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1 balloon
[bəˈluːn] nouna large bag, made of light material and filled with a gas lighter than air:بالونThey decorated the dance-hall with balloons.
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2 Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 26 August 1740 Vidalon-lès-Annonay, Franced. 26 June 1810 Balaruc-les-Bains, France[br]French ballooning pioneer who, with his brother Jacques-Etienne (b. 6 January 1745 Vidalon-lès-Annonay, France; d. 2 August 1799, Serriers, France), built the first balloon to carry passengers on a "free" flight.[br]Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier were papermakers of Annonay, near Lyon. Joseph made the first experiments' after studying smoke rising from a fire and assuming that the smoke contained a gas which was lighter than air: of course, this lighter-than-air gas was just hot air. Using fine silk he made a small balloon with an aperture in its base, then, by burning paper beneath this aperture, he filled the balloon with hot air and it rose to the ceiling. Jacques-Etienne joined his brother in further experiments and they progressed to larger hot-air balloons until, by October 1783, they had constructed one large enough to lift two men on tethered ascents. In the same month Joseph-Michel delivered a paper at the University of Lyon on his experiments for a propulsive system by releasing gas through an opening in the side of a balloon; unfortunately, there was not enough pressurefor an effective jet. Then, on 21 November 1783, the scientist Pilâtre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes ascended on a "free" flight in a Montgolfier balloon. They departed from the grounds of a château in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris on what was to be the world's first aerial journey, covering 9 km (5/2 miles) in 25 minutes.Ballooning became a popular spectacle with initial rivalry between the hot-air Montgolfières and the hydrogen-filled Charlières of J.A.C. Charles. Interest in hot-air balloons subsided, but was revived in the 1960s by an American, Paul E. Yost. His propane-gas burner to provide hot-air was a great advance on the straw-burning fire-basket of the Montgolfiers.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLégion d'honneur.Further ReadingC.C.Gillispie, 1983, The Montgolfier Brothers and the Invention of Aviation 1783–1784, Princeton, NJ (one of the publications to commemorate the bicentenary of the Montgolfiers).L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London (describes the history of balloons). C.Dollfus, 1961, Balloons, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel
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3 Yost, Paul Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 30 June 1919 Bristow, Iowa, USA[br]American designer of balloons who reintroduced the hot-air balloon.[br]After the early hot-air balloons of the Montgolfier brothers in the 1780s, this branch of ballooning was superseded by hydrogen, coal gas and helium balloons. Following the research by Auguste Piccard into cosmic radiation during the 1930s, a renewed interest in this branch of research arose in the United States from 1947 onwards, using helium-filled balloons. Modern plastics were available by this time, and polythene was used for the envelopes.Paul E.Yost developed an improved form of envelope using nylon fabric laminated with mylar plastic film. This provided a strong impermeable material that was ideal for balloons. Using this material for the envelope, Yost produced the Vulcoon in 1960. He also reintroduced the use of hot air to inflate his balloon and developed an easily controlled gas burner fuelled by propane gas, which was readily available in cylinders for portable cooking stoves. Yost's company, Raven Industries, developed these very basic balloons as a military project. The pilot was suspended in a sling, but they improved the design by fitting wicker or aluminium baskets and turned to a market in the field of sport. After a slow start, hot-air ballooning became popular as a sport. In 1963 Yost made the first crossing of the English Channel in a hot-air balloon, accompanied by Donald Piccard, nephew of the balloonist Auguste Piccard, and Charles Dollfus, the eminent French aviation historian. Yost's attempt to cross the Atlantic in his balloon Silver Fox during 1976 failed and he was rescued from the sea near the Azores. The popularity of hot-air ballooning increased during the 1970s, and evolved into a very original form of advertising with unusual shapes for the envelopes, including a house, a bottle and an elephant.JDS -
4 Luftballon
m balloon* * *der Luftballonballoon* * *Lụft|bal|lonmballoon* * *(a large bag, made of light material and filled with a gas lighter than air: They decorated the dance-hall with balloons.) balloon* * *Luft·bal·lonm balloon* * *der balloon* * *Luftballon m balloon* * *der balloon* * *m.balloon n. -
