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that+fellow+is+on+the+square

  • 1 гледам

    1. look (at), watch
    гледам втренчено look fixedly, stare, gaze (at)
    гледам в (очи, огледало, пропаст и пр.) look into
    гледам насам-натам (при търсене на нещо) cast o.'s eyes about, look about
    гледам напред/назад look ahead/backward
    гледам напред/назад към look forward/backward to
    гледам право пред себе си look straight before one/in front of one
    гледам нагоре/надолу/настрана look upwards/downwards/sidewards
    гледам надалече look/stare/gaze into the distance
    гледам под очи squint (at)
    гледам с любопитство look/gaze curiously (at)
    гледам учуден look on amazed
    гледам с широко отворени очи stare with wide open eyes
    гледам зверски/свирепо glare (at)
    (представление, филм) see
    гледам телевизия look at/watch television
    разг. view
    гледам часовника си/речник look at/consult o.'s watch/a dictionary
    гледам футболен мач watch a football match
    аз не играя, а само гледам I'm not playing, I'm just watching
    гледам по улицата look up/down/along the street
    гледам от прозореца look from/out of the window
    гледам през прозореца (отвън) look in at the window
    гледам през дупката на ключалката look through/in at a keyhole
    гледам от врата look out at a door
    гледам през река look out across a river
    гледам към морето look out to sea
    гледам вълните look out at the waves
    гледам небето look out into/at the sky
    гледам в земята look down at the ground
    гледам от голяма височина look down from a great height
    гледам град (от височина) look down on a city
    гледам гърлото на (за лекар) look down s.o.'s throat
    гледам в пропаст look into an abyss
    гледам с лупа/бинокъл look through a magnifying glass/through binoculars
    гледам под микроскоп look at/examine under a/the microscope, watch under the microscope
    гледам да не кипне млякото see the milk doesn't boil over
    2. (обърнат съм към-за сграда, прозорец и пр.) face, look out (on), look on (to), give on/upon, overlook
    стаята гледа към площада the room looks on to the square
    прозорецът гледа към градината the window looks on to/into the garden
    оръдието гледа на север the gun points to the north
    3. (грижа се за) look after, take care of, watch, tend, attend, mind, nurse
    гледам болен nurse/tend/attend a sick person, nurse s.o. in sickness
    (за лекар) attend/treat a patient
    гледам болен, докато оздравее nurse/pull a sick person through an illness
    гледам деца look after/take care of children
    гледай децата, докато ме няма mind the children/look after the children while I'm away
    гледам добитък (отглеждам) keep/raise cattle
    (пазя) look after/tend/watch cattle
    гледам (добитък, растения) през зимата winter
    гледам домакинството/къщата на manage s.o.'s household
    keep house for s.o.
    разг. do for s.o.
    гледам си живота live well, enjoy life
    гледам си здравето take care of/attend to o.'s health
    гледам си интереса consult o.'s interest
    гледам си интересите take care of/advance/consider o.'s (personal) interests
    гледам си кефа take it easy, enjoy life
    гледам къщата look after the house, manage the household, keep the house
    гледам си работата attend to/get on with/go ahead with o.'s business, attend to o.'s work; stick to o.'s business/job
    гледай си работата get on with your work
    гледам си всекидневната работа go about o.'s daily work
    гледам собствената си работа (не се меся в работи, от които не разбирам нищо) attend to o.'s own business, stick to o.'s last
    гледам си работите go about o.'s (own) affairs
    не си гледам работата be negligent of/be careless about
    * * *
    глѐдам,
    гл.
    1. look (at), watch; \гледам в ( очи, огледало, пропаст и пр.) look into; (само като зрител) look on; \гледам в земята look down at the ground; \гледам в пропаст look into an abyss; \гледам втренчено look fixedly, stare, gaze (at); \гледам вълните look out at the waves; \гледам град (от височина) look down on a city; \гледам гърлото на (за лекар) look down s.o.’s throat; \гледам зверски/свирепо glare (at); ( представление, филм) see; \гледам към морето look out to sea; \гледам нагоре/надолу/настрана look upwards/downwards/side-wards; \гледам надалече look/stare/gaze into the distance; \гледам напред/назад look ahead/back(ward); \гледам насам-натам ( при търсене на нещо) cast o.’s eyes about, look about; \гледам небето look out into/at the sky; \гледам от врата look out at a door; \гледам от голяма височина look down from a great height; \гледам от прозореца look from/out of the window; \гледам по улицата look up/down/along the street; \гледам под микроскоп look at/examine under a/the microscope, watch under the microscope; \гледам под очи squint (at); \гледам право пред себе си look straight before one/in front of one; \гледам през дупката на ключалката look through/in at a keyhole; \гледам през прозореца ( отвън) look in at the window; \гледам през река look out across a river; \гледам с лупа/бинокъл look through a magnifying glass/through binoculars; \гледам с любопитство look/gaze curiously (at); \гледам с широко отворени очи stare with wide open eyes; \гледам телевизия look at/watch television; разг. view; \гледам учуден look on amazed; \гледам часовника си/речник look at/consult o.’s watch/a dictionary;
