-
1 Tavari
pl. noun name of the "fays of the Woods" in early "Qenya"; see The Book of Lost Tales 1 p. 267 TÁWAR -
2 parma
noun "book", also name of tengwa \#2 PAR, Appendix E. In early "Qenya", the gloss was "skin, bark, parchment, book, writings" LT2:346; Tolkien later revisited the idea that parma basically is a noun peel and refers to bark or skin as primitive writing materials, PE17:86: peel, applied to bark or skin, hence book, bark literally skinning, peeling off, parchment, book; a book or written document of some size PE17:123. In the meantimeTolkien had associated the word with a root PAR meaning compose, put together LR:380; the word loiparë mistake in writing q.v. may also suggest that the root PAR at one point was to mean write, so that a parma was a *written thing. Instrumental form parmanen with a book or by means of a book PE17:91, 180, parmastanna on your book with the endings -sta dual your, -nna allative VT49:47, parmahentië noun book reading PE17:77. Other compounds: parmalambë noun "book-language" = Quenya PAR, \#parma-resta noun *book-fair, attested with the endings -lya thy and the allative ending -nna parma-restalyanna *upon your book-fair VT49:38, 39. Parma as the name of the tengwa letter for P occurs compunded in parmatéma noun "p-series", labials, the second column of the Tengwar system Appendix E. -
3 nai
1 imperative verb "be it that", used with a verb usually in the future tense to express a wish. The translation "maybe" in Tolkien's rendering of Namárië is somewhat misleading; he used "be it that" in the interlinear translation in RGEO:67. Apparently this is na as the imperative "be!" with a suffix -i "that", cf. i \#3. It can be used with the future tense as an expression of wish VT49:39. Nai hiruvalyë Valimar! Nai elyë hiruva! *"May thou find Valimar. May even thou find it!" Nam, VT49:39. Nai tiruvantes "be it that they will guard it" "may they guard it" CO. Nai elen siluva parma-restalyanna *may a star shine upon your book-fair VT49:38, nai elen siluva lyenna *may a star shine upon you VT49:40, nai elen atta siluvat aurenna veryanwesto *may two stars shine upon the day of your wedding VT49:42-45, nai laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto may a golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading VT49:47. Nai may also be used with a present continuative verb if an ongoing situation is wished for: Nai Eru lye mánata God bless you VT49:39 or literally *be it that God is already blessing you. The phrase nai amanya onnalya *be it that your child will be blessed omits any copula; Tolkien noted that imperative of wishes precedes adj. VT49:41. VT49:28 has the form nái for let it be that; Patrick Wynne theorizes that nái is actually an etymological form underlying nai VT49:36 2 prefix ill, grievously, abominably PE17:151, cf. naiquet-. Earlier material also lists aninterjection nai "alas" NAY; this may be obsoleted by \# 1 above; Namárië uses ai! in a similar sense -
4 an
1 conj. and prep. "for" Nam, RGEO:66, an cé mo quernëfor if one turned VT49:8, also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express one more of the thing concerned: an quetta a word more, PE17:91. The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" SD:290 however seems to denote motion towards the speaker: the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" NĀsup1/sup. The phrase an i falmalīPE17:127 is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar upon the foaming waves Nam, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending and if falmalīis seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case.In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an moreover, furthermore, to proceed VT49:18-19 or properly further, plus, in addition PE17:69, 90. According to one late source ca. 1966 or later, an is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament: An sí Tintallë, etc. = For now the Kindler, etc This is translated by me for, side an is as here often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said. Related is the use of an + noun to express one more; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition. -
5 anta-
1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen I gave, VT49:14 or ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an ironic tone to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena I gave him a spear as a present was often used with the real sense of I cast a spear at him. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English present someone with something in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, I presented him with a book PE17:91. The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than Qenya -ro for he. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative give, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle. -
6 -n
