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  • 2 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 3 drop

    [drɔp] 1. гл.
    1)
    а) капать; стекать каплями; выступать каплями

    Water dropped from the ceiling into the pan on the floor. — Вода капала с потолка в стоящий на полу таз.

    Sweat dropped from his brow. — Пот стекал с его лба.

    Syn:
    б) лить, проливать каплями; выпускать по капле
    2)

    You've dropped your comb. — Вы уронили вашу расчёску.

    Be careful not to drop the cup. — Смотри не урони чашку.

    б) бросать; сбрасывать

    I'll drop these letters off as I go home from work. — Я опущу эти письма по дороге с работы.

    3)
    а) валить, сваливать; сшибать, сбивать

    I dropped him with a single punch. — Я повалил его одним ударом.

    The challenger dropped the champion in the fifth round. — Претендент нокаутировал чемпиона в пятом раунде.

    Syn:
    б) падать; валиться, рушиться

    to drop down on one's knees — опускаться, падать на колени

    The apple dropped to the ground. — Яблоко упало на землю.

    The bottle dropped onto the floor. — Бутылка упала на пол.

    He dropped into a chair. — Он упал в кресло.

    The sword dropped out of his hand. — Меч выпал у него из рук.

    The roof has dropped in. — Крыша обвалилась.

    The climber dropped to his death. — Альпинист разбился насмерть.

    One of the buttons has dropped off and I can't find it. — Одна из пуговиц оторвалась, и я не могу её найти.

    The bottom has dropped out of the market. — Рынок обрушился.

    Syn:

    Everyone worked till they dropped. — Все работали до тех пор, пока не кончались силы.

    I feel ready to drop. — Я падаю с ног от усталости.

    5)

    His jaw dropped. — У него отвисла челюсть.

    to drop one's eyes / gaze — опустить взгляд, потупить взор

    в) охот. припадать к земле (при виде дичи; об охотничьей собаке)
    6) = drop away; = drop off идти круто вниз, обрываться

    The cliff dropped away at his feet. — Утёс круто обрывался у него под ногами.

    7)
    а) снижаться, понижаться, уменьшаться

    The temperature dropped to the freezing point last night. — Прошлой ночью температура опустилась до нуля.

    Sales always drop in the spring. — Продажи весной всегда падают.

    Syn:
    б) снижать, понижать, уменьшать

    He dropped his voice. — Он понизил голос.

    Syn:
    8) = drop down
    а) спускаться, плыть по течению

    At the turn of the tide the boats began to drop down the harbour. — При отливе лодки начали спускаться к гавани.

    People dropped like flies within weeks of being diagnosed. — Люди гибли как мухи через несколько недель после того, как им ставили диагноз.

    I lay five to two, Mathilda drops in a year. (W. M. Thackeray) — Ставлю пять к двум, что Матильда через год умрёт.

    10)
    а) кончаться, прекращаться

    This TV show dropped after only three months. — Это телешоу и трёх месяцев не продержалось.

    The rehabilitation program was dropped by the local authority. — Программа по реабилитации была прекращена местными властями.

    Plans for a new bridge were dropped due to the lack of funding. — От планов по строительству нового моста пришлось отказаться из-за отсутствия средств.

    в) прекращать обсуждать (что-л.); прекращаться ( о дискуссии)

    Look, can we just drop it? — Послушай, можем мы оставить тему?

    I'd rather let the matter drop. — Я бы предпочёл больше не обсуждать это.

    г) бросать (заниматься какой-л. деятельностью)

    to drop German — бросить немецкий, бросить заниматься немецким языком

    Drop everything and come at once. — Бросай все дела и приходи немедленно.

    Syn:
    11) снимать, отменять, аннулировать
    12) разг. бросать, оставлять, покидать ( близких)

    He dropped all his old friends. — Он бросил всех своих старых друзей.

    Syn:
    13)
    а) исключать, пропускать, опускать (что-л.); не произносить ( звук в слове)

    When you drop a stitch on a row you are working, pick it up immediately and replace it. — Если вы пропустили петлю в рабочем ряду, сразу же наберите вместо неё новую.

    This article won't be of interest to our readers. Let's drop it. — Эта статья не представляет интереса для наших читателей. Давайте не будем её брать.

    Syn:
    б) = drop out выпадать (о звуке, букве в слове); выходить из употребления ( о слове)

    This word has dropped out of use. — Это слово вышло из употребления.