    2. ( обърнат съм към — за сграда, прозорец и пр.) face, look out (on), look on (to), give on/upon, overlook; балконът гледа към морето the balcony overlooks/gives onto the sea; къщата гледа на изток the house faces east; оръдието гледа на север the gun points to the north; прозорецът гледа към градината the window looks on to/into the garden; стаята гледа към площада the room looks on to/gives onto the square;
    3. ( грижа се за) look after, take care of, watch, tend, attend, mind, nurse; всеки гледа себе си charity begins at home; гледай децата, докато ме няма mind the children/look after the children while I’m away; гледай си работата get on with your work; \гледам болен nurse/tend/attend a sick person, nurse s.o. in sickness; (за лекар) attend/treat a patient; \гледам болен, докато оздравее nurse/pull a sick person through an illness; \гледам всекидневната си работа go about o.’s daily work; \гледам деца look after/take care of children; \гледам добитък ( отглеждам) keep/raise cattle; ( пазя) look after/tend/watch cattle; \гледам домакинството/къщата на manage s.o.’s household; keep house for s.o.; разг. do for s.o.; \гледам живота си live well, enjoy life; \гледам здравето си take care of/attend to o.’s health; \гледам интереса си consult o.’s interest; \гледам интересите си take care of/advance/consider o.’s (personal) interests; \гледам кефа си take it easy, enjoy life; \гледам къщата look after the house, manage the household, keep the house; \гледам работата си attend to/get on with/go ahead with o.’s business, attend to o.’s work; stick to o.’s business/job; \гледам работите си go about o.’s (own) affairs; \гледам собствената си работа (не се меся в работи, от които не разбирам нищо) attend to o.’s own business, stick to o.’s last; не \гледам работата си be negligent of/be careless about o.’s work;
    4. ( уповавам се) look (на to), rely (on); всички на мене гледат they all rely on me;
    5. ( опитвам се, правя всичко, полагам усилия) try, attempt (да to с inf.), see to it that; гледай да дойдеш try and come; гледай да се държиш по-добре try and behave better; гледай да не закъснееш try not to be late; mind you are not late; \гледам да минава времето beguile the time; \гледам да направя нещо try to do s.th.; \гледам да не take care/be careful not to; know better that to (с inf.);
    6. ( гадая, врачувам): \гледам на карти read the cards; \гледам на карти/на кафе tell fortunes/s.o.’s fortune by cards/by the coffee-grounds; \гледам на ръка read s.o.’s hand;
    7. ( смятам за, имам отношение към) regard, consider; аз \гледам на него като на много опасен човек I look upon him as/I regard him as/I consider him to be a very dangerous man; \гледам благосклонно/зряло/иначе/леко/мрачно/несериозно/оптимистично/сериозно/снизходително/спокойно/строго/трагично/трезво/широко на take a favourable/mature/different/light/gloomy/frivolous/rosy/grave/lenient/calm/strict/tragic/sober/wide view of; \гледам благосклонно на look with favour on; \гледам леко на take lightly, make light of; \гледам на някого като на look upon s.o. as; \гледам отвисоко на look down on, look down o.’s nose at; \гледам на нещата откъм мрачната им страна look on the dark/gloomy side (of things), take the gloomy view; \гледам на нещата откъм светлата им страна look on the bright/sunny side (of things); \гледам надалече take long views, take the long view; \гледам по-далече от look beyond; \гледам с безпокойство/тревога на view with concern/alarm; \гледам с уважение/страхопочитание/ужас на regard with respect/awe/horror; \гледам спокойно на look on calmly; как гледаш на това? what do you think of it? how does it strike you? не \гледам надалече take short views;
    8. ( дело) try, hear; делото ми се гледа (за обвиняем) stand o.’s trial; • гледай го ти него! cheeky fellow! гледай си работата don’t worry, have no fear, (не се бъркай) mind your own business; гледай ти беля! what a nuisance! \гледам, без да виждам stare with unseeing eyes, stare at nothing/into space; \гледам да видя watch out to see ( дали if); \гледам как и как да study ways and means of (с ger.); \гледам къде стъпвам watch o.’s steps; \гледам на бъдещето с увереност face the future with confidence; \гледам през пръсти на be negligent of, be careless about; \гледам с други очи на take a different view of, look with another eye on; \гледам с очите на някого view with s.o.’s eyes; \гледам с четири очи ( внимавам) keep o.’s eyes open/skinned, ( горя