1 dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă to, related to the allative ending -nna VT49:14. Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon q.v. and also added to the English name Elaine Elainen in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths VT49:40. The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna q.v., also in the noun mariéna from márië goodness PE17:59. Pl. -in as in hínin, see hína, partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt Plotz. The preposition ana \#1 is said to be used when purely dative formula is required PE17:147, perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for to God. In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n or -en expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200. 2, also -nyë, pronominal ending, 1st person sg. "I" VT49:51, as in utúlien "I am come" EO, cainen I lay VT48:12-13, carin or carinyë I do VT49:16, veryanen *I married VT49:45. See also VT49:48. Long form -nye- with object ending -s it following in utúvienyes see tuv-. A possible attestation of -n in object position me is provided by the untranslated verbal form tankassen PE17:76, where -n may be preceded by -sse- as a longer form of the 3rd person sg. ending -s see -s \#1. 3 a plural sign used in some of the case endings WJ:407: Pl. genitive -on, pl. ablative -llon but also -llor, pl. locative -ssen. -
7 laurë
noun "gold", but of golden light and colour, not of the metal: golden light according to PE17:61 a poetic word. Nai laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto may a golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading VT49:47. In Etym defined as "light of the golden Tree Laurelin, gold", not properly used of the metal gold LÁWAR/GLÁWAR, GLAW-R, VT27:20, 27, PE17:159. In early "Qenya", however, laurë was defined as "the mystic name of gold" LT1:255, 258 or simply "gold" LT1:248, 268. In Laurelin and Laurefindil, q.v., Laurenandë "Gold-valley" = Lórien the land, not the Vala UT:253 and laurinquë name of a tree, possibly *"Gold-full one" UT:168. Laurendon like gold or in gold fashion but after citing this form, Tolkien decided to abandon the similative ending -ndon, PE17:58. -
8 quenya
noun original adj. "speech" PM:399; the language-name Quenya is said to mean properly "language, speech" WJ:393; cf. the phrase coirëa quenya "living speech" PM:399.However, Quenya archaic Quendya, still so in Vanyarin is also interpreted "Elvish" Letters:176, sc. the adjective corresponding to Quendi WJ:374, but it was no longer used as a general adjective. Quenya lambë"Quenya tongue" WJ:407. The command queta Quenya! speak Quenya! was used in the sense of speak precisely and intelligibly, put into actual words instead of using hand signs or looks; the word Quenya is here used adverbially PE17:138. The variant queta quenyāPE17:137 appears to use the distinct accusative formed by lengthening a final vowel known from Book Quenya. -
9 -sta
1 your, dual 2nd person possessive pronominal ending: of you two VT49:45, 16, cf. -stë q.v. Genitive -sto in veryanwesto of your wedding VT49:45 and tengwiesto of your reading VT49:47, allative -stanna in parmastannaon your book VT49:47. An archaic ending of similar form could also be the third person dual *of the two of them but according to VT49:51, the corresponding subject ending was changed to -ttë, and then the ending for their would presumably become *-tta 2 ending occurring in the names of certain lands VT43:15, e.g. the Forostar or "Northlands" of Númenor UT:165 -
10 ces-(Þ)
k, to search for something, to examine something in order to find something; the root meaning is given as enquire of, question, examine something. Cesë parma to look in a book for a passage or information required; here the aorist stem cesë is used as infinitive. Notice that ces- here takes a simple direct object parma not locative *parmassë, despite the translation. Past tense cense Þ given, replacing the phonologically expected form centë also cited. PE17:156 -
11 -lya
2nd person sg. formal/polite pronominal suffix "thy, your"VT49:16, 38, 48. In tielyanna "upon your path" UT:22 cf. 51, caritalyas "your doing it" VT41:17, esselya "thy name" VT43:14, onnalya your child VT49:41, 42, parma-restalyanna *upon your book-fair VT49:38, and, in Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer, in the various translations of "thy kingdom": aranielya in the final version, earlier turinastalya, túrinastalya, turindielya, túrindielya VT43:15. Also in indómelya changed from mendelya "thy will" VT43:15-16 -
12 resta
noun "sown field, acre" VT46:11 cf. RED-. The word parma-restalyanna, probably meaning *upon your book-fair, seems to use \#resta in the sense of fair as held in a field? Carl F. Hostetter however suggests that \#resta fair may be related to ré day VT49:39-40; if so this word is wholly distinct from resta sown field. -
13 par-
vb. learn acquire information, not by experience or observation, but by communication, by the instruction, or by written accounts, of others. Paranyë apárien parmanen, I am learning have learnt by means of a book PE17:180. It may be that Tolkien at some point intended the root par- to mean write, cf. loiparë. -
14 yára
adj. "ancient, belonging to or descending from former times" YA; evidently it can also simply mean "old", since Tolkien used the intensive/superlative form \#anyára to describe Elaine Griffiths as his *"oldest" or *"very old" friend in a book dedication see an-. -
15 henta-
vb. to eye, to examine with the eyes, scan; to read silently for read aloud, et-henta is used. Forms cited: Aorist henta, present continuative hentëa, aorist past hentanë, perfect ehentanië. Gerund \#hentië reading, isolated from parmahentië book reading PE17:77, 156.
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