Tarak Ben Ammar writer = Jez Butterworth Tom Butterworth Carlo… … Wikipedia
(the) Royal British Legion — the Royal British Legion [the Royal British Legion] ; » ↑British Legion … Useful english dictionary
