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technical+workshop

Толкование Перевод

1 technical workshop

технический семинар

Англо-русский словарь по экологии > technical workshop
2 technical workshop

Экология: технический семинар

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > technical workshop
3 technical session

технический симпозиум (семинар)

традиционный или онлайновый способ обсуждения технических проблем

см. тж. conference, panel, workshop

Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > technical session
4 workshop

1) секция (научной конференции); семинар; симпозиум

см. тж. conference, technical session

2) мастерская; цех

Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > workshop
5 condition

1. условие || обусловливать

2. состояние; положение

3. pl. обстоятельства

4. прорабатывать ствол скважины ( перед спуском обсадной колонны)

5. кондиционировать

— acid condition

— alkaline condition

— artificial conditions

— asymmetrical loading conditions

— atmospheric conditions

— bore-hole condition

— boundary conditions

— conditions of fluids

— deposition conditions

— down-hole conditions

— environmental conditions

— field conditions

— formation conditions

— geological conditions

— hydrological conditions

— initial condition

— limiting condition

— limiting wave condition

— load conditions

— meet service conditions

— molten condition

— natural conditions

— no-flow condition

— non-stabilized conditions

— normal condition

— operating conditions

— operative conditions

— plant conditions

— plastic condition

— process conditions

— pumpable condition

— rated conditions

— regular service conditions

— representative conditions

— reservoir conditions

— room conditions

— sampling conditions

— semisubmerged condition

— service conditions

— simulated conditions

— static conditions

— steady-state conditions

— technical conditions

— top condition

— topographic conditions

— transit condition

— turbulent condition

— two zone conditions

— unballasted condition

— uncracked condition

— under reservoir conditions

— underground condition

— welding conditions

— well condition

— working conditions

— workshop conditions

* * *

1. условие

2. состояние; положение

3. pl. режим ( работы)

to keep in good condition — содержать в хорошем состоянии;

to restore to serviceable condition — возвращать в работоспособное состояние;

— abnormal operating conditions

— actual operating conditions

— arduous conditions

— available condition

— average operating conditions

— borehole conditions

— Catastrophic condition

— dangerous conditions

— defective condition

— emergency condition

— failure condition

— faulty condition

— favorable conditions

— field conditions

— good condition

— hazardous conditions

— in good condition

— in working condition

— in-use conditions

— maintenance conditions

— medium conditions

— moderate conditions

— operable condition

— operating conditions

— out of condition

— regular service conditions

— running conditions

— service conditions

— serviceable condition

— severe severity conditions

— specified conditions

— technical conditions

— typical conditions

— under service conditions

— usable condition

— utmost permissible conditions

— workable condition

* * *

состояние; свойство; условие; кондиция, положение

* * *

1. условие, режим, характеристика

2. заправлять буровой раствор ( перемешивать промывочную жидкость в скважине циркуляцией)

* * *

1) условие

2) состояние; положение

3) pl режим ( работы)

4) прорабатывать ствол скважины ( перед спуском обсадной колонны)

•

at surface conditions — при условиях, приведённых к устьевым;

in good condition — в хорошем состоянии;

in working condition — в исправном состоянии; готовый к работе;

out of condition — в плохом состоянии;

to condition the hole — 1) готовить ( скважину к обсадке обработкой расширителем) 2) промывать скважину ( перед спуском алмазной коронки на забой);

to determine reservoir conditions — определять пластовые условия ();

to keep in good condition — содержать в хорошем состоянии;

to restore to serviceable condition — возвращать в работоспособное состояние;

under downhole conditions — в условиях скважины;

under field conditions — в промысловых условиях;

under reservoir conditions — в пластовых условиях;