от нетърпение) burn with impatience (да to), ( очаквам с нетърпение) look forward to (с ger.); \гледам (съдя) по go by; зная да \гледам use o.’s eyes; както и да се гледа by any standard(s); кой ти гледа? who cares? къде си гледал? ( измамили са те) you’ve been had, ( направил си грешка) where were your eyes? you’ve been careless; не мога да \гледам not be able to stand the sight of; не му \гледам много draw no fine distinctions, not be over particular; не гледай какво казват другите don’t mind what other people say; не го гледай него you can’t go by him/don’t mind him; само гледай you watch; тебе гледа, мене види be cockeyed; я гледай, гледай ти well, well! tut-tut! can you beat it! what do you know! well, I never! I’ll be damned!;
    \гледам се 1. ( оглеждам се в огледало) look at o.s.;
    2. ( грижа се за себе си) take care of o.s., look after o.s.
    * * *
    manage (работа): гледам your own business! - Гледай си работата! eye; look: Watch out, the teacher's гледамing at you! - Внимавай, учителката те гледа.; look on; regard(втренчено); view
    * * *
    1. (грижа се за) look after, take care of, watch, tend, attend, mind, nurse 2. (за лекар) attend/treat a patient 3. (обърнат съм към - за сграда, прозорец и пр.) face, look out (on), look on (to), give on/upon, overlook 4. (пазя) look after/tend/ watch cattle 5. (представление, филм) see 6. (само като зрител) look on 7. keep house for s. о. 8. look (at), watch 9. ГЛЕДАМ (добитък, растения) през зимата winter 10. ГЛЕДАМ болен nurse/tend/ attend a sick person, nurse s. о. in sickness 11. ГЛЕДАМ болен, докато оздравее nurse/pull a sick person through an illness 12. ГЛЕДАМ в (очи, огледало, пропаст и пр.) look into 13. ГЛЕДАМ в земята look down at the ground 14. ГЛЕДАМ в пропаст look into an abyss 15. ГЛЕДАМ втренчено look fixedly, stare, gaze (at) 16. ГЛЕДАМ вълните look out at the waves 17. ГЛЕДАМ град (от височина) look down on a city 18. ГЛЕДАМ гърлото на (за лекар) look down s.o.'s throat 19. ГЛЕДАМ да не кипне млякото see the milk doesn't boil over 20. ГЛЕДАМ деца look after/take care of children 21. ГЛЕДАМ добитък (отглеждам) keep/raise cattle 22. ГЛЕДАМ домакинството/къщата на manage s. o.'s household 23. ГЛЕДАМ зверски/свирепо glare (at) 24. ГЛЕДАМ към морето look out to sea 25. ГЛЕДАМ къщата look after the house, manage the household, keep the house 26. ГЛЕДАМ нагоре/надолу/ настрана look upwards/downwards/sidewards 27. ГЛЕДАМ надалече look/stare/gaze into the distance 28. ГЛЕДАМ напред/назад look ahead/backward) 29. ГЛЕДАМ напред/назад към look forward/backward to 30. ГЛЕДАМ насам-натам (при търсене на нещо) cast o.'s eyes about, look about 31. ГЛЕДАМ небето look out into/at the sky 32. ГЛЕДАМ от врата look out at a door 33. ГЛЕДАМ от голяма височина look down from a great height 34. ГЛЕДАМ от прозореца look from/out of the window 35. ГЛЕДАМ пo улицата look up/down/along the street 36. ГЛЕДАМ под микроскоп look at/examine under a/the microscope, watch under the microscope 37. ГЛЕДАМ под очи squint (at) 38. ГЛЕДАМ право пред себе си look straight before one/in front of one 39. ГЛЕДАМ през дупката на ключалката look through/in at a keyhole 40. ГЛЕДАМ през прозореца (отвън) look in at the window 41. ГЛЕДАМ през река look out across a river 42. ГЛЕДАМ с лупа/бинокъл look through a magnifying glass/through binoculars 43. ГЛЕДАМ с любопитство look/gaze curiously (at) 44. ГЛЕДАМ с широко отворени очи stare with wide open eyes 45. ГЛЕДАМ си всекидневната работа go about o.'s daily work 46. ГЛЕДАМ си живота live well, enjoy life 47. ГЛЕДАМ си здравето take care of/ attend to o.'s health 48. ГЛЕДАМ си интереса consult o.'s interest 49. ГЛЕДАМ си интересите take care of/ advance/consider o.'s (personal) interests 50. ГЛЕДАМ си кефа take it easy, enjoy life 51. ГЛЕДАМ си работата attend to/ get on with/go ahead with o.'s business, attend to o.'s work;stick to o.'s business/job 52. ГЛЕДАМ си работите go about o.'s (own) affairs 53. ГЛЕДАМ собствената си работа (не се меся в работи, от които не разбирам нищо) attend to o.'s own business, stick to o.'s last 54. ГЛЕДАМ телевизия look at/watch television 55. ГЛЕДАМ учуден look on amazed 56. ГЛЕДАМ футболен мач watch a football match 57. ГЛЕДАМ часовника си/речник look at/consult o.'s watch/a dictionary 58. аз не играя, а само ГЛЕДАМ I'm not playing, I'm just watching 59. балконът гледа към морето the balcony overlooks the sea 60. гледай децата, докато ме няма mind the children/look after the children while I'm away 61. гледай си работата get on with your work 62. къщата гледа към улицата the house faces the street 63. къщата гледа на изток the house faces east 64. не си ГЛЕДАМ работата be negligent of/be careless about 65. оръдието гледа на север the gun points to the north 66. прозорецът гледа към градината the window looks on to/into the garden 67. разг. do for s. о. 68. разг. view 69. стаята гледа към площада the room looks on to the square