5 Renard, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 23 November 1847 Damblain, Vosges, Franced. 13 April 1905 Chalais-Meudon, France[br]French pioneer of military aeronautics who, with A.C.Krebs, built an airship powered by an electric motor.[br]Charles Renard was a French army officer with an interest in aviation. In 1873 he constructed an unusual unmanned glider with ten wings and an automatic stabilizing device to control rolling. This operated by means of a pendulum device linked to moving control surfaces. The model was launched from a tower near Arras, but unfortunately it spiralled into the ground. The control surfaces could not cope with the basic instability of the design, but as an idea for automatic flight control it was ahead of its time.Following a Commission report on the military use of balloons, carrier pigeons and an optical telegraph, an aeronautical establishment was set up in 1877 at Chalais-Meudon, near Paris, under the direction of Charles Renard, who was assisted by his brother Paul. The following year Renard and a colleague, Arthur Krebs, began to plan an airship. They received financial help from Léon Gambetta, a prominent politician who had escaped from Paris by balloon in 1870 during the siege by the Prussians. Renard and Krebs studied earlier airship designs: they used the outside shape of Paul Haenlein's gas-engined airship of 1872 and included Meusnier's internal air-filled ballonnets. The gas-engine had not been a success so they decided on an electric motor. Renard developed lightweight pile batteries while Krebs designed a motor, although this was later replaced by a more powerful Gramme motor of 6.5 kW (9 hp). La France was constructed at Chalais-Meudon and, after a two-month wait for calm conditions, the airship finally ascended on 9 August 1884. The motor was switched on and the flight began. Renard and Krebs found their airship handled well and after twenty-three minutes they landed back at their base. La, France made several successful flights, but its speed of only 24 km/h (15 mph) meant that flights could be made only in calm weather. Parts of La, France, including the electric motor, are preserved in the Musée de l'Air in Paris.Renard remained in charge of the establishment at Chalais-Meudon until his death. Among other things, he developed the "Train Renard", a train of articulated road vehicles for military and civil use, of which a number were built between 1903 and 1911. Towards the end of his life Renard became interested in helicopters, and in 1904 he built a large twin-rotor model which, however, failed to take off.[br]Bibliography1886, Le Ballon dirigeable La France, Paris (a description of the airship).Further ReadingDescriptions of Renard and Kreb's airship are given in most books on the history of lighter-than-air flight, e.g.L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London; pub. in paperback 1985.C.Bailleux, c. 1988, Association pour l'Histoire de l'Electricité en France, (a detailed account of the conception and operations of La France).1977, Centenaire de la recherche aéronautique à Chalais-Meudon, Paris (an official memoir on the work of Chalais-Meudon with a chapter on Renard).JDS -
6 अभ्रम् _abhram
अभ्रम् [अभ्र्-अच्; but more correctly अप्-भृ; अपो बिभर्ति भृ-क; अभ्रम् अब्भरणात् Nir. being filled with water]1 A cloud; अग्निर्वै धूमो जायते धूमादभ्रमभ्राद् वृष्टिः Śat. Br.; अभ्रं वा अपां भस्म; धूमो भूत्वा अभ्रं भवति अभ्रं भूत्वा मेघो भवति मेघो भूत्वा प्रवर्षति Ch. Up.V.1.5.6. (these quotations show the conception of the ancient Ṛiṣis about the formation of clouds).-2 Atmosphere, sky; परितो विपाण्डु दधदभ्रशिरः Śi.9.3. See अभ्रंलिह &c.-3 Talc, mica. (Mar. अभ्रक)-4 Gold.-5 Camphor.6- A kind of reed; Calamus Rotang (वेतस्, वेत्र).-7 Cyperus Rotundus (मुरता). (Mar. नागरमोथा)-8 (In arith.) A zero or cypher. [cf. L. imber, Gr. ombros, appros; Zend awra, Pers. abr]-Comp. -अवकाशः clouds as the only shelter; fall of rain.-अवकाशिक, -काशिन् a. exposed to the rain (and so practising penance), not seeking shelter from the rain; अभ्रावकाशा वर्षासु हेमन्ते जलसंश्रयाः Mb.12. 244.1; ग्रीष्मे पञ्चतपास्तु स्याद्वर्षास्वभ्रावकाशिकः Ms.6.23.-उत्थः 'sky born', the thunderbolt of Indra.-कूटम् a peak of a (mountain-like) cloud.-गङ्गा the heavenly river; K.5.-घनः a mass of clouds; वर्षात्ययेन रुचमभ्र- घनादिवेन्दोः R.13.77.-जा a. Ved. born from clouds, caused by vapours, यो अभ्रजा वातजा यश्च शुष्मो वनस्पतीन्त्सचतां पर्वतांश्च Av.1.12.3.-नागः one of the elephants supporting the globe; N. of Airāvata.-पथः 1 atmos- phere.-2 balloon.-पिशाचः, -चकः 'sky-demon', epithet of Rāhu.-पुष्पः N. of a cane (Mar. वेत) Calamus Rotang. See अभ्र (6).(-ष्पम्) 1 water.-2 'a sky flower', anything impossible, a castle in the air.-प्रुष् (ट्) f. sprinkling of clouds, rain. -अभ्रप्रुषो न वाचा प्रुषा वसु Rv.1.77.1.-मांसी N. of a plant (जटामांसी).-मातङ्गः Indra's elephant, Airāvata.-माला, -वृन्दम् a line, succession, or mass of clouds; मयूरकेकाभिरिवाभ्रवृन्दम् R.7.69.13.76,16.25; मुक्ताजालग्रथितमलकं कामिनीवाभ्रवृन्दम् Me.65.-रोहम् the lapis lazuli (लाजवर्त, आकाशमणि)-लिप्ती 1 sky covered with a few clouds.-2 a woman smeared with mustā grass.-वर्ष a. Ved. rained upon, sprinkled with water. (-र्षः) down-pour of rain.-वाटिकः, -का N. of a tree (आभ्रातक; Mar. अंबाडा).-विलायम् ind. just as clouds melt away; विच्छिन्नाभ्रविलायं वा विलीये नगमूर्धनि Ki.11.79.
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