terms

sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.

Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.

After a plural subject:

hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:

multa concurrunt simul,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:

(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

tres simul soles effulserunt,

Liv. 41, 21 fin.:

tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,

Curt. 9, 10, 7:

duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,

Quint. 11, 1, 69:

Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,

Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:

multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,

Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:

quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—

With a plur. object:

(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,

Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:

duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:

si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,

Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:

ambo cum simul conspicimus,

Liv. 40, 46 init.:

simul omnibus portis erupit,

id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:

tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,

Liv. 6, 4, 6:

totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,

Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:

igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,

Sall. J. 101, 1.—

Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:

omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,

Liv. 6, 35, 6:

multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,

id. 43, 6, 1.—

Referring to an attributive participle understood:

multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),

Liv. 44, 45:

trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),

id. 6, 4, 1:

inter duo simul bella,

id. 7, 27, 7:

tot simul malis victi,

Curt. 4, 4, 12.

Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:

novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:

jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,

id. Most. 4, 2, 26:

qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?

id. Am. 2, 2, 122:

me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,

id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:

quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:

simul consilium cum re amisti?

id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:

Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,

Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:

Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,

id. Brut. 64, 230:

cum corporibus simul animos interire,

id. Lael. 4, 13:

vobiscum simul considerantis,

id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:

testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,

id. Mil. 18, 48:

simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,

id. Att. 1, 16, 13:

simul cum lumine pandit,

id. Arat. 704 (452):

simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,

Sall. C. 2, 5:

cum anima simul,

id. ib. 33, 4:

simul cum occasu solis,

id. J. 91, 2:

simul cum dono designavit templi finis,

Liv. 1, 10, 5:

si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,

id. 8, 31, 7:

ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,

id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:

quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:

qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:

in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:

cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,

Liv. 5, 13, 13:

extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):

simul his,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:

quippe simul nobis habitat,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:

his simul,

Sil. 3, 268:

Magnetibus simul transmissi,

Tac. A. 4, 55:

quindecimviri septemviris simul,

id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.

Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:

juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:

quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),

id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:

quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:

ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,

id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:

domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.

Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.

Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.

Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):

semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:

Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,

Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:

dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,

Liv. 40, 16 init.:

quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,

id. 6, 27, 9:

Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,

id. 41, 6 fin.:

Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,

id. 8, 19, 11:

simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,

id. 10, 40, 1:

eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,

id. 6, 11, 3:

obruit animum simul luctus metusque,

id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:

simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,

Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;

or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—

Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):

nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:

faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,

id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:

ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,

Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—

Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):

convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,

Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:

oculis simul ac mente turbatum,

Liv. 7, 26, 5:

quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,

id. 8, 39, 7:

pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,

Curt. 3, 5, 2:

terrestri simul navalique clade,

id. 4, 3, 14:

vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:

qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,

Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:

populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,

Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—

Placed before the last term.

Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:

Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,

Sall. J. 97, 1:

Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,

id. ib. 73, 2:

Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,

id. ib. 84, 5:

milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,

id. ib. 92, 2:

Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,

Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—

Simulque (rare):

ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,

Curt. 8, 10, 25.—

Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):

Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:

Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,

Cic. Arat. 270 (36):

inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,

id. ib. 342 (101):

ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,

Tac. H. 2, 83. —

Inserted in the last term ( poet.):

memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,

Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;

interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,

id. S. 1, 5, 32.—

Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.

Et simul or simulque:

contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:

eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,

i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:

quod... et simul quia,

Lucr. 5, 1181:

ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,

id. 5, 1213:

sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:

ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:

emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,

id. Arat. 713 (460):

postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,

Sall. J. 52, 6:

equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,

Liv. 3, 62, 8:

tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,

id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—

Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:

salve! simul autem vale!

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;

simul enim augebimus diligentiam,

Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—

Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:

simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,

Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:

illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,

id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:

simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,

Sall. J. 91, 1:

nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,

Liv. 32, 18, 3:

simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,

id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—

Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:

Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:

tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:

quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,

id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.

Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).

Simul alone:

ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:

sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:

alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:

hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23:

Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,

Liv. 7, 32, 3:

tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,

id. 5, 21, 3.—

More freq. simul et (= etiam):

quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:

nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 28, 65:

demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 4:

legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,

Liv. 41, 19 med.:

ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,

id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.

Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;

freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:

omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;

simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,

Sall. C. 19, 2:

cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,

id. J. 4, 2:

nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,

Liv. 39, 47:

a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,

Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;

2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,

Sall. C. 16, 4:

hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,

id. J. 25, 5:

ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,

Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:

equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,

Curt. 4, 10, 11:

Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,

Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:

committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.

Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).

With independent clauses:

simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,

Liv. 3, 5, 2:

accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,

id. 21, 26, 7:

ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,

id. 9, 25, 8:

simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,

Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—

With dependent clauses:

venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,

Liv. 39, 46 fin.:

Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,

id. 44, 13 init.:

consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,

id. 44, 8, 1:

simul questi... simul nuntiantes,

id. 42, 46:

plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,

Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—

Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:

Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 13:

Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,

Liv. 40, 21, 1. —

Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:

cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,

Liv. 2, 10, 10:

ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,

id. 42, 52 med.:

et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,

id. 5, 10, 3:

increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,

id. 2, 65, 4:

tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,

id. 21, 33, 5:

inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,

id. 41, 11:

simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,

id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.

Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word,

sĭmŭlac

, sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.

Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:

Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:

non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:

si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,

id. Caecil. 16, 46:

dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,

id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:

Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,

Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:

at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):

simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—

Simul atque:

L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,

id. Mur. 10, 22:

simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,

id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:

simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,

id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:

simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,

id. Quint. 5, 18:

qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:

simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,

Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—

Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):

simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:

simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,

id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):

simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,

id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:

nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,

id. Arat. 596 (349).—

Simul et:

simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,

Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:

ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,

id. ib. 10, 4, 12:

quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,

id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,

omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—

Simul ubi:

quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,

Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—

Simul alone, = simul atque:

simul herbae inceperint nasci,

Cato, R. R. 48:

hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):

simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:

nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:

simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,

Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:

simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,

Liv. 6, 1, 6:

simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,

id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30.

sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.

Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.

After a plural subject:

hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:

multa concurrunt simul,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:

(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

tres simul soles effulserunt,

Liv. 41, 21 fin.:

tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,

Curt. 9, 10, 7:

duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,

Quint. 11, 1, 69:

Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,

Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:

multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,

Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:

quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—

With a plur. object:

(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,

Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:

duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:

si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,

Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:

ambo cum simul conspicimus,

Liv. 40, 46 init.:

simul omnibus portis erupit,

id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:

tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,

Liv. 6, 4, 6:

totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,

Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:

igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,

Sall. J. 101, 1.—

Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:

omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,

Liv. 6, 35, 6:

multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,

id. 43, 6, 1.—

Referring to an attributive participle understood:

multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),

Liv. 44, 45:

trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),

id. 6, 4, 1:

inter duo simul bella,

id. 7, 27, 7:

tot simul malis victi,

Curt. 4, 4, 12.

Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:

novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:

jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,

id. Most. 4, 2, 26:

qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?

id. Am. 2, 2, 122:

me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,

id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:

quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:

simul consilium cum re amisti?

id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:

Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,

Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:

Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,

id. Brut. 64, 230:

cum corporibus simul animos interire,

id. Lael. 4, 13:

vobiscum simul considerantis,

id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:

testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,

id. Mil. 18, 48:

simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,

id. Att. 1, 16, 13:

simul cum lumine pandit,

id. Arat. 704 (452):

simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,

Sall. C. 2, 5:

cum anima simul,

id. ib. 33, 4:

simul cum occasu solis,

id. J. 91, 2:

simul cum dono designavit templi finis,

Liv. 1, 10, 5:

si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,

id. 8, 31, 7:

ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,

id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:

quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:

qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:

in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:

cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,

Liv. 5, 13, 13:

extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):

simul his,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:

quippe simul nobis habitat,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:

his simul,

Sil. 3, 268:

Magnetibus simul transmissi,

Tac. A. 4, 55:

quindecimviri septemviris simul,

id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.

Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:

juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:

quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),

id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:

quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:

ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,

id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:

domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.

Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.

Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.

Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):

semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:

Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,

Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:

dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,

Liv. 40, 16 init.:

quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,

id. 6, 27, 9:

Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,

id. 41, 6 fin.:

Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,

id. 8, 19, 11:

simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,

id. 10, 40, 1:

eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,

id. 6, 11, 3:

obruit animum simul luctus metusque,

id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:

simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,

Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;

or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—

Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):

nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:

faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,

id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:

ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,

Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—

Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):

convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,

Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:

oculis simul ac mente turbatum,

Liv. 7, 26, 5:

quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,

id. 8, 39, 7:

pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,

Curt. 3, 5, 2:

terrestri simul navalique clade,

id. 4, 3, 14:

vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:

qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,

Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:

populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,

Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—

Placed before the last term.

Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:

Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,

Sall. J. 97, 1:

Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,

id. ib. 73, 2:

Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,

id. ib. 84, 5:

milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,

id. ib. 92, 2:

Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,

Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—

Simulque (rare):

ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,

Curt. 8, 10, 25.—

Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):

Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:

Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,

Cic. Arat. 270 (36):

inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,

id. ib. 342 (101):

ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,

Tac. H. 2, 83. —

Inserted in the last term ( poet.):

memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,

Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;

interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,

id. S. 1, 5, 32.—

Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.

Et simul or simulque:

contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:

eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,

i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:

quod... et simul quia,

Lucr. 5, 1181:

ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,

id. 5, 1213:

sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:

ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:

emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,

id. Arat. 713 (460):

postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,

Sall. J. 52, 6:

equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,

Liv. 3, 62, 8:

tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,

id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—

Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:

salve! simul autem vale!

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;

simul enim augebimus diligentiam,

Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—

Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:

simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,

Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:

illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,

id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:

simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,

Sall. J. 91, 1:

nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,

Liv. 32, 18, 3:

simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,

id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—

Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:

Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:

tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:

quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,

id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.

Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).

Simul alone:

ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:

sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:

alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:

hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23:

Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,

Liv. 7, 32, 3:

tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,

id. 5, 21, 3.—

More freq. simul et (= etiam):

quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:

nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 28, 65:

demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 4:

legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,

Liv. 41, 19 med.:

ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,

id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.

Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;

freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:

omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;

simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,

Sall. C. 19, 2:

cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,

id. J. 4, 2:

nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,

Liv. 39, 47:

a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,

Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;

2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,

Sall. C. 16, 4:

hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,

id. J. 25, 5:

ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,

Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:

equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,

Curt. 4, 10, 11:

Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,

Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:

committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.

Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).

With independent clauses:

simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,

Liv. 3, 5, 2:

accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,

id. 21, 26, 7:

ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,

id. 9, 25, 8:

simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,

Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—

With dependent clauses:

venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,

Liv. 39, 46 fin.:

Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,

id. 44, 13 init.:

consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,

id. 44, 8, 1:

simul questi... simul nuntiantes,

id. 42, 46:

plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,

Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—

Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:

Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 13:

Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,

Liv. 40, 21, 1. —

Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:

cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,

Liv. 2, 10, 10:

ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,

id. 42, 52 med.:

et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,

id. 5, 10, 3:

increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,

id. 2, 65, 4:

tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,

id. 21, 33, 5:

inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,

id. 41, 11:

simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,

id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.

Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word,

sĭmŭlac

, sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.

Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:

Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:

non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:

si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,

id. Caecil. 16, 46:

dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,

id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:

Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,

Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:

at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):

simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—

Simul atque:

L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,

id. Mur. 10, 22:

simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,

id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:

simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,

id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:

simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,

id. Quint. 5, 18:

qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:

simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,

Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—

Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):

simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:

simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,

id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):

simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,

id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:

nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,

id. Arat. 596 (349).—

Simul et:

simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,

Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:

ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,

id. ib. 10, 4, 12:

quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,

id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,

omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—

Simul ubi:

quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,

Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—

Simul alone, = simul atque:

simul herbae inceperint nasci,

Cato, R. R. 48:

hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):

simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:

nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:

simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,

Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:

simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,

Liv. 6, 1, 6:

simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,

id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30.

sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.

Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.

After a plural subject:

hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:

multa concurrunt simul,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:

(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

tres simul soles effulserunt,

Liv. 41, 21 fin.:

tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,

Curt. 9, 10, 7:

duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,

Quint. 11, 1, 69:

Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,

Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:

multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,

Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:

quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—

With a plur. object:

(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,

Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:

duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:

si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,

Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:

ambo cum simul conspicimus,

Liv. 40, 46 init.:

simul omnibus portis erupit,

id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:

tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,

Liv. 6, 4, 6:

totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,

Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:

igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,

Sall. J. 101, 1.—

Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:

omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,

Liv. 6, 35, 6:

multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,

id. 43, 6, 1.—

Referring to an attributive participle understood:

multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),

Liv. 44, 45:

trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),

id. 6, 4, 1:

inter duo simul bella,

id. 7, 27, 7:

tot simul malis victi,

Curt. 4, 4, 12.

Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:

novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:

jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,

id. Most. 4, 2, 26:

qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?

id. Am. 2, 2, 122:

me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,

id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:

quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:

simul consilium cum re amisti?

id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:

Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,

Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:

Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,

id. Brut. 64, 230:

cum corporibus simul animos interire,

id. Lael. 4, 13:

vobiscum simul considerantis,

id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:

testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,

id. Mil. 18, 48:

simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,

id. Att. 1, 16, 13:

simul cum lumine pandit,

id. Arat. 704 (452):

simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,

Sall. C. 2, 5:

cum anima simul,

id. ib. 33, 4:

simul cum occasu solis,

id. J. 91, 2:

simul cum dono designavit templi finis,

Liv. 1, 10, 5:

si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,

id. 8, 31, 7:

ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,

id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:

quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:

qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:

in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:

cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,

Liv. 5, 13, 13:

extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):

simul his,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:

quippe simul nobis habitat,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:

his simul,

Sil. 3, 268:

Magnetibus simul transmissi,

Tac. A. 4, 55:

quindecimviri septemviris simul,

id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.

Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:

juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:

quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),

id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:

quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:

ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,

id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:

domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.

Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.

Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.

Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):

semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:

Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,

Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:

dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,

Liv. 40, 16 init.:

quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,

id. 6, 27, 9:

Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,

id. 41, 6 fin.:

Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,

id. 8, 19, 11:

simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,

id. 10, 40, 1:

eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,

id. 6, 11, 3:

obruit animum simul luctus metusque,

id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:

simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,

Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;

or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—

Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):

nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:

faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,

id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:

ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,

Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—

Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):

convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,

Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:

oculis simul ac mente turbatum,

Liv. 7, 26, 5:

quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,

id. 8, 39, 7:

pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,

Curt. 3, 5, 2:

terrestri simul navalique clade,

id. 4, 3, 14:

vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:

qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,

Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:

populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,

Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—

Placed before the last term.

Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:

Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,

Sall. J. 97, 1:

Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,

id. ib. 73, 2:

Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,

id. ib. 84, 5:

milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,

id. ib. 92, 2:

Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,

Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—

Simulque (rare):

ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,

Curt. 8, 10, 25.—

Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):

Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:

Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,

Cic. Arat. 270 (36):

inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,

id. ib. 342 (101):

ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,

Tac. H. 2, 83. —

Inserted in the last term ( poet.):

memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,

Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;

interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,

id. S. 1, 5, 32.—

Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.

Et simul or simulque:

contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:

eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,

i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:

quod... et simul quia,

Lucr. 5, 1181:

ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,

id. 5, 1213:

sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:

ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:

emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,

id. Arat. 713 (460):

postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,

Sall. J. 52, 6:

equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,

Liv. 3, 62, 8:

tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,

id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—

Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:

salve! simul autem vale!

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;

simul enim augebimus diligentiam,

Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—

Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:

simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,

Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:

illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,

id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:

simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,

Sall. J. 91, 1:

nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,

Liv. 32, 18, 3:

simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,

id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—

Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:

Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:

tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:

quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,

id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.

Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).

Simul alone:

ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:

sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:

alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:

hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23:

Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,

Liv. 7, 32, 3:

tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,

id. 5, 21, 3.—

More freq. simul et (= etiam):

quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:

nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 28, 65:

demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 4:

legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,

Liv. 41, 19 med.:

ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,

id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.

Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;

freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:

omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;

simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,

Sall. C. 19, 2:

cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,

id. J. 4, 2:

nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,

Liv. 39, 47:

a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,

Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;

2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,

Sall. C. 16, 4:

hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,

id. J. 25, 5:

ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,

Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:

equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,

Curt. 4, 10, 11:

Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,

Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:

committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.

Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).

With independent clauses:

simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,

Liv. 3, 5, 2:

accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,

id. 21, 26, 7:

ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,

id. 9, 25, 8:

simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,

Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—

With dependent clauses:

venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,

Liv. 39, 46 fin.:

Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,

id. 44, 13 init.:

consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,

id. 44, 8, 1:

simul questi... simul nuntiantes,

id. 42, 46:

plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,

Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—

Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:

Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 13:

Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,

Liv. 40, 21, 1. —

Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:

cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,

Liv. 2, 10, 10:

ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,

id. 42, 52 med.:

et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,

id. 5, 10, 3:

increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,

id. 2, 65, 4:

tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,

id. 21, 33, 5:

inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,

id. 41, 11:

simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,

id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.

Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word,

sĭmŭlac

, sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.

Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:

Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:

non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:

si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,

id. Caecil. 16, 46:

dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,

id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:

Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,

Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:

at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):

simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—

Simul atque:

L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,

id. Mur. 10, 22:

simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,

id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:

simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,

id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:

simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,

id. Quint. 5, 18:

qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:

simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,

Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—

Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):

simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:

simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,

id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):

simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,

id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:

nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,

id. Arat. 596 (349).—

Simul et:

simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,

Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:

ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,

id. ib. 10, 4, 12:

quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,

id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,

omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—

Simul ubi:

quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,

Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—

Simul alone, = simul atque:

simul herbae inceperint nasci,

Cato, R. R. 48:

hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):

simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:

nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:

simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,

Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:

simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,

Liv. 6, 1, 6:

simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,

id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30.

* * *

tum, adv. demonstr., of time [pronom. demonstr. stems to-, ta-; Gr. to, seen in ita, tam, etc.; cf. quom or cum], then.

Referring to a time previously specified.

To a definite past time.

To a period of time in which something was or happened (opp. later periods) = illis temporibus:

is dictu'st ollis popularibus olim Qui tum vivebant homines,

Enn. Ann. v. 308 Vahl.:

quod tum erat res in pecore et locorum possessionibus, i. e. Romuli temporibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 16:

cum illi male dicerent, quod tum fieri licebat, i. e. Periclis temporibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 138:

erat omnino tum mos ut faciles essent in suum cuique tribuendo,

id. Brut. 21, 85; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 46, 111:

vastae tum in his locis solitudines erant,

Liv. 1, 4, 6; 2, 6, 8; 3, 29, 3; 4, 6, 12; 42, 62, 11;

44, 9, 4: ut tum erant tempora,

Nep. Att. 1, 2; 12, 3; Liv. 1, 3, 3; 1, 8, 4; 2, 7, 4; 2, 9, 8; 2, 50, 2; 2, 63, 6;

39, 6, 7 and 9.—With illis temporibus: nam jam tum illis temporibus fortius... loquebantur quam pugnabant,

Nep. Thras. 2, 4.—

Referring to a point of time, then, at that time:

insigneita fere tum milia militum octo Duxit,

Enn. Ann. v. 336 Vahl.: ut jacui exsurgo;

ardere censui aedis: ita tum confulgebant,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 15:

jam duo restabant fata tum,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 35; id. Cist. 1, 3, 14: quot eras annos gnatus tum, quom, etc.? Me Septuennis, nam tum dentes mihi cadebant primulum, id. Men. 5, 9, 56; id. Merc. prol. 66; id. Most. 1, 2, 49; id. Am. 2, 1, 56; Ter. And. 1, 1, 82: sic igitur tum se levis ac diffusilis aether... undique flexit. Lucr. 5, 467; 5, 837; 5, 911; 5, 432;

5, 942: atque huic anno proximus Sulla consule et Pompejo fuit. Tum P. Sulpicii in tribunatu, cottidie contionantis, totum genus dicendi cognovimus,

Cic. Brut. 89, 306; id. Ac. 2, 22, 69:

scribit Eudemum Pheras venisse, quae erat urbs in Thessalia tum admodum nobilis,

id. Div. 1, 25, 53; id. Rep. 2, 37, 63:

hi tum in Asia rhetorum principes,

id. Brut. 91, 316; id. Sest. 11, 26; id. Planc. 37, 90; id. Quint. 61, 170; id. Fam. 9, 21, 2:

hoc tum veritus Caesar Pharum prehendit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

eodem anno a Campanis Cumae, quam Graeci tum urbem tenebant, capiuntur,

Liv. 4, 44, 13; 1, 7, 14; 2, 9, 5;

2, 37, 7: praetores tum duos Latium habebat,

id. 8, 3, 9:

Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant, dictatorem dixit,

id. 8, 12, 13; 5, 8, 4; 22, 46, 6;

1, 7, 12: tum Athenis perpetui archontes esse desierunt,

Vell. 1, 8, 3:

tum Cimbri et Teutoni transcendere Rhenum,

id. 2, 8, 3; Val. Max. 1, 5, 3; Tac. H. 4, 49; 3, 57:

non timido, non ignavo cessare tum licuit,

Curt. 3, 11, 5:

Archiae, qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis obtinebat,

Nep. Pelop. 3, 2; id. Phoc. 3, 3.—With in eo tempore: eum quem virile secus tum in eo tempore habebat, Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 5.—Repeated by anaphora:

quae nox omnium temporum conjurationis acerrima fuit. Tum Catilinae dies exeundi, tum ceteris manendi condicio, tum descriptio... constituta est, tum tuus pater, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 18, 52; cf. Lucr. 5, 1377; 5, 1399.—

Esp., referring to a former state, implying that it no longer exists:

quaesivit ex lege illa Cornelia quae tum erat,

Cic. Clu. 20, 55:

cum sententias Oppianicus, quae tum erat potestas, palam ferri velle dixisset,

id. ib. 27, 75:

Caere, opulento tum oppido,

Liv. 1, 2, 3; 3, 52, 3:

praetores aerarii (nam tum a praetoribus tractabatur aerarium), etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 9.—

Expressly opposed to present time (hodie, nunc, hoc tempore, etc.; class. and very freq.; but in post-Aug. writers tunc is regularly used): prius non is eras qui eras;

nunc is factu's qui tum non eras,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 138:

tu nunc tibi Id laudi ducis quod tum fecisti inopia?

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 25; id. Hec. 3, 3, 48:

quae tabula, tum imperio tuo revulsa, nunc a me tamen reportata est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 112:

tum imperator populi Romani deos patrios reportabat, nunc praetor ejusdem populi eosdem illos deos... auferebat,

id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 77; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 78; 2, 5, 20, § 51; id. Clu. 31, 86; id. Planc. 9, 22; id. Quint. 22, 71; id. Phil. 14, 8, 21; id. Leg. 2, 22, 57; Caes. B. C. 3, 17; Liv. 5, 3, 5; 6, 15, 11; 10, 9, 6.—

Opposed to another time specified:

itaque tum eos exire jussit. Post autem e provincia litteras ad conlegium misit, se, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

itaque ut tum carere rege, sic pulso Tarquinio nomen regis audire non poterat,

id. Rep. 2, 30, 53; id. Mil. 21, 55:

sicut legatorum antea, ita tum novorum colonorum caede imbutis armis,

Liv. 4, 31, 7; 39, 22, 10; 9, 36, 1; 2, 52, 7; 4, 2, 10; 4, 57, 11;

21, 17, 1: et tum sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ide,

Ov. M. 2, 218; Verg. A. 11, 33; Nep. Arist. 2, 3; id. Ham. 11, 7.—

In the historians in applying general statements or truths to the state of affairs spoken of: communi enim fit vitio naturae ut invisis atque incognitis rebus... vehementius exterreamur;

ut tum accidit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 4; 3, 68; id. B. G. 7, 3; 2, 6; id. B. C. 1, 80:

foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia fiunt. Tum ita factum accepimus,

Liv. 1, 24, 4; 1, 32, 14; 21, 31, 12.—

Denoting coincidence or inner connection with an action before mentioned = a temporal clause (tum = cum hoc fieret), then, on that occasion:

quis tum non ingemuit?

Cic. Vatin. 13, 31:

ne tum quidem hominum venustatem et facetias perspicere potuisti? i. e. cum coronam auream imponebant,

id. Fl. 31, 76: apud imperitos tum illa dicta sunt;

nunc agendum est subtilius,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 74:

itaque tum Stajenus condemnatus est,

i. e. in that trial, id. Clu. 36, 101; id. Sen. 7, 22:

M. Porcius Cato qui, asper ingenio, tum lenem mitemque senatorem egit,

Liv. 45, 25; Val. Max. 8, 3, 3:

sed tum supplicia dis... decernuntur,

Tac. A. 3, 64; 3, 72:

Graecia tum potuit Priamo quoque flenda videri,

Ov. M. 14, 474.—

With the occasion referred to specified in the same clause: Manlius... ex petulanti scurra in discordiis civitatis ad eam columnam tum suffragiis populi pervenerat,

Cic. Clu. 13, 39:

emisti tum in naufragio hujus urbis... tum, inquam, emisti ut, etc.,

id. Prov. Cons. 4, 7.—Repeated by anaphora: et Capitolinis injecit sedibus ignes. Tum statua Nattae, tum simulacra deorum, Romulusque et Remus cum altrice belua vi fulminis icti conciderunt, Cic. Div. 2, 20, 45;

so repeated seven times,

id. Rep. 1, 40, 62.—

Redundant, the time of the action being clear without it (esp. in Cic.):

atque hoc tum judicio facto... tamen Avitus Oppianicum reum statim non facit,

Cic. Clu. 20, 56:

itaque tum ille inopia et necessitate coactus ad Caepasios confugit,

id. ib. 20, 57; id. Brut. 23, 90; 39, 145; 43, 161; cf. id. Sull. 18, 51, where tum redundant occurs six times successively.—

In oblique discourse, referring to the time of the speaker, = nunc in direct discourse:

quando autem se, si tum non sint, pares hostibus fore?

if they were not now so, Liv. 3, 62, 1:

(dixit Sempronius)... nec tum agrum plebi, sed sibi invidiam quaeri,

id. 4, 44, 9; 4, 57, 4:

moenia eos tum transcendere non Italiae modo, sed etiam urbis Romanae,

id. 21, 35, 9; 5, 21, 7 (in this use nunc is also freq.).—

Referring to indefinite time.

Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc., at such a season:

tum denique tauros in gregem redigo (after Lyra rises),

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 12; 1, 35 fin.; Col. 11, 2, 87.—

With the force of an indefinite temporal clause, at such a time, in such circumstances, i. e. when such a thing happens as has happened:

qui (porci) a partu decimo die habentur puri, ab eo appellantur sacres, quod tum ad sacrificium idonei habentur primum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 16; 2, 7, 13:

deinde cibum sequitur somnus... quia plurima tum se corpora conturbant (i. e. cum cibum ceperunt),

Lucr. 4, 957; 3, 599; 4, 892; 4, 919;

4, 1030: quam regionem cum superavit animus... finem altius se efferendi facit. Tum enim sui similem et levitatem et calorem adeptus... nullam in partem movetur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43; 1, 31, 75; 3, 23, 55; 4, 24, 54; Tac. Dial. 7.—

With the force of a conditional clause, then, in this instance, if so: immo res omnis relictas habeo prae quod tu velis. Ph. Tum tu igitur, qua causa missus es ad portum, id expedi (i. e. si ita est), Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 39; id. Most. 5, 1, 55; id. As. 1, 1, 93; 2, 2, 64; 3, 3, 36; id. Aul. 3, 6, 31; id. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 2, 78: non potitus essem;

fuisset tum illos mi aegre aliquot dies,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 7; id. Eun. 2, 2, 50; 5, 1, 23; id. Hec. 3, 5, 12:

ego C. Caesaris laudibus desim, quas, etc.? Tum hercule me confitear non judicium aliquod habuisse,

Cic. Planc. 39, 93: scribant aliquid Isocrateo more...;

tum illos existimabo non desperatione formidavisse genus hoc,

id. Or. 70, 235; id. Font. 21, 49 (17, 39); id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85; id. Fam. 9, 8, 2; Ov. H. 18 (19), 81: vellem tam ferax saeculum haberemus...;

tum ego te primus hortarer, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 4, 15, 8.—

Referring to future time.

To a definite time before mentioned:

ut sit satius perdere Quam aut nunc manere tam diu, aut tum persequi,

i. e. after my future return, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 27:

jam nunc mente prospicio quae tum studia hominum, qui concursus futuri sint,

Cic. Div. in Caecin. 13, 42; id. Verr. 1, 13, 37; 1, 10, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 17; id. Marcell. 9, 30:

tum meae... Vocis accedet bona pars,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 45.—

With the force of a conditional clause (cf. 3. b, supra), then, in this instance, if so: specta, tum scies. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 100; cf.:

quom videbis, tum scies,

id. ib. 1, 2, 37: tuom incendes genus;

Tum igitur aquae erit tibi cupido, etc.,

id. Trin. 3, 2, 50; id. Curc. 2, 3, 17:

confer sudantes, ructantes, refertos epulis... tum intelleges, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 100; id. Planc. 18, 45; id. Phil. 2, 45, 115:

agedum, dictatorem creemus... Pulset tum mihi lictorem qui sciet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 29, 12; Cic. Phil. 10, 3, 6; id. Or. 23, 78; 71, 235; Liv. 4, 22, 11; 5, 16, 10; 9, 11, 4.—

Referring to a time subsequent to a time mentioned, then, thereupon.

Simple sequence in time.

Time proper (only of an immediate sequence;

otherwise deinde, postea, etc., are used): tum cum corde suo divum pater atque hominum rex Effatur, etc.,

Enn. Ann. 179:

dico ei quo pactod eam viderim erilem nostram filiam sustollere. Extimuit tum illa,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 9; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 29; id. As. 4, 1, 58: tum ille egens forte adplicat Primum ad Chrysidis patrem se. Ter. And. 5, 4, 21; id. Eun. 3, 1, 17; Cato, R. R. 48 (49); 135 (136); so id. ib. 112 (113): equos quinto anno... amittere binos (dentes);

tum renascentes eis sexto anno impleri,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2 sq.: collo [p. 1909] cari jussit hominem in aureo lecto, abacosque complures ornavit... Tum ad mensam eximia forma pueros jussit consistere, eosque, etc., Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 61:

dixerat hoc ille, cum puer nuntiavit venire ad eum Laelium... Tum Scipio e cubiculo est egressus, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Div. 2, 66, 135; id. Clu. 14, 40; id. Cat. 3, 5, 10; id. Ac. 2, 5, 13; id. Div. 1, 35, 77:

hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Tum suo more conclamaverunt ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 26; cf. id. ib. 7, 64; 5, 43 fin.;

5, 48: adsurgentem ibi regem cuspide ad terram adfixit. Tum spolia caputque abscisum spiculo gerens... hostes fudit,

Liv. 4, 19, 5; 5, 21, 1; 1, 26, 9; 1, 18, 10; 1, 20, 1; 1, 22, 6; 1, 28, 4; 1, 28, 9; 2, 24, 4;

3, 8, 11, etc.: tum Caesar cum exercitu Thessaliam petit,

Vell. 2, 52, 1; Val. Max. 5, 1, 3; Curt. 4, 3, 7; Tac. A. 3, 28; 11, 35; id. H. 4, 84; Ov. M. 2, 122; 4, 80; 7, 121; 10, 481; 14, 386; Flor. 1, 13, 12; Gell. 1, 19, 5; 1, 23, 5.—

In partic., foll. by an abl. absol.:

tum, prope jam perculsis aliis tribunis, A. Verginius Caesoni capitis diem dicit,

Liv. 3, 11, 9; 8, 32, 1; 10, 29, 12:

tum omni spe perdita, Meherdates dolo ejus vincitur, traditurque victori,

Tac. A. 12, 15; 12, 16:

tum, ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est,

Nep. Epam. 9, 4.—

Implying a connection between two events, hence, under these circumstances, accordingly, thereupon:

at pater omnipotens ira tum percitus acri... Phaethonta... Deturbavit in terram,

Lucr. 5, 399:

madefactum iri Graeciam sanguine... tum neque te ipsum non esse commotum, Marcumque Varronem et M. Catonem... vehementer esse perterritos,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Caes. B. G. 4, 25; cf. id. ib. 5, 49; 5, 51;

7, 59: quippe quibus nec domi spes prolis, nec cum finitimis conubia essent. Tum ex consilio patrum Romulus legatos circa vicinas gentes misit,

Liv. 1, 9, 2; 3, 26, 1; 3, 31, 7; 4, 45, 7.—

Enumeration of a series of events; the co-ordinate clauses introduced by tum... tum, or primum (primo)... deinde... tum, etc.

Succession of time proper:

ducem Hannibali unum e concilio datum (a Jove), tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret, illum autem respexisse, tum visam beluam vastam, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 24, 49; 1, 27, 57; 2, 28, 58 sq.:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

id. Fin. 1, 16, 50; 5, 23, 65; id. Tusc. 5, 2, 5:

primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; 3, 3, 6: primum colonos inde Romanos expulit: inde in Latinam viam transgressus, etc., inde Lavinium recepit; tum deinceps Corbionem, Vitelliam;

postremum, etc.,

Liv. 2, 39, 4:

primi consules sub jugum missi, tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat, tum deinceps singulae legiones,

id. 9, 6, 1:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

id. 21, 22, 8; id. praef. 9; 3, 28, 8: 5, 39, 7;

23, 23, 6: deinde... deinde... Tum... post quas, etc.,

Curt. 3, 3, 24: primum... deinde... deinde... tum... postea, Masur. Gabin. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 5; Gai. Inst. 4, 60.—

So in partic.: tum (also hic, et;

not deinde or postea), to denote the succession of speakers in dialogue: immo duas dabo, inquit adulescens... Tum senex ille: Si vis, inquit, quattuor sane dato,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 46 dub.:

tum Piso... inquit, etc. Tum Quintus... inquit, etc. Hic ego... inquam, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Piso... inquit, etc. Et ille ridens... inquit, etc. Tum Piso exorsus est, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2 sqq.:

tum Atticus... inquit, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Brutus, etc. Tum ille, etc. Tum Atticus, etc. Tum Pomponius... inquit, etc.,

id. Brut. 3, 11 sqq., and through the whole treatise; cf. id. Ac. 1, 2, 4; 1, 3, 9; 1, 4, 13; 1, 12, 43 and 44; 2, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 15 sqq.; id. Rep. 1, 13, 19 sqq.; Liv. 7, 10, 2 sqq.; 23, 12, 8; Tac. Dial. 3; 15; 25; 42; Gell. 3, 1, 11 sqq.; 18, 1, 9 sqq.; Ov. M. 14, 594.—

Transf., of sequence or succession of thought, passing into mere co-ordination (v. C. 2. b, g), then... again... furthermore:

qui mi in cursu obstiterit, faxo vitae is obstiterit suae. Prius edico ne quis, etc. Tum pistores scrofipasci qui, etc. Tum piscatores.... Tum lanii autem qui, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 28; 4, 2, 34; 4, 2, 39: (res familiaris) primum bene parta sit, tum quam plurimis se utilem praebeat, deinde augeatur ratione, diligentia, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92; id. Ac. 2, 47, 146; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 68 sq.; 5, 40, 117; id. Ac. 2, 10, 30; id. de Or. 1, 42, 190; id. Cat. 4, 3, 5; id. Agr. 1, 2, 5; id. Clu. 2, 6; Liv. 3, 26, 11.—

Hence, as co-ordinating conjunction, introducing an additional assertion, or thought.

Alone, = praeterea, and then, besides, also, moreover, on the other hand (freq. in ante-class. style and in Cic.;

rare in Livy and post-Aug. prose): argenti aurique advexit multum, lanam purpuramque multam... tum Babylonica peristromata, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 3, 54; id. Rud. 2, 4, 10; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 71; 4, 8, 17; id. Ps. 3, 2, 78; id. Aul. 1, 2, 6; 1, 3, 16; id. Men. 5, 5, 41; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 1, 3, 15; 4, 2, 3; Ter. And. 1, 5, 27; 1, 2, 21; 2, 3, 7; id. Eun. prol. 4; 5, 6, 15; id. Heaut. 2, 1, 16; Lucr. 4, 680; cf. id. 1, 494; 4, 1152:

magnum ingenium L. Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium, tum omnis ab eo percepta doctrina... caruit omnino rebus urbanis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 1; 2, 14, 43; id. Div. 1, 24, 50; 1, 42, 94; id. de Or. 1, 46, 201; id. Off. 1, 6, 19; id. Fin. 1, 6, 21; 2, 16, 53; id. Leg. 1, 5, 17; 1, 9, 26; id. Rab. Post. 14, 40; id. Phil. 13, 12, 26:

altera ex parte Bellovaci instabant, alteram Camulogenus tenebat: tum legiones a praesidio interclusas maximum flumen distinebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 59; id. B. C. 3, 49: naves convenerunt duae Punicae quinqueremes;

duae ab Heraclea triremes... tum quinque Rhodiae quadriremes,

Liv. 42, 56, 6; 1, 40, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 4; Just. 5, 10, 3.—Sometimes connecting two terms of the same clause, with the force of cum... tum (v. infra, 3. d.):

quot me censes homines jam deverberasse, hospites tum civis?

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 14:

faciendum est igitur nobis ut... veteranorum, tum legionis Martiae quartaeque consensus... confirmetur,

Cic. Phil. 3, 3, 7; Liv. 28, 43, 1 (in co-ordination often with etiam, autem, and sometimes with praeterea and porro; v. III. infra).—

Tum as correlative of a preceding tum.