    Български-английски речник > гледам

  • 2 Gibbons, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    fl. 1800–50 Staffordshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster who introduced the round hearth in the blastfurnace.
    [br]
    Gibbons was an ironmaster in the Black Country, South Staffordshire, in charge of six blast furnaces owned by the family business. Until Gibbons's innovation in 1832, small changes in the form of the furnace had at times been made, but no one had seriously questioned the square shape of the hearth. Gibbons noticed that a new furnace often worked poorly by improved as time went on. When it was "blown out", i.e. taken out of commission, he found that the corners of the hearth had been rounded off and the sides gouged out, so that it was roughly circular in shape. Gibbons wisely decided to build a blast furnace with a round hearth alongside an existing one with a traditionally shaped hearth and work them in exactly the same conditions. The old furnace produced 75 tons of iron in a week, about normal for the time, while the new one produced 100 tons. Further improvements followed and in 1838 a fellow ironmaster in the same district, T. Oakes, considerably enlarged the furnace, its height attaining no less than 60ft (18m). As a result, output soared to over 200 tons a week. Most other ironmasters adopted the new form with enthusiasm and it proved to be the basis for the modern blast furnace. Gibbons made another interesting innovation: he began charging his furnace with the "rubbish", slag or cinder, from earlier ironmaking operations. It contained a significant amount of iron and was cheaper to obtain than iron ore, as it was just lying around in heaps. Some ironmasters scorned to use other people's throw-outs, but Gibbons sensibly saw it as a cheap source of iron; it was a useful source for some years during the nineteenth century but its use died out when the heaps were used up. Gibbons published an account of his improvements in ironmaking in a pamphlet entitled Practical Remarks on the Construction of the Staffordshire Blast Furnace.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    J.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, p. 476. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 44–6.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gibbons, John