    14) разг.
    а) проигрывать, спускать ( деньги), сорить ( деньгами)

    He was afraid he would drop several thousand pounds. — Он боялся, что потеряет на этом несколько тысяч фунтов.

    в) запускать в обращение (фальшивые деньги, поддельные чеки)

    Both lots of notes were printed on the Continent and are being 'dropped' in this country. — Обе партии банкнот были отпечатаны на континенте и сбываются в нашей стране.

    She had dropped some LSD and had been tripping for an unknown number of hours. — Она приняла порцию ЛСД и неизвестно сколько времени находилась в отключке.

    16)
    а) сказать невзначай, мимоходом

    to drop a word in favour of smb. — замолвить за кого-л. словечко

    to drop names — фамильярно употреблять громкие имена, хвастаться знакомством с известными людьми

    He let it drop that the famous musician was a close friend of his. — Он обмолвился, что знаменитый музыкант - его близкий друг.

    б) кратко набросать (записку, чертёж)

    to drop a line/note — черкнуть несколько строк

    I dropped a draft. — Я набросал чертёж.

    17)
    б) родить детёнышей; окотиться; отелиться; ожеребиться; откладывать яйца
    18) карт. сбрасывать карту
    19) спорт. забивать гол с полулёта, производить удар с полулёта ( в регби)
    20) ( drop from) не включать в ( команду)

    They dropped her from the team because of leg injury. — Её не включили в команду из-за травмы ноги.

    Syn:
    not include, leave out
    21) ( drop behind) отставать от (кого-л. / чего-л.)

    He dropped behind the other runners. — Он отстал от остальных бегунов.

    We thought the horse would win, but he dropped behind halfway through the race. — Мы думали, эта лошадь победит, но она сильно отстала на середине дистанции.

    Syn:
    22) ( drop across) наталкиваться на (что-л. / кого-л.), случайно встретиться с (кем-л.)

    I dropped across an old friend in town today. — Сегодня в городе я столкнулся со старым знакомым.

    Syn:
    23)
    а) зайти мимоходом, нанести неожиданный визит, забежать, заглянуть (куда-л. / к кому-л.)

    to drop in for tea — зайти, заглянуть на чашку чая

    to drop in at smb.'s place / on smb. — зайти к кому-л.

    Let's drop on Jim on our way back. — Давай на обратном пути зайдём к Джиму.

    Since we're in the neighborhood, why don't we drop in at my brother's? — Раз уж мы тут поблизости, то почему бы не зайти к моему брату?

    Let's drop down to his summer home and see if he's there. — Давай заедем к нему на дачу, вдруг он там.

    Look who's just dropped in! — Ба, кто к нам пришёл!

    б) drop + нареч. постепенно перемещаться, перемещаться поочерёдно

    Then one by one the guests dropped off. — Затем гости постепенно разошлись.

    Hundreds of people dropped in to buy a copy at the presentation, with some lining up as early as 9 pm. — Сотни людей всё просачивались в магазин, чтобы на презентации купить себе экземпляр книги, некоторые занимали очередь с 9 часов вечера.

    One by one, each jet banked and dropped away from the formation. — Один за другим, самолёты закладывали вираж и покидали боевой «клин».

    The defender dropped back behind his teammate. спорт. — Защитник отступил, чтобы оказаться позади товарища по команде (и не создавать положения «вне игры»).

    Many of the Confederate troops dropped back to better cover. воен. — Многие из частей конфедератов отошли в укрытие.

    24) ( drop on) проявлять (назойливое) внимание к (кому-л.), останавливать свой выбор на (ком-л.)

    The examiner can drop on any student to answer questions. — Экзаменатор может задать вопрос любому студенту.

    Why drop on me? It's not my fault. — Что ты ко мне цепляешься? Я тут при чём?

    25)
    а) drop + прил. (быстро) погружаться (в какое-л. состояние)
    б) ( drop into) менять (вид деятельности, состояние) ; предаваться ( привычке)

    to drop into a film / book — с головой погрузиться в фильм, книгу

    to drop into a habit of doing smth. — иметь обыкновение делать что-л.

    We soon dropped back into the old life of sight-seeing and shopping. — Вскоре мы вновь вернулись к нашей прежней жизни - осмотру достопримечательностей и хождению по магазинам.