With an added assertion or thought: ita est haec hominum natio: voluptarii atque potatores, Tum sycophantae... plurimi In urbe habitant;

tum meretrices mulieres Nusquam perhibentur blandiores gentium,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 28; id. Mil. 3, 1, 100; 3, 1, 102.—

Tum... tum = nunc... nunc (modo... modo), sometimes... sometimes, now... now, at one time... at another (freq. in Cic., not in Caes., rare in Liv., and very rare in postAug. writers):

tum huc, tum illuc inretitos impedit piscis,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17:

tum hoc mihi probabilius, tum illud videtur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 134:

mihi... tum hoc tum illud probabilius videtur,

id. Off. 3, 7, 33; so id. Am. 4, 13; id. Sen. 13, 45; id. Top. 7, 31; id. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

(alvus) tum restringitur, tum relaxatur,

id. ib. 2, 54, 136; id. Rep. 3, 13 (14), 23; id. Leg. 2, 7, 16; id. Or. 63, 212; id. Sen. 3, 7; id. Inv. 1, 37, 66:

dictator tum appellare tum adhortari milites,

Liv. 8, 39, 4; Suet. Ner. 1; Gell. 1, 11, 15.—Tum may be repeated several times:

plerique propter voluptatem tum in morbos graves, tum in damna, tum in dedecora incurrunt,

Cic. Fin. 1, 14, 47; 3, 7, 26;

so three times,

id. N. D. 1, 12, 29; 1, 14, 37; 1, 15, 39; id. Inv. 1, 52, 98; id. Or. 3, 45, 177; id. Off. 1, 7, 22; id. Leg. 2, 17, 43; id. Top. 25, 96;

four times,

id. N. D. 1, 43, 120; 2, 20, 52; 2, 39, 101; id. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 75;

five times,

id. N. D. 2, 5, 14; id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; 1, 41, 76; id. Verr. 2, 5, 36, § 94;

six times,

id. ib. 1, 53, 120;

seven times,

Quint. 9, 4, 133;

nine times,

Cic. N. D. 2, 50, 51.—And in chronological order (to be distinguished from the instances B. 2. a and g):

Atheniensium (rem publicam constituerunt) tum Theseus, tum Draco, tum Solo, tum Clisthenes, tum multi alii,

at different times, successively, Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 2.—

Preceded or followed by other co-ordinate words (alias, modo, aliquando, aut... aut, nunc... nunc):

ex quo intellegitur qualis ille sit quem tum moderatum, alias modestum, tum temperantem, alias constantem continentemque dicimus,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 36:

tum... tum... aliquando,

id. Div. 2, 2, 6:

tum... tum... aut... aut,

id. Or. 61, 204:

modo... tum autem,

id. N. D. 2, 40, 142:

nunc... nunc... tum... tum,

Flor. 1, 17, 5.—

Tum... tum = et... et, both... and, not only... but also, partly... partly, without regard to time, the second term being frequently strengthened by etiam (mostly post-Aug.):

Milo Compsam oppugnans, ictusque lapide tum Clodio, tum patriae, quam armis petebat, poenas dedit,

Vell. 2, 68, 3:

Muciam et Fulviam, tum a patre, tum a viro utramque inclitam,

Val. Max. 9, 1, 8:

Caesar Pompejo tum proprias, tum etiam filiae lacrimas reddidit,

id. 5, 1, 10; Quint. 7, 3, 18; Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 28; id. Clem. 1, 19, 2; Front. Aquaed. 1; Tac. A. 12, 33; Suet. Tit. 3; Nep. praef. 8;

and with etiam,

Val. Max. 2, 2, 8; 5, 9, 1; 7, 6 prooem.; Nep. Them. 2, 3.—

As correlative with a preceding cum, introducing particular after a universal or a stronger or more important assertion after a weaker or less important.

Connecting complete sentences with different predicates, cum... tum = as... so, while... (tum being not translated; ante-class. cum always with indic.; class. with subj. or indic.):

quom antehac te amavi, et mihi amicam esse crevi... tum id mihi hodie aperuisti,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 2; id. Truc. 4, 1, 6:

quom id mihi placebat, tum uno ore omnes omnia Bona dicere,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 10:

quae cum res tota ficta sit pueriliter, tum ne efficit quidem quod vult,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19; id. Tusc. 5, 39, 13; id. Fam. 13, 16, 1; and so with subj., id. N. D. 1, 1, 1; id. Off. 3, 2, 5; id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Brut. 39, 145; 11, 250:

cum omnium rerum simulatio est vitiosa, tum amicitiae repugnat maxime,

id. Lael. 25, 91; id. Div. 2, 27, 58; and so with indic., id. Planc. 33, 80; id. Tull. 4, 8; id. Div. in Caecil. 20, 65; id. Sest. 1, 2; id. Fam. 16, 4, 4:

haec cum merito ejus fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 4; 3, 16; id. B. C. 1, 58; Liv. 3, 34, 1; 4, 53, 4.—

Clauses with the same predicate, which is placed after the first clause (always with indic.):

nam mihi, cum multa eximie divineque videntur Athenae tuae peperisse, tum nihil melius illis mysteriis quibus, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 36; id. Tusc. 4, 18, 42; id. Phil. 2, 5, 12; Liv. 4, 46, 10; 6, 38, 10.—

Clauses with a common predicate placed before both co-ordinate terms, cum... tum = not only, but also; as... so especially:

visa est Arcesilae cum vera sententia, tum honesta et digna sapiente,

Cic. Ac. 2, 24, 77; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; 2, 35, 119; 3, 1, 3:

movit patres conscriptos cum causa tum auctor,

Liv. 9, 10, 1; 4, 57, 2; Suet. Ner. 46 init. —

With a common predicate after both co-ordinate terms:

quom virum tum uxorem, di vos perdant,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 103:

luxuria cum omni aetati turpis tum senectuti foedissima est,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 123; id. Clu. 59, 161; id. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 86; id. N. D. 1, 21, 57; id. Deiot. 9, 26; id. Clu. 16, 46:

concitatos animos flecti quam frangi putabat cum tutius tum facilius esse,

Liv. 2, 23, 15; 6, 9, 8; 1, 57, 1; 10, 26, 13; Tac. Dial. 5.—With tum several times repeated:

quem pater moriens cum tutoribus et propinquis, tum legibus, tum aequitati magistratuum, tum judiciis vestris commendatum putavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 151; cf. esp. id. Planc. 40, 95. —

Tum, in this construction, is freq. strengthened,

By vero:

cum haec sunt videnda, tum vero illud est hominis magni, etc.,

in particular, Cic. Clu. 58, 159; id. Mur. 27, 55; id. Phil. 3, 5, 12; 7, 3, 9; cf. id. Or. 1, 23, 106; 3, 16, 60; Liv. 34, 39, 9; Quint. 12, 1, 25.—

By maxime, above all, most of all, especially, chiefly:

cum omnibus in rebus temeritas in adsentando turpis est, tum in eo loco maxime in quo ju dicandum est quantum, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 4, 7; id. Tusc. 4, 1, 1; 5, 12, 36; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 69:

cum infamia atque indignitas rei impediebat, tum maxime quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 56; Sall. J. 43, 5; Liv. 1, 8, 2; Suet. Claud. 30; Quint. 6, 1, 29.—

By praecipue, especially, chiefly, above all:

cum omnium sociorum provinciarumque rationem diligenter habere debetis, tum praecipue Siciliae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2; id. Fam. 13, 11, 3:

fortuna quae plurimum potest cum in reliquis rebus, tum praecipue in bello,

Caes. B. C. 3, 68; Liv. 22, 43, 11; 1, 40, 3; Quint. 1, 1, 29; 1, 10, 13; 5, 10, 106; Plin. Ep. 4, 3, 2.—

By inprimis, chiefly, principally:

cum multa non probo, tum illud inprimis quod, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 18; id. Fam. 12, 22, 3.—

By cumprimis, chiefly, principally: quapropter bene cum superis de rebus habenda Nobis est ratio... tum cumprimis Unde anima atque animi constet [p. 1910] natura videndum, Lucr. 1, 131.—

By certe, especially, at least, assuredly:

at cum de plurimis eadem dicit, tum certe de maximis,

Cic. Fin. 4, 5, 13; id. Fam. 7, 4; cf. Quint. 2, 1, 10.—

By nimirum, assuredly, undoubtedly:

cum plurimas... commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa nimirum praestat omnibus quod, etc.,

Cic. Am. 7, 23. —

By etiam, besides, as well:

cum omnes omnibus ex terris homines improbos audacesque collegerat, tum etiam multos fortes viros et bonos... tenebat,

Cic. Cael. 6, 14; id. Ac. 2, 10, 31; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2:

quos tu cum memoriter, tum etiam erga nos amice et benevole collegisti,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 34; id. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56:

cum sua virtute, tum etiam alienis vitiis,

id. Leg. 23, 67; id. Fin. 2, 12, 38; id. N. D. 2, 37, 95; id. de Or. 3, 60, 225; Liv. 1, 21, 2; 7, 23, 6; 7, 32, 10; Val. Max. 7, 2, 3; 3, 2, 10; 9, 6, 3; Quint. 9, 1, 20; 9, 4, 143.—

By quoque, also, besides, as well:

cum potestas major, tum vir quoque potestati par hostes trans Anienem submovere,

Liv. 4, 17, 11; 1, 22, 2; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 72.—

By et, also, besides, too:

cujus mortem cum luctus civitatis, tum et dictaturae undecim insignem fecere,

Just. 19, 1, 7.—

By praeterea, moreover, besides:

dicimus C. Verrem cum multa libidinose fecerit, tum praeterea quadringentiens sestertium ex Sicilia abstulisse,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56.

Tum as correlative of dependent clauses (freq. in ante - class. writings and Cic., rare in post-Aug. writings).

With temporal clauses, introduced by cum, = at the time when, at a time when.

Referring to definite past time.

Tum as antecedent of cum:

jam tum cum primum jussit me ad se arcessier, Roget quis, Quid tibi cum illa?

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 4; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21:

qui (Hercules) tum dolore frangebatur cum immortalitatem ipsa morte quaerebat,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 8, 20:

bene apud majores nostros senatus tum cum florebat imperium decrevit ut, etc.,

id. Div. 1, 41, 91; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114; id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160; id. Clu. 33, 89; id. Verr. 1, 2, 5; id. Brut. 2, 7; 23, 89; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Agr. 2, 24, 64; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; 3, 4, 11:

tum mittendos legatos fuisse cum Perseus Graecas urbes obsideret,

Liv. 45, 3, 7:

tum cum Vipereos sparsi... dentes,

Ov. M. 4, 572; id. H. 3, 23; Val. Max. 6, 1, 12.—After pluperf.:

nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant scimus Romae solutione impedita fidem concidisse,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19; Val. Max. 3, 6, 1; 2, 8, 15 fin. —Tum inserted in the temporal clause:

cum Davo egomet vidi jurgantem ancillam... quom ibi me adesse neuter tum praesenserat,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 20.—

Tum, introducing the apodosis of the temporal clause (generally not transl. in Engl.).

Of coincident events, cum... tum = while: quom genui tum morituros scivi, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. Rel. v. 361 Vahl.); Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 18:

cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Agr. 2, 11, 26; id. Cael. 26, 63; id. Phil. 3, 5, 13:

cum pavida mulier nullam opem videret, tum Tarquinius fateri amorem, orare, etc.,

Liv. 1, 58, 3; 5, 11, 4. —

Tum = deinde, usu. after a pluperf.:

id cum Sulla fecisset, tum ante oppidum Nolam Samnitium castra cepit,

Cic. Div. 1, 33, 72; id. Brut. 92, 319; id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; 2, 3, 15; id. Fin. 1, 8, 26; id. Tusc. 4, 20, 45; id. Div. 1, 25, 53; 2, 2, 7; id. Rep. 2, 25, 47; Liv. 21, 11, 8; cf. id. 1, 26, 7; 23, 22, 4.—Inserted in the apodosis:

cum jam humanae opes egestae a Veis essent, amoliri tum deum dona,

Liv. 5, 22, 3.—

Referring to definite present time:

quem esse negas, eundem esse dicis. Cum enim miserum esse dicis, tum eum qui non sit, dicis esse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 12.—

Referring to indefinite time.

As antecedent of the clause, = at the time when, at a time when, whenever: hominum inmortalis est infamia;

etiam tum vivit quom esse credas mortuam,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28; id. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7; Cato, R. R. 31:

nec sibi enim quisquam tum se vitamque requirit Cum pariter mens et corpus sopita quiescunt,

Lucr. 3, 919; 4, 444; 4, 455;

4, 1166: omnis praedictio mali tum probatur cum ad praedictionem cautio adjungitur,

Cic. Div. 2, 25, 54; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104; id. N. D. 2, 3, 9: tum cum sine pondere suci Mobilibus ventis arida facta volant, Ov. H. 5, 109; Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44; 2, 27, 88; id. Fin. 4, 8, 20; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 20; 5, 26, 73; id. N. D. 1, 4, 9; id. Off. 1, 27, 93.—Tum maxime... cum plurimum = eo magis quo magis:

eam (partem animi) tum maxime vigere cum plurimum absit a corpore,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 70; so, cum maxime... tum maxime; v. b. a foll.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

As coincident:

quom amamus, tum perimus,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 94:

ulmus, cum folia cadunt, tum iterum tempestiva est,

Cato, R. R. 17; so id. ib. 155 (156):

cum ea quae quasi involuta fuerunt, aperti sunt, tum inventa dicuntur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 26; id. Fin. 5, 10, 29; 1, 17, 57; id. N. D. 2, 52, 129; 1, 19, 49; id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 15.—Cum maxime... tum maxime = quo magis eo magis:

nam quom pugnabant maxume, ego tum fugiebam maxume,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 45:

quamobrem omnes, cum secundae res sunt maxume, tum maxume Meditari secum oportet, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 30 poet. —

As subsequent:

ad legionem quom itum, adminiculum eis danunt tum jam aliquem cognatum suum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 47:

eo cum accessit ratio argumentique conclusio... tum et perceptio eorum omnium apparet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 10, 30; 2, 41, 128; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24; 1, 20, 69; 5, 15, 41; id. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 1, 24, 58; 3, 2, 3; id. N. D. 2, 48, 123; id. Div. 2, 19, 44.—

Referring to future time.