  • 3 człowiek

    Ⅰ m (V człowieku a. człowiecze) 1. (G pl ludzi, Ipl ludźmi) (istota ludzka) person, human (being)
    - co z niego za dziwny człowiek what a strange person he is
    - była dobrym człowiekiem she was a good person
    - na świecie żyje ponad pięć miliardów ludzi there are over five thousand million people in the world
    - na plaży leżało dwoje ludzi two people were lying on the beach
    - łabędzie przyzwyczaiły się do ludzi the swans have grown accustomed to people
    - Konstytucja gwarantuje przestrzeganie praw człowieka the Constitution guarantees the observance of human rights
    - owszem, grzeszymy, w końcu jesteśmy tylko ludźmi we sin, it’s true – after all we’re only human
    - nie jesteś godny miana człowieka you don’t deserve to be called human
    - człowiek pierwotny/cywilizowany primitive/civilized man
    - człowiek z ulicy the (ordinary) man in the street
    - święto ludzi pracy a workers’ holiday
    2. (G pl ludzi, Ipl ludźmi) (mężczyzna) man
    - stary/starszy człowiek an old/elderly man
    - dwóch ludzi wniosło szafę na drugie piętro two men carried the wardrobe up to the second floor
    - młody człowieku, ustąp miejsca give up your seat, young man, will you?
    3. (G pl ludzi, Ipl ludźmi) (wartościowa jednostka) man, decent person
    - być (prawdziwym) człowiekiem to be a (really) decent person
    - wyrosnąć na człowieka to grow up to be a decent person
    - okazać się a. pokazać się człowiekiem to prove to be a. show oneself to be a decent person
    - wyjść na ludzi to do well (for oneself a. in life)
    - zrobić z kogoś człowieka to make a man (out) of sb
    - wojsko zrobi z niego człowieka the army will make a man (out) of him
    - pokierować a. wykierować a. wyprowadzić kogoś na człowieka a. na ludzi to bring sb up to be a decent person
    - matka wychowała nas na ludzi mother brought us up well
    - będą z niego/niej ludzie he/she’ll do well in life
    - wielki człowiek a great man
    4. (G pl ludzi, Ipl ludźmi) (osoba zaufana) pot. man
    - znał wielu ludzi prezydenta he knew many of the president’s people a. men a. aides
    - zostaw ją, to nasz człowiek leave her alone, she’s one of us
    5. (G pl ludzi, Ipl ludźmi) pot. (pracownik) man, worker
    - musieliśmy wziąć paru ludzi, sami nie dawaliśmy rady we had to hire some men: we couldn’t manage on our own
    - przyjął człowieka do pomocy he hired a worker to help him
    6. sgt pot. (o sobie) you, one; (do kogoś) man
    - człowiek cały dzień haruje, i po co? you work like the clappers all day, and what for?
    - człowiek całe życie się uczy you never stop learning (in this life)
    - człowieku, zastanów się, co to ma być? come on, man, what are you playing at?
    - wytrawny rum, człowieku, co za smak dry rum, mate, there’s nothing like it
    Ⅱ ludzie plt 1. (opinia publiczna) people
    - ludzie mówią, że jest bardzo bogaty they a. people say he’s very rich
    - nie zależało mu, co ludzie powiedzą he didn’t care what people would say
    - na czułości nie wypada sobie pozwalać przy ludziach you shouldn’t show affection in public
    - u nas w firmie ludzie nie lubią żadnych zmian the people in our company don’t like change
    - ludzie nie pójdą na to, będzie strajk the workers/men won’t agree to that – there’ll be a strike
    - □ biały człowiek Antrop. Caucasian
    - człowiek jaskiniowy Antrop. caveman
    - człowiek kopalny Antrop. fossil man
    - człowiek neandertalski Antrop. Neanderthal (man)
    - człowiek śniegu (the) yeti, (the) Abominable Snowman
    ■ człowiek czynu a man/woman of action
    - człowiek gór a highlander
    - człowiek honoru a man of honour
    - człowiek interesu a man of business, a business person
    - człowiek lasu a woodsman
    - człowiek renesansu a Renaissance man
    - człowiek z głową a smart one pot.
    - człowiek z krwi i kości (only) flesh and blood
    - być podobnym do ludzi pot. to look decent, to look halfway human pot.
    - ogarnij się trochę i umaluj, żebyś była podobna do ludzi tidy yourself up a bit and put some make-up on, so you look halfway human
    - ksiądz też człowiek, może zgrzeszyć priests are human too, and occasionally they sin
    - robić coś jak człowiek pot. to do sth properly
    - nareszcie wyspałam się jak człowiek I’ve finally had a proper night’s sleep
    - zachowuj się jak człowiek behave yourself (properly); try and act like a human being pot.
    * * *
    - ka; ludzie; instr sg - kiem; gen pl ludzi; dat pl ludziom; instr pl ludźmi; loc pl; ludziach; m
    human being; ( mężczyzna) man ( bezosobowo)