    26) drop + сущ. называет действие по значению существительного
    •
    - drop back
    - drop behind
    - drop in
    - drop off
    - drop out
    - drop through
    ••

    to drop a brick / clanger — допустить промах, попасть впросак

    to drop smth. like a hot potato — поспешить избавиться от чего-л.

    to drop a line / note — черкнуть несколько строк

    Drop dead! груб. — Иди к чёрту!, Отвали!, Проваливай!, Пошёл на фиг!

    to drop a bombshell разг. — повергнуть в шок, ошеломить неожиданным известием

    - drop a dime
    - drop short 2. сущ.

    Drops of water sparkled in the sunlight. — Капли воды сверкали на солнце.

    drop by drop — капля за каплей, по капле; медленно и постепенно

    2) слеза; капля дождя; капля росы; капля пота; капелька крови

    They would be faithful to him to the last drop. — Они будут верны ему до последней капли крови.

    Syn:
    3) ( drops) мед. капли
    4) небольшое количество, капля

    Add a drop of Tabasco and mix well. — Добавь чуточку соуса табаско и хорошенько перемешай.

    Syn:

    to have a drop in one's eye — быть навеселе, выпить

    I have had a drop, but I had not been drinking. — Я опрокинул чуть-чуть, но я не пил.

    6) подвеска (у люстры, канделябра); серьга
    7) драже; леденец; печенье круглой формы
    8) падение, понижение, снижение

    The drop in temperature was a relief. — Снижение температуры привело к улучшению состояния.

    Syn:
    9) удар по мячу, отскочившему от земли, удар с полулета ( в футболе)
    Syn:
    10) спорт. укороченный удар (резкий удар вниз через сетку; в теннисе, бадминтоне)
    11) карт. сбрасывание карты ( обычно в бридже)
    12) авиа сбрасывание с самолета боеприпасов, снабжения; сбрасывание десанта
    13) приземление самолета, ракеты
    14) ( the drop) амер.; разг. преимущество

    to get the drop on smb. — получить преимущество перед (кем-л.)

    to have the drop on smb. — иметь преимущество перед (кем-л.)

    He had got the drop on us, and he knew it. — Он получил преимущество над нами, и знал об этом.

    Two of us can handle it. We shall have the drop on them. — Мы вдвоем с этим справимся. У нас перед ними будет преимущество.

    15) потомство, помёт ( у животных)

    The bulk of the lambs consisted of this season's drop. — Основная часть ягнят представляла собой помёт этого года..

    16) падающее устройство; падающая дверца; трап
    17) пластинка, закрывающая замочную скважину
    18) театр.; = act drop; = drop-curtain занавес, опускаемый между действиями
    19) опускающаяся подставка, люк ( виселицы); виселица

    It comes to the morning when he is going to get the drop. — Приближается утро, когда его должны повесить.

    20) крим. укрыватель или скупщик краденого
    Syn:
    21)
    а) тайник для краденого; шпионский тайник
    22) амер. щель, прорезь (в почтовом ящике, для монеты или жетона в автомате)
    23) разг. деньги, даваемые в качестве пожертвования или взятки

    A halfpenny's the usual drop. — Полпенни - это обычная сумма для подаяния.

    24) высота, расстояние сверху вниз

    Sometimes the rope slipped, or the drop was insufficient. — Иногда развязывалась веревка, иногда высота оказывалась недостаточной.

    25) обрыв, откос

    The road ends abruptly in a drop to the sea. — Дорога внезапно кончается резким обрывом к морю.

    Syn:
    ••

    a drop in the / a bucket / the ocean — капля в море

    Англо-русский современный словарь > drop

  • 4 State verbs

    ↑ Verb
    1) Глаголами состояния называются глаголы, которые описывают состояние души, тела или сознания, а также постоянные отношения.
    К глаголам состояния относятся, в частности, английские глаголы appear (в значении "казаться"), assume - полагать, be - быть, believe - верить, считать, belong - принадлежать, consider (в значении "считать"), consist - состоять, contain - содержать, cost - стоить, depend - зависеть, detest - питать отвращение, envy - завидовать, equal - быть равным, exist - существовать, expect - ожидать, feel (в значениях "вызывать ощущение","быть на ощупь" и "считать"), fit - быть впору, forget - забывать, hate - ненавидеть, have (в значении "обладать"), hear - слышать, include - включать, know - знать, lack - не хватать, like - нравиться, look (в значении "выглядеть"), love - любить, matter - иметь значение, mean - значить, need - нуждаться, owe - быть должным, own - владеть, possess - обладать, prefer - предпочитать, realize - осознавать, remember - помнить, see (в значениях "воспринимать зрением", "понимать"), seem - казаться, smell (в значении "пахнуть"), taste (в значении "иметь вкус"), tend - иметь тенденцию, think (в значении "считать"), understand - понимать, want - хотеть, wish - желать, weigh (в значении "весить").
    2) Глаголы состояния обычно не употребляются в формах времен группы Continuous. Вместо времени Present continuous употребляется время Present simple, вместо Present perfect continuous - Present perfect и т.д. Нельзя сказать, например, * I've been knowing him for only two days. Вместо этого говорят I've known him for only two days - Я знаком с ним всего два дня.
    3) Некоторые английские глаголы в одних значениях являются глаголами состояния и не употребляются с временами группы Continuous, а в других значениях не являются глаголами состояния и могут употребляться в формах времен группы Continuous.
    а) Глаголы consider и think употребляются в Continuous в значении "находиться в процессе мыслительной деятельности", но не в значении "считать".