Tum as antecedent of cum:

quom mi haec dicentur dicta, tum tu, furcifer, quasi mus in medio pariete vorsabere,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 51; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 20:

non committam ut tum haec res judicetur cum haec frequentia Roma discesserit,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 54; id. Agr. 2, 17, 44; 2, 25, 67; id. Fin. 4, 22, 62; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Liv. 23, 13, 4; 41, 10, 7; Ov. M. 2, 651; id. H. 15, 293; Nep. Them. 6, 5.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

quom videbis, tum scies,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; 4, 6, 30:

de quo cum perpauca dixero, tum ad jus civile veniam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Clu. 2, 6; 4, 9; Liv. 3, 56, 10.—

With temporal clause, introduced by ubi.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

vitem novellam resecare tum erit tempus ubi valebit,

Cato, R. R. 33:

tum tu igitur demum id adulescenti aurum dabis, ubi erit locata virgo in matrimonium?

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 52.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Referring to definite past time (tum always = deinde):

ubi eorum dolorem majorem quam ceterorum cognovi, tum meum animum in illos, tum mei consilii causam proposui, tum eos hortatus sum, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140; Sall. J. 94, 3:

ubi illuxit, et Romanis Punica et Gallica arma cognita, tum dubitationem exemere,

Liv. 25, 10, 5; 1, 9, 10; 4, 57, 3; 9, 43, 16; 21, 25, 12; 23, 11, 4.—

Referring to indefinite time:

post ubi tempust promissa jam perfici, Tum coacti necessario se aperiunt,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 8: Cato, R. R. 3 init.; 17:

ubi jam morbi se flexit causa... Tum quasi vaccillans primum consurgit,

Lucr. 3, 503; 6, 129; 6, 526.—

Referring to future time:

otium ubi erit, tum tibi operam ludo et deliciae dabo,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 13; id. Stich. 4, 2, 14:

ubi tu voles, Ubi tempus erit, sat habet si tum recipitur,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 32; Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 18; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 72; id. Pers. 4, 7, 19; id. Cas. 3, 2, 27:

ut ubi id interrogando argumentis firmavero, tum testes ad crimen accommodem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 55:

ubi haerere jam aciem videris, tum terrorem equestrem infer,

Liv. 6, 12, 10; 22, 55, 8.—

With a temporal clause introduced by postquam.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

Flaminius qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturus erat, tum vero postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferri vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, etc.,

Liv. 22, 3, 7; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 (v. infra, III. A. 2. a. b).—

Tum introducing the apodosis (always = deinde).

Referring to definite past time:

posteaquam e portu piratae exierunt, tum coeperunt quaerere homines, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 100; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40 (al. tunc):

postquam satis virium collectum videbat, tum ex suis unum sciscitatum Romam ad patrem misit,

Liv. 1, 54, 5; 3, 66, 5; 6, 13, 4; 22, 48, 4; 25, 10, 6; Gell. 5, 3, 6.—

Referring to indefinite time: postquam vero commoditas quaedam... dicendi copiam consecuta est, tum ingenio freta malitia pervertere urbes adsuevit, Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 3.—

With a temporal clause introduced by ut.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

tum vero ingentem gemitum dat Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici... conspexit,

Verg. A. 1, 485; cf. id. ib. 12, 218.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Of definite past time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi, puto, prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46:

sed ut intellectum est quantam vim haberet accurata... oratio, tum etiam magistri dicendi multi subito exstiterunt,

Cic. Brut. 8, 30; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; Liv. 24, 44, 10; id. 21, 54, 9; 23, 34, 6.—

Referring to future time:

neque ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum, si eam Romanus rite emisisset, victoriam de Vejentibus dari (= si quando),

Liv. 5, 15, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.—

With a temporal clause introduced by quando.

Tum as antecedent of the clause.

Of definite past time:

auctoritatem senatus exstare sentio, tum, quando Alexandro mortuo, legatos Tyrum misimus,

Cic. Agr. 2, 16, 41.—

Of future time:

at scire tum memento quando id quod voles habebis,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 41; id. Mil. 3, 1, 213; id. Most. 3, 1, 136; id. Men. 5, 7, 57:

utinam tum essem natus quando Romani dona accipere coepissent,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Of indefinite time (quando = whenever):

quando esurio tum crepant (intestina),

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 27; id. Truc. 1, 1, 15; id. Ps. 4, 7, 85:

quando mulier dotem marito dabat, tum quae ex suis bonis retinebat reciperare dicebatur,

Gell. 17, 6, 6; 7 (6), 14, 4.—

Of future time:

at tu, quando habebis, tum dato,

Plaut. Men. 3, 3, 23:

quando ab eadem parte sol eodemque tempore iterum defecerit, tum signis omnibus ad principium revocatis, expletum annum habeto,

Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:

quando mihi usus venerit, tum quaeram ex te atque discam,

Gell. 6 (7), 17, 4.—

In the apodosis after simul ac:

an simul ac nubes successere, ipse in eas tum Descendit (Juppiter), prope ut hinc teli determinet ictus?

Lucr. 6, 402.—

With a temporal clause introduced by dum.

Tum as antecedent:

sanctius visum est nomen Augusti, ut scilicet jam tum dum colit terras, ipso numine ac titulo consecretur,

Flor. 2, 33, 66 (4, 12, 66).—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

dum habeat, tum amet,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 23:

dum se glomerant... tum pondere turris Procubuit,

Verg. A. 9, 540.—

As antecedent of quamdiu:

qui cum tibi amicus non modo tum fuerit quamdiu tecum in provincia fuerit, verum etiam nunc sit cum, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 24, § 58.—

Denoting a logical consequence after quando and cum:

quando ergo erga te benignus fui... tum te mihi benigne itidem addecet... referre gratiam,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 35:

cum magnus numerus deesset, tum iste homo nefarius in eorum locum... substituere coepit cives Romanos,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 28, § 72.—

After relative clauses denoting time: qua tempestate Paris Helenam innuptis junxit nuptiis, Ego tum gravida expletis jam fere ad pariendum mensibus, Poet. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 58, 219 (Trag. Rel. p. 246 Rib.).—

With conditional clauses.

With a conditional clause introduced by si, sin, ni (not nisi).

Tum as antecedent of clause:

tum pol ego interii, homo si ille abiit,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 6; id. Men. 2, 2, 71; Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 40:

si tenuis causa est, tum etiam argumentandi tenue filum,

Cic. Or. 36, 124; id. Rep. 1, 40, 62; 2, 9, 15; id. Fin. 1, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 13; id. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

tum vero ego nequiquam Capitolium servaverim si civem in servitutem duci videam,

Liv. 6, 14, 4; 3, 9, 11; 6, 14, 4; 7, 34, 14; Cato ap. Plin. 29, 1, 7, § 14; Gell. 2, 12, 1 sq.; 4, 13, 1; 14, 2, 21.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

si triduum hoc hic erimus, tum arbores in te cadent,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 30; id. Rud. 5, 2, 59; 3, 4, 49; id. As. 1, 3, 89; id. Rud. 1, 3, 13; id. Ps. 4, 1, 1; 4, 1, 48 (39); Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 64; 3, 1, 17; id. Phorm. 1, 3, 19; Cato, R. R. 26; cf. id. ib. 27:

quod si, ut spero, cepero, tum vero litteras publice mittam,

Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 3; id. Div. 1, 44, 100; cf. id. Ac. 2, 10, 32; id. Fin. 2, 4, 79; id. N. D. 3, 36, 87; id. Rep. 1, 43, 66: id. [p. 1911] Rosc. Am. 49, 142:

si dimicandum erit, tum tu in novissimos te recipito,

Liv. 7, 40, 13; 8, 10, 12; Hor. S. 1, 2, 97; Ov. M. 7, 32.—

Esp., denoting the consequences of perjury in ancient formulas of oaths: si ego injuste illos homines dedier mihi exposco, tum patriae compotem me numquam siris esse,

Liv. 1, 32, 7; 1, 24, 8; 22, 53, 11; hence, quid si falles? Me. Tum Mercurius Sosiae iratus siet, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 239; 3, 2, 52; id. Aul. 4, 10, 50; cf. also Liv. 3, 64, 10.—

With a condition contrary to fact.

Tum, antecedent of clause:

tum esset ostentum, si anguem vectis circumplicavisset,

Cic. Div. 2, 28, 62; id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

tum id audirem si tibi soli viveres,

id. Marcell. 8, 25; id. Fin. 4, 13, 33; id. Div. 2, 35, 73.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

si quidem me amaret, tum istuc prodesset,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 56:

quodsi omnia nobis quae ad victum pertinent. suppeditarentur, tum optimo quisque ingenio, totum se in cognitione et scientia collocaret,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 158. —

After an abl. absol.

With perfect participles (= postquam or cum... tum), mostly with denique, vero, demum.

Referring to definite past time:

ut morte ejus nuntiata tum denique bellum confectum arbitraretur,

Cic. Mur. 16, 34:

sed confecto proelio tum vero cerneres quanta vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae,

Sall. C. 61, 1:

ita rebus divinis peractis tum de bello deque republica dictator rettulit,

Liv. 22, 11, 1; 2, 29, 1; 2, 29, 3; 3, 56, 1; 5, 50, 8; Plin. 11, 20, 22, § 68.—

Referring to indefinite time:

hisce omnibus rebus consideratis, tum denique id quod primum est dicendum, postremum soleo cogitare, quo utar exordio,

Cic. Or. 2, 77, 315.—

Referring to future time (the abl. absol. = a fut. perf.):

ita prope XL. diebus interpositis tum denique se responsuros esse arbitrantur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 31; 1, 18, 54; id. Fin. 4, 13, 32; id. Scaur. Fragm. 10, 22.—

With pres. participles (post-class.):

tacentibus cunctis, tum ipse (dixit), etc.,

Just. 12, 15, 6.

Particular connections.

With other particles of time.

Jam tum, already at that time, i. e. earlier than might be anticipated:

jam tum erat suspitio Dolo malo haec fieri,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 8; cf. id. ib. 4, 4, 58; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 34:

quippe etenim jam tum divom mortalia saecla Egregias animo facies vigilante videbant,

Lucr. 5, 1169; 5, 1037:

ut mihi jam tum divinasse ille (Romulus) videatur hanc urbem sedem aliquando summo esse imperio praebituram,

Cic. Rep. 2, 5, 10; 2, 7, 12; id. Div. 2, 57, 118; id. Tusc. 4, 2, 4:

jam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ludicrum ferunt,

Liv. 1, 5, 1; 1, 7, 16; 1, 41, 7; 10, 21, 14;

24, 49, 1: ut jam tum qualis futurus esset ostenderet,

Suet. Dom. 1; Curt. 4, 6, 29.—

Tum demum and tum denique, then only, then at length, then at last, not till then, i. e. later than might be expected, implying delayed action.

Tum demum.

In gen.:

adversisque in rebus noscere qui sit. Nam verae voces tum demum pectore ab imo Eiciuntur,

Lucr. 3, 58:

tum demum Liscus, oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat proponit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 5, 33; Sall. J. 46, 1:

nec ante in campum degressi sunt quam, etc. Tum demum castra Etruscorum pro moenibus Fidenarum posita,

Liv. 4, 17, 12; 45, 12, 6; 2, 20, 11; 5, 39, 2; 23, 19, 15 et saep.; Val. Max. 1, 6, 10; 1, 7, 4; Curt. 3, 12, 12; Tac. A. 3, 18; 3, 47.—

In partic., referring to clauses introduced by cum, ubi, si, or abl. absol. (v. II. A. B. L. M.), denoting absolute restriction to the terms of the clause:

imo etiam ubi expolivero, magis hoc tum demum dices,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 60:

tum demum mihi procax Academia videbitur si aut consenserint omnes, aut, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 13:

cum is Casilini eo die mansurum dixisset, tum demum cognitus est error,

Liv. 22, 13, 8; Vell. 2, 115, 4; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 fin.; 7, 2, 4; Curt. 3, 11, 6; Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 7.—

Sometimes = nunc demum (anteclass.): victus es, Chaline. St. Tum nos demum vivere. Olympio. Gaudeo, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 65.—

Tum denique.

In gen.:

tum denique tauros in gregem redigo,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5:

injecta glaeba tumulus is (locus) ubi humatus est vocatur, ac tum denique multa religiosa jura complectitur,

Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57; id. Fin. 3, 22, 76; id. Tusc. 3, 26, 61: nequiquam temptati ut tum denique desisterent impediendo bello, Liv. 4, 55, 5; Ov. M. 4, 519; 7, 857; 10, 664.—

Referring to clauses with cum, etc. (v. II. A. B. L. M.):

tum denique homines nostra intellegimus bona quom quae in potestate habuimus ea amisimus,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 33:

quo cum venerimus, tum denique vivemus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75; 3, 31, 75; id. Leg. 2, 4, 10; id. Rep. 1, 6, 11; so,

tum denique si,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 10, § 29; id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 1:

indicandum primum fuisse, dein petendum praesidium, postremo ni impetraretur, tum denique querendum,

Liv. 23, 43, 2; Cato ap. Plin. 17, 18, 29, § 126 (for tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9, v. II. D. 2. a).—

Tum primum (rarely primo), then for the first time:

tum genus humanum primum mollescere coepit,

Lucr. 5, 1014:

ludorum gratia quos tum primum anniversarios in circo facere constituisset,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 12; id. Sen. 21, 78; Caes. B. G. 7, 11:

ponte sublicio tum primum in Tiberi facto,

Liv. 1, 33, 6; 2, 41, 3; 39, 22, 2; 2, 20, 6; 39, 49, 4; Vell. 2, 37, 5; Tac. A. 2, 27; id. H. 4, 57; Curt. 3, 12, 26. —

With deinde, hic, postea, with consecutive force emphatic.