    człowiek nie wie, co robić — one doesn't lub you don't know what to do

    szary człowiek — (przen) man in the street, ordinary man

    * * *
    mp
    Voc. -u l. - cze pl. ludzie Gen. ludzi Ins. ludźmi
    1. antrop. human being ( Homo sapiens); człowiek pierwotny primitive man; człowiek jaskiniowy cave man; człowiek neandertalski Neanderthal man; człowiek epoki bronzu Bronze man; biały człowiek white man.
    2. (= osoba) person, individual; swój człowiek friend, my/our man; szary człowiek the man in the street; zwykły człowiek everyman; człowiek bez znaczenia nobody, nonentity; człowiek z ludu man of the people; dobry człowiek good person; święty człowiek holy man, man of God; człowiek gruboskórny thick-skinned person; człowiek interesu businessman; człowiek bezwartościowy no-good; człowiek czynu man of action, doer; człowiek sukcesu achiever, hot shot; człowiek śniegu Abominable Snowman, Yeti; człowiek starej daty mossback; człowiek-orkiestra one-man band; człowiek z krwi i kości flesh and blood; błąd człowieka human error; prawa człowieka human rights; upadek człowieka the Fall of Man; ani się człowiek obejrzy before one knows; być człowiekiem be human; jestem człowiekiem i nic, co ludzkie, nie jest mi obce I am a human l. man and nothing that's human can be l. is alien to me; człowiek strzela, Pan Bóg kule nosi man proposes, God disposes; człowiek uczy się przez całe życie you never stop learning, live and learn; góra z górą się nie zejdzie, ale człowiek z człowiekiem tak friends may meet but mountains never greet; niewłaściwy człowiek na niewłaściwym miejscu a round peg in a square hole; okazać się człowiekiem prove human; człowieku nie irytuj się don't get irritated; człowiek boże igrzysko man, the plaything of God; nie ma ludzi niezastąpionych nobody is irreplaceable; nie samym chlebem człowiek żyje man does not live on bread alone; człowiek człowiekowi wilkiem man is a wolf to (his fellow-)man, one man preys on another.
    3. pot. (= ja, każdy, ktokolwiek) one, you; nie dadzą człowiekowi spokoju they won't let a fellow be.
    4. (= dorosły) adult, grown-up.
    5. pot. (= robotnik, pracownik) worker; nająć człowieka do kopania studni hire a worker l. sb to dig a well.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > człowiek