    I' m thinking of you all the time — Я все время думаю о тебе.

    I think you are not right — Думаю, вы не правы.

    When I was considering a trip to London I realized it was too expensive — Когда я раздумывал над тем, не совершить ли мне путешествие в Лондон, я понял, что это слишком дорого.

    I consider him a liar — Я считаю его лжецом.

    б) Глагол taste употребляется в Continuous в значении "пробовать", но не в значении "иметь вкус".

    I' m tasting the meat to see if it needs more salt — Я пробую мясо, чтобы проверить, не нужно ли досолить его.

    The meat tastes delicious — Это мясо имеет превосходный вкус.

    в) Глагол smell употребляется в Continuous в значении "нюхать", но не в значении "пахнуть".

    I' m smelling a flower — Я нюхаю цветок.

    Now that lotuses are blossoming the river smells good — Теперь, когда цветут лотосы, у реки приятно пахнет.

    г) Глагол see употребляется в Continuous в значении "встречаться", но не в значениях "воспринимать зрением", "понимать".

    I' m seeing John this afternoon — Я встречаюсь с Джоном после обеда.

    Do you see him over there? — Видите его там?

    I see now what you mean — Теперь я понимаю, что вы имеете в виду.

    д) Глагол feel употребляется в Continuous в значениях {"воспринимать на ощупь" и "чувствовать себя, чувствовать эмоции", но не в значениях "вызывать ощущение" и "считать".

    She was feeling in the dark for a pen — Она в темноте пыталась нащупать ручку.

    Are you feeling better now? — Ты теперь себя чувствуешь лучше?

    After antistatic treatment the dress feels soft — После обработки антистатиком платье теперь мягкое на ощупь.

    The company feels that it is not good time to invest — Компания понимает, что сейчас не лучшее время для инвестиций.

    е) Глагол appear употребляется в Continuous в значении "появляться", но не в значении "казаться".

    The actor is appearing on the stage — Актер появляется на сцене.

    It appears to me that you are mistaken — Мне кажется, что вы ошибаетесь.

    ж) Глагол have употребляется в Continuous в значении деятельности (например, have a shower, have a good time, have lunch), но не в значении "обладать".

    He is having breakfast at the moment — Он сейчас завтракает.

    You have a spot on your cheek — У тебя что-то на щеке.

    з) Глагол look употребляется в Continuous в значении "смотреть", но не в значении "выглядеть".

    Why are you looking at me like this? — Почему ты на меня так смотришь?

    You look fine! — Ты замечательно выглядишь!

    и) Глагол weigh употребляется в Continuous в значении "взвешивать", но не в значении "весить".

    I' m weighing myself — Я взвешиваюсь.

    I weigh now 60 kilos — Я сейчас вешу 60 килограмм

    4) Некоторые глаголы состояния (например, be - быть want - хотеть, like - нравиться, love - любить, remember - помнить, expect - ожидать, hear - слышать) все же могут иногда употребляться в формах времен группы Continuous:

    They were being very foolish. — Они вели себя очень глупо.

    I have been wanting to talk to you for three days — Мне вот уже три дня как хочется поговорить с тобой.

    I will be remembering the shadow of your smile — Я буду помнить тень твоей улыбки.

    I' ve been hearing about your marriage — До меня доходили слухи о твоей женитьбе (я многократно слышал об этом).

    I am hearing a lot of good reports about your work these days — Последнее время я постоянно слышу много хороших слов о твоей работе.

    •

    — О временах группы Continuous см.

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > State verbs

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