Deinde tum (very rare):

primum ea quae sumus acturi cogitare debemus, deinde tum dicere ac facere,

Varr. L. L. 6, 6, 62.—

Tum deinde.

= tum demum or tum denique, then at length, not till then, then only:

nonne optime patronus occurrat prius conviciis luxuriae, etc., tum deinde narret de bonis Pallae? etc.,

Quint. 4, 2, 27; 12, 10, 11:

emam, aedificabo, credam, exigam, honores geram: tum deinde lassam senectutem in otium referam,

Sen. Ep. 101, 4; Plin. 16, 44, 95, § 251.—So corresp. with cum:

quas cum solus pertulisset, tum deinde comitia collegae subrogando habuit,

Liv. 2, 8, 3 (Weissenb. demum, by conj.); Col. R. R. 1, 6, 13. —

= an emphatic deinde: nam praetermisit quod in prima parte sumere debuit;

tum deinde eodem ipso quod omiserat quasi proposito ad confirmandum aliud utitur,

Gell. 2, 8, 3; 13, 24 (23), 1; Just. 2, 1, 19.—

With hic:

hic tum repente Pacilius quidam accedit, ait, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 94:

hic ego tum ad respondendum surrexi,

id. Clu. 18, 51; 27, 73:

hic tum injectus est hominibus scrupulus,

id. ib. 28, 76; id. Sest. 11, 25.—

Tum postea:

tum postea complorantibus nostris, dies quidem tandem inluxit,

Gell. 19, 1, 3; so id. 14, 3, 10 (for quid tum postea, v. D. 1.).—

With interim:

unum, alterum, tertium annum Sassia quiescebat... Tum interim, Q. Hortensio, Q. Metello coss.... despondet ei filiam suam,

Cic. Clu. 64, 179.—

With particles of emphasis.

Tum vero (sometimes tum enimvero or enimvero tum), then indeed, at that crisis, then if not before, etc., or merely = emphatic then, denoting either coincidence or sequence of action.

In gen.:

discedit a Melino Cluentia. Tum vero illa egregia mater palam exsultare... coepit,

Cic. Clu. 5, 14; 22, 61; id. Agr. 1, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 107:

semper equidem magno cum metu incipio dicere... tum vero ita sum perturbatus ut, etc.,

id. Clu. 18, 51:

tum vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8; 5, 37; id. B. C. 1, 82; 2, 42:

Aruns Tarquinius et Tullia minor... junguntur nuptiis. Tum vero in dies infestior Tulli senectus... coepit esse,

Liv. 1, 47, 1; 2, 22, 6; 4, 49, 13; 10, 19, 12; 21, 45, 9; 21, 58, 5; Ov. M. 2, 227; 7, 685; Curt. 4, 13, 1; 3, 11, 5; Tac. Agr. 37.—And in enumerations:

deinde... post autem... tum vero ipsam veterem Karthaginem vendunt,

Cic. Agr. 1, 2, 5.—

As correlative of temporal or conditional clauses, and after abl. absol.:

quod ubi Romam est nuntiatum, senatui metum injecit ne tum vero sustineri nec in urbe seditio, nec in castris posset,

Liv. 5, 7, 4; Sall. J. 94, 3:

tum vero... si,

Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 63; Liv. 6, 14, 4 (v. II. M. 1. a, b).—With cum, Liv. 32, 12, 1:

quae postquam frustra temptata rogumque parari... vidit, Tum vero gemitus... Edidit,

Ov. M. 2, 621; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40; v. C. 1. b. (so, tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; v. II. D. 2. and M. 1.).—

Tum quidem, at that time, thereupon, then at least (usu. opposed to a later time): dixit sibi in somnis visum esse, etc. Et tum quidem incolumis exercitum liberavit; post triennium autem devovit se, etc., Cic. Div. 1, 24, 51; so,

actum quidem,

id. Fl. 25, 59; id. Lael. 11, 39:

et tum quidem ab Dio Perseus in interiora regni recepit se... post dies paucos, etc.,

Liv. 42, 39, 1; 1, 57, 10; 3, 2, 10;

7, 17, 3.—Often in resuming the narrative after a digression: ac tum quidem regem... filium appellat,

Curt. 4, 7, 25.—Merely emphatic:

Duillio Cornelioque coss. etiam mari congredi ausus est. Tum quidem ipsa velocitas classis comparatae victoriae auspicium fuit,

Flor. 1, 18 (2, 2), 7; so id. 1, 22 (2, 6), 20; 1, 40 (3, 5), 12.—With cum, Tac. Dial. 11.—

Ne tum quidem, not even then:

num quis horum miser hodie? Ne tum quidem, post spiritum extremum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 37, 89; id. Div. 1, 26, 55; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, § 98:

ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50; 7, 53; Tac. H. 5, 21; Curt. 3, 2, 18.—With cum:

ille vere ne tum quidem miser cum ab Oroete in crucem actus est,

Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 92; so id. Tusc. 5, 20, 57; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; Liv. praef. 12; 39, 39, 11.—

Tum maxime (sometimes tum cummaxime).

Especially at that time, chiefly then: illi sumposia, nos convivia quod tum maxime simul vivitur, Cic. Fam. 9, 24, 35; id. Leg. 2, 11, 26.—With cum:

quae quidem vis tum maxime cognita est cum... M. Cato, legem suadens, in Galbam multa dixit,

Cic. Brut. 23, 89; id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Par. 4, 1, 29.—

Just then, just at that moment (not ante-Aug.):

regi, tum maxime captivos ex Illyrico vendenti,

Liv. 43, 20, 3; 1, 10, 1:

per totam aciem vulgatum est, castra amissa esse, et tum cummaxime ardere,

id. 40, 32, 1; so,

tum cummaxime,

id. 43, 7, 8:

corpus enim suum a caupone trucidatum tum maxime plaustro ad portam ferri,

Val. Max. 1, 7, ext. 10; 2, 10, 2; 3, 2, 2 fin.; Curt. 3, 4, 14; 6, 6, 10; Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154; Quint. 2, 15, 30; 2, 61, 31; Suet. Caes. 65; id. Calig. 53.—So with cum:

et quod tum maxime Abydum oppugnaret cum rex ab Attalo et Rhodiis ultro se bello lacessitum diceret,

Liv. 31, 18, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 15, 2.—

Strengthening the co-ordinate tum after cum, so especially; v. I. C. 3. e. b (for cum maxime... tum maxime and tum maxime... cum plurimum, v. II. A. 3. a. b.).—

Tum potissimum = tum maxime, just then (rare):

C. Caesar... tum potissimum acie commissa impeditos religione hostes vicit,

Front. Strat. 2, 1, 16.—

Etiam tum.

Even then:

etiam tum vivit cum esse credas mortuam,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28:

totum se Servilio etiam tum tradidit,

even then, at so late a time, Cic. Sest. 62, 130:

etiam tum cum verisimile erit,

id. Rosc. Am. 20, 57.— So with cum, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 59, § 154; id. Dom. 13, 23; id. Sest. 38, 81.—

Still, as yet (also as one word; cf. etiamtum, and v. the foll. additional passages), Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 19, § 41; id. Fin. 3, 14, 48; id. Rep. 2, 12, 24; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; id. Brut. 20, 80; id. Off. 2, 14, 47; Caes. B. C. 3, 93; Liv. 5, 40, 10; Val. Max. 9, 6, 3; Tac. A. 3, 72; Suet. Claud. 27 fin.; id. Dom. 22.—

And with a negation, = nondum: ipsa ego non longos etiam tum scissa capillos,

not yet long, Ov. H. 8, 79.—

Tum etiam.

Followed by si or cum, even if, even when:

atque equidem filium Tum etiam si nolit, cogam,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 65:

qui tum etiam cum... circumfusi erant caligine,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 45.—

Then also, then too, besides:

tum etiam illud cogitatote, sic vivere Cornelium ut, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 28, 65; id. N. D. 1, 16, 43; so id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Fin. 2, 16, 53; Col. 12 praef.—

Tum quoque.

Also then, then likewise, then as before, then as on another occasion mentioned before: ceu lapidem si Percutiat lapis aut ferrum;

nam tum quoque lumen Exsilit,

Lucr. 6, 162:

tum quoque homini plus tribui quam nescio cui necessitati,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 11, 28:

tum quoque multis milibus Latinorum in civitatem acceptis,

Liv. 1, 33, 5; 2, 52, 2; 21, 22, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 37; Ov. M. 14, 369.—

Even then, = etiam tum (rare):

et tamen tum quoque se absentes triumphare credunt,

Liv. 45, 38, 13; 39, 41, 3; 39, 47, 11; Ov. H. 17 (18), 190.—

In orat. obliq. (v. I. A. 2.), even now:

quod si Romani tum quoque aequa aspernarentur,

Liv. 42, 62, 7. —

= sic quoque, even under the circumstances, even as it was, etc. (v. sic, V. 3.): ut si effugium patuisset in publicum, impleturae urbem tumultu fuerint. Tum quoque [p. 1912] aliquotiens integro corpore evaserunt, Liv. 24, 26, 13; 40, 16, 6; 43, 4, 1;

9, 13, 9: tum quoque, amputata dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit,

Just. 2, 9, 18.—

Tum ipsum = eo ipso tempore, at the very time, just then, even then (only in Cic. in four passages; cf.:

nunc ipsum): tota igitur ratio talium largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum... moderanda est,

Cic. Off. 2, 17, 60:

quem quidem cum sua voluntate ex patria Karthaginem revertisset, tum ipsum cum vigiliis et fame cruciaretur, clamat virtus beatiorem fuisse quam Thorium,

id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv. ad loc.:

tum ipsum cum immolare velis extorum fieri mutatio potest,

id. Div. 1, 52, 118:

ita (oratores), non injuria, quotienscunque dicerent, id quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,

id. Or. 1, 27, 123.—

Tum with co-ordinating particles.

Tum autem.

= praeterea, and then, besides (v. I. C. 1.): turpilucricupidum te vocant cives tui;

tum autem sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:

oves scabrae sunt... Tum autem Surorum nemo exstat qui ibi sex menses vixerit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 141; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 4, 2, 3; id. Poen. 5, 5, 34; 5, 7, 22; Ter. And. 1, 5, 34; id. Eun. 5, 9, 7; id. Hec. 2, 1, 14; 3, 2, 10:

tum autem qui non ipso honesto movemur... callidi sumus, non boni,

Cic. Leg. 1, 14, 41; id. Or. 1, 58, 247; 2, 19, 80.—

= tum... tum:

visne igitur inter hos populos inambulantes, tum autem residentes quaeramus eisdem de rebus?

Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 15.—

= eo tempore, with autem as connective:

tum illic autem Lemnius... uxorem duxit, etc.,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 25:

tum autem ex omnibus montibus nives proluit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 48.—

But in this instance:

uxori emunda ancilla'st: tum autem pluscula Supellectile opus est,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 60; 5, 7, 25 sq.—

For tum etiam, v. B. 7. b.—

Tum praeterea:

nam tui similis est probe. Tum praeterea talem, nisi tu, nulla pareret filium,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 20; so id. Ad. 3, 2, 47; id. Phorm. 3, 2, 33; Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56 (v. I. C. 3. e. l).—

Tum porro:

tum porro venti magnam quoque tollere partem Umoris possunt,

Lucr. 6, 623; 4, 829 (827).—

Quid tum?

In dialogue, what then? what next? what further? novi ego hos pugnos meos. Ca. Quid tum? Th. Quid tum? Rogitas? Hisce ego, si tu me inritaveris, placidum te hodie reddam, Plaut. Curc. 5, 3, 49; so id. As. 2, 2, 83; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 47; 3, 5, 66; id. Phorm. 3, 3, 8.—And strengthened:

quid tum postea?

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; id. As. 2, 2, 68; 2, 2, 79; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 78; 4, 2, 9; 4, 7, 23; id. Ad. 4, 5, 15; id. Hec. 4, 1, 36: videsne abundare me otio? A. Quid tum? Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 26.—

In imitation of a dialogue:

at mulctantur bonis exsules. Quid tum? Parumne multa de toleranda paupertate dicuntur?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 37, 107; so id. Quint. 22, 72; 27, 84; id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 132; id. Dom. 47, 123; id. Dejot. 7, 22; id. Phil. 1, 10, 26; Hor. S. 2, 3, 230.—

As emphatic co-ordinative in quoting the different items of a document, law, etc.: quive in senatu sententiam dixit, dixerit. Quid tum? Qui eorum coiit, coierit, etc., what next? i. e. and then, listen! Cic. Clu. 54, 148; so id. Agr. 1, 5, 16; 3, 3, 11; id. Mur. 12, 26; id. Fl. 23, 55.—

Tum temporis = eo tempore (post class. and rare; cf.:

tunc temporis): postera die civitas principem suum, ac tum temporis consulem in foro expectabat,

Just. 31, 2, 6.