  • 4 Babbage, Charles

    [br]
    b. 26 December 1791 Walworth, Surrey, England
    d. 18 October 1871 London, England
    [br]
    English mathematician who invented the forerunner of the modern computer.
    [br]
    Charles Babbage was the son of a banker, Benjamin Babbage, and was a sickly child who had a rather haphazard education at private schools near Exeter and later at Enfield. Even as a child, he was inordinately fond of algebra, which he taught himself. He was conversant with several advanced mathematical texts, so by the time he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, he was ahead of his tutors. In his third year he moved to Peterhouse, whence he graduated in 1814, taking his MA in 1817. He first contributed to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1815, and was elected a fellow of that body in 1816. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society in 1820 and served in high office in it.
    While he was still at Cambridge, in 1812, he had the first idea of calculating numerical tables by machinery. This was his first difference engine, which worked on the principle of repeatedly adding a common difference. He built a small model of an engine working on this principle between 1820 and 1822, and in July of the latter year he read an enthusiastically received note about it to the Astronomical Society. The following year he was awarded the Society's first gold medal. He submitted details of his invention to Sir Humphry Davy, President of the Royal Society; the Society reported favourably and the Government became interested, and following a meeting with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Babbage was awarded a grant of £1,500. Work proceeded and was carried on for four years under the direction of Joseph Clement.
    In 1827 Babbage went abroad for a year on medical advice. There he studied foreign workshops and factories, and in 1832 he published his observations in On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. While abroad, he received the news that he had been appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He held the Chair until 1839, although he neither resided in College nor gave any lectures. For this he was paid between £80 and £90 a year! Differences arose between Babbage and Clement. Manufacture was moved from Clement's works in Lambeth, London, to new, fireproof buildings specially erected by the Government near Babbage's house in Dorset Square, London. Clement made a large claim for compensation and, when it was refused, withdrew his workers as well as all the special tools he had made up for the job. No work was possible for the next fifteen months, during which Babbage conceived the idea of his "analytical engine". He approached the Government with this, but it was not until eight years later, in 1842, that he received the reply that the expense was considered too great for further backing and that the Government was abandoning the project. This was in spite of the demonstration and perfectly satisfactory operation of a small section of the analytical engine at the International Exhibition of 1862. It is said that the demands made on manufacture in the production of his engines had an appreciable influence in improving the standard of machine tools, whilst similar benefits accrued from his development of a system of notation for the movements of machine elements. His opposition to street organ-grinders was a notable eccentricity; he estimated that a quarter of his mental effort was wasted by the effect of noise on his concentration.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1816. Astronomical Society Gold Medal 1823.
    Bibliography
    Babbage wrote eighty works, including: 1864, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher.
    July 1822, Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, PRS, on the Application of Machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing Mathematical Tables.
    Further Reading
    1961, Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engines: Selected Writings by Charles Babbage and Others, eds Philip and Emily Morrison, New York: Dover Publications.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Babbage, Charles

  • 5 Paul, Robert William

    [br]
    b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, England
    d. 28 March 1943 London, England
    [br]
    English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.
    [br]
    Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.
    In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.
    Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.
    Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.
    Bibliography
    17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).
    1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.
    308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).
    John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.
    BC / GW

    Biographical history of technology > Paul, Robert William

  • 6 anständig

    I Adj.
    1. Sache: (schicklich) decent, proper; Witz: clean; Leistung etc.: respectable; das war sehr anständig von ihr that was very decent of her; es ist nicht anständig, seine Mutter zu beschimpfen it isn’t nice ( oder proper) to be nasty to one’s ( oder your) mother
    2. Person: (ehrbar) respectable, decent; altm. (keusch, treu) chaste; bleib anständig! be good!, behave yourself!
    3. umg. (zufrieden stellend) decent, reasonable, respectable; das Haus hat einen anständigen Preis erzielt the house got ( oder fetched umg.) a fair ( oder handsome) price; eine anständige Tracht Prügel a good hiding; eine anständige Portion a sizable piece, quite a hunk
    II Adv. decently; properly (auch umg. tüchtig); sich anständig benehmen behave (o.s.) (well); er kann sich nicht anständig benehmen he doesn’t know how to behave (himself) properly; benimm dich jetzt anständig! zu Kind: (you) behave yourself!; jemanden anständig behandeln treat s.o. like a human being; jemandem anständig die Meinung sagen umg. give s.o. a piece of one’s mind; es schneit anständig umg. it’s snowing pretty hard
    * * *
    reputable; sportsmanlike; tidy; decent; honest; proper; fair; decorous; square
    * * *
    ạn|stän|dig
    1. adj
    decent; Witz auch clean; (= ehrbar) respectable; (inf = beträchtlich) sizeable, large

    das war nicht anständig von ihm — that was pretty bad of him

    2. adv
    decently

    sich anständig benehmen — to behave oneself

    anständig essen/ausschlafen (inf) — to have a decent meal/sleep

    * * *
    1) (free from evil or indecency: a clean life; keep your language clean!) clean
    2) (in a manner acceptable to the general idea of what is proper or suitable: You're not going out unless you're decently dressed.) decently
    3) (kindly, tolerant or likeable: He's a decent enough fellow.) decent
    4) (not vulgar or immoral; modest: Keep your language decent!) decent
    6) ((behaving in a manner which is) acceptable, especially quiet and dignified: behaving in a decorous manner.) decorous
    7) (correct; acceptable: respectable behaviour.) respectable
    8) ((of clothes) good enough or suitable to wear: You can't go out in those torn trousers - they're not respectable.) respectable
    9) (honestly or fairly: You're not playing (= behaving) straight.) straight
    * * *
    an·stän·dig
    I. adj
    1. (gesittet) decent
    \anständige Witze clean jokes
    2. (ehrbar) respectable
    3. (fam: ordentlich) proper fam
    II. adv
    1. (gesittet) decently
    sich akk \anständig[er] benehmen to behave oneself
    \anständig sitzen to sit up straight
    2. (fam: ausgiebig) properly
    \anständig baden to have a proper bath fam
    \anständig ausschlafen/essen to get a decent meal/a good night's sleep
    * * *
    1.
    1) (sittlich einwandfrei, rücksichtsvoll) decent; decent, clean < joke>; (ehrbar) respectable; (gut angesehen) decent, respectable < job>
    2) (ugs.): (zufriedenstellend) decent; respectable <result, marks>
    3) (ugs.): (beträchtlich) sizeable <sum, amount, debts>

    eine anständige Tracht Prügel — a good hiding (coll.)

    2.
    1) (sittlich einwandfrei) decently; (ordentlich) properly
    2) (ugs.): (zufriedenstellend)
    3) (ugs.): (ziemlich)

    jemanden anständig eine knallen — really belt somebody one (coll.)

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. Sache: (schicklich) decent, proper; Witz: clean; Leistung etc: respectable;
    das war sehr anständig von ihr that was very decent of her;
    es ist nicht anständig, seine Mutter zu beschimpfen it isn’t nice ( oder proper) to be nasty to one’s ( oder your) mother
    2. Person: (ehrbar) respectable, decent; obs (keusch, treu) chaste;
    bleib anständig! be good!, behave yourself!
    3. umg (zufriedenstellend) decent, reasonable, respectable;
    das Haus hat einen anständigen Preis erzielt the house got ( oder fetched umg) a fair ( oder handsome) price;
    eine anständige Portion a sizable piece, quite a hunk
    B. adv decently; properly (auch umg tüchtig);
    sich anständig benehmen behave (o.s.) (well);
    er kann sich nicht anständig benehmen he doesn’t know how to behave (himself) properly;
    benimm dich jetzt anständig! zu Kind: (you) behave yourself!;
    jemanden anständig behandeln treat sb like a human being;
    jemandem anständig die Meinung sagen umg give sb a piece of one’s mind;
    es schneit anständig umg it’s snowing pretty hard
    * * *
    1.
    1) (sittlich einwandfrei, rücksichtsvoll) decent; decent, clean < joke>; (ehrbar) respectable; (gut angesehen) decent, respectable < job>
    2) (ugs.): (zufriedenstellend) decent; respectable <result, marks>
    3) (ugs.): (beträchtlich) sizeable <sum, amount, debts>
    2.
    1) (sittlich einwandfrei) decently; (ordentlich) properly
    2) (ugs.): (zufriedenstellend)
    3) (ugs.): (ziemlich)
    * * *
    adj.
    decent adj.
    decorous adj.
    proper adj.
    respectful adj. adv.
    decorously adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > anständig

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