* * *

condĭcĭo (in many MSS. and edd. incorrectly condĭtĭo, and hence falsely derived from condo; cf. 2. conditio), ōnis, f. [condico], an agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition, terms, demand.

Prop.

Absol.:

alicui condicionem ferre,

to offer terms, Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 51; cf. id. ib. 4, 3, 91 sq.; id. Mil. 4, 1, 6; id. Men. 4, 2, 24; Liv. 37, 45, 13 al.:

cognitis suis postulatis atque aequitate condicionum perspectā,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Caecin. 14, 40:

non respuit condicionem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 42; so Cic. Cael. 6, 14:

ne si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per condiciones ad supplicium traderetur,

Sall. J. 61 fin.:

condiciones pacis, quas adfertis, si accepero,

Curt. 4, 11, 19:

posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

dum de condicionibus tractat,

Nep. Eum. 5 fin.:

his condicionibus conpositā pace,

Liv. 2, 13, 4:

aliquot populos aut vi subegit aut condicionibus in societatem accepit,

id. 9, 15, 2:

ex quā condicione,

in consequence of, id. 23, 35, 9:

sub condicionibus eis pacem agere,

id. 21, 12, 4:

accipe sub certā condicione preces,

Ov. F. 4, 320:

sub condicione,

conditionally, Liv. 6, 40, 8 Weissenb. ad loc.; usu. without a prep.:

eā enim condicione acceperas,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93:

eādem condicione,

id. Div. 2, 44, 93; id. Or. 71, 235; id. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 12; Sall. J. 79, 8:

istā quidem condicione,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 27:

nullā condicione,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 52, § 137:

ullā condicione,

id. Fl. 18, 43:

his legibus, his condicionibus erit quisquam tam stultus, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70.—

With ut or ne: fert illam condicionem, ut ambo exercitus tradant, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

eā accepisse condicione, ut, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 24, 34:

hac condicione, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 13, 38; Phaedr. 4, 5, 8; Suet. Galb. 15; id. Vit. 15:

jubere ei praemium tribui sed eā condicione, ne quid postea scriberet,

Cic. Arch. 10, 25 B. and K.:

permisit eā solā condicione, ne, etc.,

Suet. Tib. 26:

fecit pacem his condicionibus: ne qui, etc.,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1; so Liv. 23, 7, 1; Suet. Tib. 13 al.—

With si (rare; not in Cic.): librum tibi eā condicione daret, si reciperes te correcturum, Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4; Suet. Caes. 68; id. Claud. 24; id. Vit. 6.—

With dum (rare):

jam vero istā condicione, dum mihi liceat negare, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 101.— Also transf. subject., free choice, option:

quorum condicio erat,

who had their choice, Plin. 36, 5, 4, § 20.—From the conditions made in marriage,

Esp., a marriage, match; sometimes, by meton., = the person married (freq. and class.).

In an honorable sense, in full:

condicio uxoria,

Cic. Lael. 10, 34; usu. alone: tu condicionem hanc accipe;

ausculta mihi, Atque eam desponde mihi,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 60; so id. ib. 3, 5, 2; id. Stich. 1, 2, 61:

ut eam in se dignam condicionem conlocem,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 122:

hanc condicionem si quoi tulero extrario,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 1, 13:

aliam quaerere,

Cic. Phil. 2, 38, 99:

condicionem filiae quaerendam esse,

Liv. 3, 45, 11; Nep. Att. 12, 1:

alicui deferre,

Suet. Caes. 27; id. Aug. 63; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 8; 1, 14, 9; Mart. 3, 33; 5, 17; Just. 11, 7, 8.—Hence, in the jurists, the formula of separation:

condicione tuā non utor,

I will not have you, Dig. 24, 2, 2. —

In a bad sense, an amour, the relation of lover or mistress:

accepit condicionem, dein quaestum occipit,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 52; cf.:

quae tibi Condicio nova, luculenta, fertur per me,

id. Mil. 4, 1, 5; and hence, meton., a lover, paramour:

habeo hortos... hinc licet condiciones cottidie legas,

Cic. Cael. 15, 36; Suet. Aug. 69; Capitol. Anton. Phil. 19; Lampr. Elag. 5, 8.—

In gen., the external position, situation, condition, rank, place, circumstances (very freq. and class.).

Of persons:

est haec condicio liberorum populorum. etc.,

Cic. Planc. 4, 11:

condicio infirma et fortuna servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13, 41; cf.:

tolerabilis servitutis,

id. Cat. 4, 8, 16:

condicione eo meliore est senex quam adulescens,

id. Sen. 19, 68:

humana,

id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15:

ista condicio est testium, ut quibus creditum non sit negantibus, eisdem credatur dicentibus,

id. Rab. Post. 12, 35:

alia oratoris,

Quint. 10, 3, 8; 3, 8, 37:

alicujus condicio vitaque,

id. 3, 8, 50: abjectae extremaeque sortis. Suet. Calig. 35: fuit intactis quoque cura condicione super communi, solicitude concerning their common condition or circumstances, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 152; Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Sen. Ot. Sap. 31, 1; Quint. Decl. 308; Lact. 3, 28, 5.—

Of things, a situation, condition, nature, mode, manner:

quae consuerint gigni gignentur eādem Condicione,

Lucr. 2, 301:

agri,

Cic. Agr. 2, 21, 57:

frumenti,

Plin. 24, 17, 101, § 158: aliquam vitae sequi, mode or manner of living, Cic. Rab. Post. 7, 16:

earum (frugum) cultus et condiciones tradere,

id. Div. 1, 51, 116 B. and K.; cf.:

haec vivendi,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 65:

diversa causarum inter ipsas,

Quint. 10, 2, 23:

duplex ejus disceptationis,

id. 7, 5, 2:

litium,

id. 5, 1, 3; cf. id. 10, 1, 36:

vel temporum vel locorum,

id. 12, 10, 2 et saep.

contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.

Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).

Local.

Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.

With verb of being or position expressed or understood.

Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

Liv. 1, 18, 8:

stat contra starique jubet,

Juv. 3, 290:

stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

Mart. 1, 55, 12:

ulmus erat contra,

in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

templa vides contra,

in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

contra conserta manu,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—

Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

Manil. 2, 253:

posita contra Hispania,

Tac. Agr. 11:

promuntorium quod contra procedit,

Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—

With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.

Referring to persons:

accede ad me atque adi contra,

come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

contra adspicere,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

contra intueri,

Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

cum veniret contra Marcianus,

Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—

Of things:

hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—

Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,

In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—

In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—

Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.

In gen.:

te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

audi nunc contra jam,

listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

Liv. 1, 28, 1:

contra ut me diligat illa,

Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

cui latrans contra senex,

Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

contra talia reddit,

Claud. B. Gild. 379.—

With dat. pers.:

consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

facere contra huic aegre,

Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

hiscine contra insidiabere?

id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

tibi contra gratiam Referre,

id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—

With item:

item a me contra factum est,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—

Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

Consonat terra,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

confer gradum Contra pariter,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

Cat. 62, 6.—

Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

agedum pauca accipe contra,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.

Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.

Of physical exertion.

Lit.:

concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

at ille contra nititur,

resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—

Trop.:

te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—

Of mental exertion:

si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

siti contra... pugnandum,

Cels. 4, 2 fin. —

Of hostile opposition in gen.

Lit.:

quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—

Trop.:

aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—

Of warfare.

Lit.:

ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

Liv. 7, 39, 17:

cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

Tac. A. 11, 10.—

Trop.:

quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—

Of legal contests.

With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—

Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—

On the part of the adversary:

inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—

Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—

Of literary opposition.

Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—

With other verbs:

astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

Lucr. 5, 728:

contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—

Of public and political opposition.

With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—

With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

honores contra petere,

Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

Tac. A. 14, 45.—

Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—

With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).

Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

id. Caecin. 33, 97:

dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—

To make charges against (rare):

si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

id. Fl. 21, 51.—

In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

contra disputare and contra scribere,

id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—

To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

contradicente nullo,

Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—

To reply:

contradixit edicto,

answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —

Abl. absol. impers.:

explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—

With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—

With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).

To oppose a person by speaking against his views:

solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,

to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:

tibi,

Suet. Aug. 54:

Curioni...,

id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:

volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,

my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—

To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:

cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,

opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—

To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:

patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,

the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:

cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,

Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—

With dat. of the petition:

preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,

which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—

To contest the validity of a law (rare):

quibus (legibus) contradici potest,

Quint. 7, 7, 4.—

To contradict an assertion (very rare):

pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,

Quint. 5, 10, 13.—

With quin, to object:

praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,

there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.

To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;

but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,

Quint. 7, 3, 14:

cum verba (legis) contra sint,

id. 7, 1, 49:

sed experimentum contra fuit,

unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:

ubi fortuna contra fuit,

id. ib. 3, 18:

si fortuna contra daret,

should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.

Of logical opposition, with negative force.

Of a direct contrast.

Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:

quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,

but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:

in stultitia contra est,

with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),

id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

quod contra est,

Sall. J. 85, 21:

quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:

contra fore si, etc.,

ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:

immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),

ib. 41, 3, 49:

ego contra puto (i. e. esse),

Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—

With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:

utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,

of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:

id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),

id. Att. 10, 8, 2:

contra evenit in iis morbis,

Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:

ego contra sentio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:

Proculus contra (sc. sentit),

ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:

licet Celsus contra scribat,

ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:

cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,

interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —

Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.

To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:

nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;

quod contra, id turpe,

id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

sit sapienter usus aut contra,

Quint. 2, 5, 15:

lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),

Col. 11, 3, 25.—

To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:

ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,

improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,

id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—

To a verbal predicate:

an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),

Dig. 34, 5, 19.—

To a subject infinitive:

laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,

praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—

To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:

quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,

those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;

mihi contra,

id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—

To an attributive genitive:

Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),

Sall. J. 88, 2:

verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),

Quint. 2, 4, 21:

alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,

the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;

so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,

Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—

Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.

With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;

Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,

Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:

quae etiam contra valent,

i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—

Belonging to the same predicate:

ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,

Cic. Or. 36, 123:

cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,

Dig. 35, 2, 48:

in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,

Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:

junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,

id. 1, 5, 68:

ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,

but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,

Cic. Or. 42, 143:

qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,

or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.

In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).

In independent clauses.

Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:

ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:

in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,

Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:

contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?

Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;

so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,

Just. 13, 1, 7.—

Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;

contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,

Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;

nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,

Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:

justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,

Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:

si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—

In opposition to a dependent clause:

ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:

cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,

Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:

cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,

Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:

at contra,

Lucr. 2, 392.—

With co-ordinate conjunctions.

Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.

With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:

malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,

id. ib. 2, 7, 23:

cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,

Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:

itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:

nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,

Quint. 10, 2, 22.—

With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:

audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:

ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,

id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—

With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:

atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!

Cic. Balb. 22, 51:

domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,

Dig. 13, 7, 21:

equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,

Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—

After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:

in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,

Cic. Sull. 7, 21:

nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,

id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,

et contra,

Suet. Tit. 7.—

With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).

At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;

At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,

Lucr. 2, 400:

cogunt,

id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;

at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:

ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—

Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):

non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:

arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,

Liv. 45, 18, 1:

tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,

Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:

obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,

Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—

Contra autem (rare;

in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,

Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:

sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,

Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—

Contra vero (very rare;

not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,

Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —

Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—

With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).

Aut contra:

num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?

Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:

si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,

Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—

Vel contra:

hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?

Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—

Seu contra:

seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,

Prop. 1, 11, 25.—

With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;

never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,

Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —

In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,

In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):

aliis vero econtra videtur,

Hier. Ep. 12.—

Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):

honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—

With emphatic particles.

Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);

not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,

Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—

Immo contra (post-Aug.).

= no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:

existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,

Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—

= sed contra, but on the contrary:

proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,

Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:

immo contra ea,

Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—

Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):

quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.

With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.

Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.

With atque:

item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:

simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:

judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,

Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—

With ac:

itaque contra est ac dicitis,

Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:

vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:

cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,

id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:

Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,

Sall. C. 60, 5.—

With ac and atque:

si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,

Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—

With quam (post-Aug.):

cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,

Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:

contra quam licet,

id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—

Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:

mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,

contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,

contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:

contra quam ista causa postulasset,

id. Caecin. 24, 67:

contra quam sanctum legibus est,

Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:

contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,

Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.

Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).

Local uses.

Opposite, over against, facing.

Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;

adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:

ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,

id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:

Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,

Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:

Carthago Italiam contra,

Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:

insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,

Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—

Of the heavenly bodies:

donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,

Lucr. 5, 708:

contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,

Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:

cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,

Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:

contra mediam faciem meridies erit,

id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—

Of opposite ends of a line.

Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—

Of a line drawn:

contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,

opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—

Of buildings, etc.:

contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,

Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:

(statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,

Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:

contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—

Of places on the human body:

id quod contra stomachum est,

Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;

4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,

Cels. 4, 1 fin. —

Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:

adversus, ad, e regione,

Caes. B. G. 7, 61).

In gen.:

quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,

Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:

et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?

Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:

rex constiterat contra pedites,

Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:

ne contra septentrionem paveris,

Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:

contra solem varie refulgens,

placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;

37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,

id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—

Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):

(Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,

towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:

lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,

Dig. 48, 8, 4.—

Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—

Against an opposing action, etc.:

contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:

cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,

Vitr. 1, 6, 8:

ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,

Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:

contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,

id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:

capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,

id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:

contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,

Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:

contra stimulum calces,

kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—

Of local actions with hostile intent.

Lit.:

quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?

Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:

Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),

id. Att. 15, 20, 3:

pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,

to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,

id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:

Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,

Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:

terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,

i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—

Trop.:

castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,

Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:

tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:

cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

(Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,

when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—

In partic.

Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:

quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,

Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:

contra populi studium,

Cic. Brut. 34, 126:

contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,

id. ib. 79, 273; so,

a mendacio contra veritatem,

id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:

contra cives in acie,

id. Att. 16, 11, 2:

et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,

opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:

haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,

Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —

Contra aliquem ire:

aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,

Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:

uti contra injurias armati eatis,

Sall. J. 31, 6:

interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,

Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—

Transf.,

To persons placed together for comparison:

C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,

Quint. 10, 1, 114:

CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,

Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—

To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.

Lit. (very rare):

quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—

Prop.:

cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,

Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:

qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,

Sen. Ep. 9, 9:

numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:

tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,

id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:

nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,

as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

(illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,

Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:

contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?

Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,

robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,

id. ib. 13, 2;

so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,

Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):

numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,

superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):

oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,

Petr. 7, 6.—

Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:

contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 29:

contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,

Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:

quae contra breviter fata est vates,

Verg. A. 6, 398:

contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,

Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).

Denoting hostility or disadvantage.

With verbs of hostile action.

Of physical exertion:

pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,

Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:

proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,

id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —

Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.

bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),

Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:

contra Antonium,

Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,

contra patriam,

id. Sull. 20, 58:

pugnare contra patriam,

id. ib. 25, 70:

contra conjuges et liberos,

Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:

armatum esse contra populum Romanum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:

armis contendere contra,

Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

arma alicui dare (trop.),

Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:

aciem instruere (trop.),

Liv. 25, 4, 4:

exercitum comparare,

Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:

exercitum instruere,

id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

exercitum ducere and adducere,

id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:

exercitum contra Philippum mittere,

id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

naves ducere contra,

Hor. Epod. 4, 19:

ducere contra hostes,

Liv. 1, 27, 4:

florem Italiae educere contra,

Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

proficisci contra,

to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:

auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,

Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:

juvare aliquem contra,

Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

consilium inire contra Sequanos,

to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—

Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).

In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:

cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,

Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:

(causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,

Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:

rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,

Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:

esse contra,

id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;

at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,

Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:

causam defendere contra,

against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),

to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:

actio competit contra,

Dig. 49, 14, 41:

querelam instituere contra,

ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:

bonorum possessionem petere contra,

ib. 5, 2, 23:

jus obtinere contra,

Cic. Quint. 9, 34:

pugnare contra,

to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:

id quod mihi contra illos datum est,

i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:

judicare contra aliquem,

id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:

pronuntiare contra,

Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:

decernere contra,

Cic. Fl. 31, 76:

appellare contra aliquem,

Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:

contra sententiam,

Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:

cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,

Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—

Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:

quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?

Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:

contra rem suam me venisse questus est,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—

With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:

ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,

id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,

causam dicere,

id. Or. 2, 23, 98:

causam perorare,

id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:

quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,

id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:

si Gaditani contra me dicerent,

if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:

si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:

testimonium in aliquem dicere,

id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):

contra juris consultos dicere,

against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:

contra testes dicendum est,

Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:

cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,

Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:

tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?

Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —

Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:

cum scriberem contra Epicurios,

Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:

contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

contra Brutum,

id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:

contra Academiam,

id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:

contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,

id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—

Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).

In gen.:

sentire contra,

Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

pugnare contra bonos,

id. Sull. 25, 71:

contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,

Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:

(tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,

Liv. 39, 32, 12.—

Of political speaking:

cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,

Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—

Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:

adversus, in): inire consilia contra,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

manum comparare contra aliquem,

id. Sull. 24, 68:

conjurationem facere,

id. ib. 4, 12:

congredi,

id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:

aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,

Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:

nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,

against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,

operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:

homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?

Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:

epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:

disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,

to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—

Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:

licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,

injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:

res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,

id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:

nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,

Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:

quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,

id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—

Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:

Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?

or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:

sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

id. Att. 7, 5, 5:

judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,

id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:

cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,

id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:

fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,

in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—

Dependent on adjectives (rare):

contra se ipse misericors,

to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:

severissimus judex contra fures,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—

With nouns.

Acc. to 1. b.:

ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—

Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).

Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:

quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:

Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,

Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,

haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,

Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:

orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,

id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—

Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:

unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,

Cic. Brut. 26, 99:

(Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,

id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—

Acc. to 1. f.:

contra patres concitatio et seditio,

Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:

contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,

Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.

With inanimate and abstract objects.

Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).

Of physical or moral exertion:

cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,

Verg. A. 10, 567:

pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,

Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

contra verum niti,

Sall. J. 35, 8:

contra fortunam luctari,

Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—

Of warfare (lit. and trop.):

bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,

id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:

artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,

Quint. 5, 13, 30.—

Of legal contention.

Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:

contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),

Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:

contra ratiocinationem,

id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:

contra caput dicere,

to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:

servum in caput domini interrogare,

Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:

contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),

Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—

Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:

contra tabulas judicare,

Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:

contra testamentum,

Dig. 2, 17, § 1:

contra sententiam dicere,

ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—

Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:

inmittere in bona),

Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—

Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.

To contend that something is false:

dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:

in sententiam dicere,

in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):

contra sensus dicere,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:

contra rhetoricen dicere,

Quint. 2, 17, 40.—

Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:

contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,

Vitr. 7, praef. 8:

contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—

Ethically:

contra voluptatem dicere,

that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:

contra mortem loqui,

that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;

in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,

id. ib. 100, 10:

contra fortunam gloriari,

that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—

Of public and political acts and speeches:

contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,

Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

contra legem dicere or verba facere,

id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:

rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),

Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—

Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.

In gen.:

senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,

directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

contra rem publicam se commovere,

id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:

incitari,

id. Sest. 47, 100:

consilia inire,

id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

conjurationem facere,

Sall. C. 30, 6:

contra salutem urbis incitari,

Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

cogitare aliquid contra salutem,

id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:

esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,

id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:

ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,

do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:

quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),

Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—

In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:

si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,

Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,

contra salutem rei publicae facere,

Cic. Dom. 38, 102:

contra majestatem,

against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:

contra leges,

Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:

contra edictum (praetoris),

Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:

contra foedus,

Cic. Balb. 6, 16:

contra jusjurandum ac fidem,

id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:

tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?

Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):

corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,

Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—

Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).

With esse expressed as the predicate:

hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,

Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:

contra leges or legem est,

Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:

contra officium est,

id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:

adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,

unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—

With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:

scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),

Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:

aliquid contra animum audiendi,

something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:

si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,

Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —

Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:

Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,

Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—

Adverbially with the predicate.

In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):

eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,

that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:

imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,

to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,

advocare contra,

Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:

si contra mortem te praeparaveris,

to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—

With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:

quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,

Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:

contra hominis salutem,

with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—

In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;

syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,

Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:

pecuniam contra leges auferre,

id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

contra legem,

id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:

contra jus fasque,

id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:

contra jus,

Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:

contra jus gentium,

Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;

6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,

Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:

contra testimonium aliquid judicare,

without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,

contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:

aliquid contra fidem constituere,

Quint. 5, 13, 34:

quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,

contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—

Dependent on substt.

Of physical strife:

scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),

Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —

Of warfare:

imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,

Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,

Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—

Of legal contention:

causa contra scriptum,

Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—

Of political speaking:

divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,

Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—

Of literary opposition:

Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—

Of hostility, etc.:

cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,

Liv. 6, 40, 5.—

Of injury:

vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,

Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—

Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):

iter contra senatus auctoritatem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

contra consuetudinem somnium,

Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:

bonorum possessio contra tabulas,

Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—

Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.

II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.

Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).

Against persons.

Dependent on verbs:

cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,

provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:

contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,

Pall. 10, 3, 2.—

Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:

paratus contra,

Cic. Mil. 21, 56:

nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,

Sall. J. 80, 1:

contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,

Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—

Against inanimate and abstract things.

Dependent on verbs:

contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:

publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,

id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:

contra tantas difficultates providere,

Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,

contra ea,

id. ib. 57, 5:

patricii vi contra vim resistunt,

Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—

Dependent on substt.:

suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:

defensio contra vim,

id. Mil. 5, 14:

patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,

id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:

contra labores patientia,

id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—

Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;

in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,

against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:

ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:

vir contra audaciam firmissimus,

id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:

fortis contra dolorem,

Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:

callosus,

Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:

far contra hiemes firmissimum,

id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:

equus tenax contra vincula,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:

contraque minantia fata pervigil,

Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—

Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).

Dependent on verbs:

cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,

Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:

prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,

id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:

valet potum contra venena,

id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—

Dependent on substt.:

remedium contra morsus,

Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:

contra venena esse omnia remedio,

id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—

Dependent on adjectives:

vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,

Pall. 11, 14, 17.—

Appositively, as a remedy:

cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,

Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:

Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,

Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.

Of logical opposition.

With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).

The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.

I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,

but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:

omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,

and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —

Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):

omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),

but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;

contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,

Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;

44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):

an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),

Liv. 41, 24, 8.—

Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):

illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,

whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:

cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),

Cic. Sen. 23, 84:

quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.

Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,

id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;

v. Ritschl,

Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—

With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,

Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:

Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),

Sall. J. 88, 1; so,

cetera contra spem salva invenit,

Liv. 9, 23, 17:

contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,

id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;

but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),

Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:

postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,

Sall. J. 20, 1:

ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),

id. ib. 46, 5:

contra famam,

Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:

segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,

slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:

frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,

contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).

Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.

In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:

quos contra disputant,

Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

quem contra dicit,

id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):

quem contra veneris,

id. Mur. 4, 9:

quas contra, praeter te, etc.,

id. Vatin. 7, 18:

eos ipsos quos contra statuas,

id. Or. 10, 34:

quos contra me senatus armavit,

id. Att. 10, 8, 8:

quam contra multa locutus est,

Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—

After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,

Lucr. 4, 471:

dicere eos contra,

id. 4, 484:

donique eum contra,

id. 5, 708:

agmina contra,

Verg. A. 12, 279:

magnum Alciden contra,

id. ib. 5, 414:

Paridem contra,

id. ib. 5, 370:

Italiam contra,

id. ib. 1, 13:

deos contra,

Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:

Messania moenia contra,

id. M. 14, 17:

litora Calabriae contra,

Tac. A. 3, 1.

contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.

Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).

Local.

Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.

With verb of being or position expressed or understood.

Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

Liv. 1, 18, 8:

stat contra starique jubet,

Juv. 3, 290:

stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

Mart. 1, 55, 12:

ulmus erat contra,

in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

templa vides contra,

in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

contra conserta manu,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—

Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

Manil. 2, 253:

posita contra Hispania,

Tac. Agr. 11:

promuntorium quod contra procedit,

Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—

With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.

Referring to persons:

accede ad me atque adi contra,

come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

contra adspicere,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

contra intueri,

Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

cum veniret contra Marcianus,

Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—

Of things:

hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—

Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,

In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—

In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—

Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.

In gen.:

te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

audi nunc contra jam,

listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

Liv. 1, 28, 1:

contra ut me diligat illa,

Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

cui latrans contra senex,

Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

contra talia reddit,

Claud. B. Gild. 379.—

With dat. pers.:

consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

facere contra huic aegre,

Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

hiscine contra insidiabere?

id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

tibi contra gratiam Referre,

id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—

With item:

item a me contra factum est,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—

Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

Consonat terra,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

confer gradum Contra pariter,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

Cat. 62, 6.—

Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

agedum pauca accipe contra,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.

Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.

Of physical exertion.

Lit.:

concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

at ille contra nititur,

resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—

Trop.:

te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—

Of mental exertion:

si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

siti contra... pugnandum,

Cels. 4, 2 fin. —

Of hostile opposition in gen.

Lit.:

quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—

Trop.:

aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—

Of warfare.

Lit.:

ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

Liv. 7, 39, 17:

cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

Tac. A. 11, 10.—

Trop.:

quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—

Of legal contests.

With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—

Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—

On the part of the adversary:

inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—

Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—

Of literary opposition.

Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—

With other verbs:

astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

Lucr. 5, 728:

contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—

Of public and political opposition.

With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—

With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

honores contra petere,

Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

Tac. A. 14, 45.—

Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—

With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).

Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

id. Caecin. 33, 97:

dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—

To make charges against (rare):

si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

id. Fl. 21, 51.—

In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

contra disputare and contra scribere,

id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—

To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

contradicente nullo,

Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—

To reply:

contradixit edicto,

answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —

Abl. absol. impers.:

explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—

With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—