under service conditions — в условиях эксплуатации

- conditions of sedimentation
- abnormal operating conditions
- acid condition
- actual operating conditions
- alkaline condition
- anisotropic velocity conditions
- arduous conditions
- artificial conditions
- available condition
- average operating conditions
- borehole condition
- bottomhole conditions
- catastrophic condition
- cement hardening conditions
- completion conditions
- crack arrest conditions
- crack extension conditions
- crack propagation conditions
- corrosion conditions
- crooked hole conditions
- crossflowing conditions
- cutoff flow conditions
- dangerous conditions
- defective condition
- deposition condition
- difficult drilling conditions
- displacement conditions
- downhole conditions
- drilling conditions
- drilling-in conditions
- emergency condition
- environmental conditions
- erosion conditions
- extreme conditions
- facies conditions of oil occurrence
- failure condition
- faulty condition
- favorable conditions
- field conditions
- filtration conditions
- fissuring conditions
- flow conditions
- fluid-flow conditions
- forced operation conditions of well
- formation conditions
- geological conditions
- geological-and-technical conditions
- geotechnical conditions
- ghosting conditions
- good condition
- hazardous conditions
- hydrological conditions
- injecting conditions
- in-place conditions
- in-situ conditions
- in-use conditions
- isotropic velocity conditions
- layering conditions
- limiting wave condition
- maintenance conditions
- medium conditions
- moderate conditions
- near-shore conditions
- near-shot conditions
- no-flow condition
- normal pumping conditions
- oil-accumulation conditions
- oil-pool conditions
- oil-reservoir conditions
- oil-wet condition
- operable condition
- operating conditions
- operation conditions
- original reservoir conditions
- petrophysical conditions
- preferentially oil-wet conditions
- preferentially water-wet conditions
- producing conditions
- production condition of well
- pumping conditions
- regular service conditions
- reservoir condition
- residual oil condition
- running conditions
- sampling conditions
- seismic conditions
- seismic noise conditions
- semisubmerged condition
- service conditions
- serviceable condition
- severe severity conditions
- shothole conditions
- specified conditions
- standard conditions
- standard borehole conditions
- structural conditions
- subsurface conditions
- surface condition
- technical conditions
- tectonic conditions
- test conditions
- top condition
- transit condition
- typical conditions
- unballasted condition
- uncracked condition
- underground condition
- usable condition
- utmost permissible conditions
- velocity conditions
- wave conditions
- weathering conditions
- welding conditions
- well condition
- well production conditions
- workable condition
- working conditions
* * *

• прорабатывать ствол скважины

• свойство

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > condition
6 unit

организационная единица; боевая единица (напр. корабль, ЛА танк); подразделение; часть; соединение; расчетно-снабженческая единица; секция; орган; элемент; комплект; агрегат; установка; см. тж. element

bath(ing) and clothing unit — банно-прачечное подразделение

bulk petrol (transport) unit — Бр. часть [подразделение] подвоза наливного (бестарного) горючего

counter C3 unit — часть [подразделение] подавления системы оперативного управления и связи

Fleet Marine (Corps) reconnaissance unit — разведывательное подразделение [часть] флотских сил МП

multisensor (AA) firing unit 3PK — с приборным комплексом из нескольких систем обнаружения и сопровождения

photo (graphic) reconnaissance unit — фоторазведывательная часть [подразделение]

surface-launched unit, fuel air explosive — установка дистанционного разминирования объемным взрывом

surface-launched unit, mine — установка дистанционного минирования

tactical (air) control unit — часть [подразделение] управления ТА

war (time) strength (TOE) unit — часть, укомплектованная по штатам военного времени

— absorbed dose unit

— accounting unit

— activate a unit

— active filter unit

— active filtration unit

— active unit

— active-duty combat unit

— ad hoc unit

— adjoining unit

— administrative unit

— advanced infantry training/one-station unit training unit

— advanced marksmanship unit

— advanced training unit

— aerial delivery unit

— aerial surveillance unit

— aeromedical evacuation unit

— aeromedical staging unit

— affected unit

— affiliated unit

— afloat-based unit

— agent detector unit

— aggressor unit

— air base service unit

— air cavalry unit

— air defense unit

— air dispatch unit

— Air Force ground-based defence units

— air intelligence liaison unit

— air mission unit

— air photograph interpretation unit

— air portable unit

— air reserve unit

— air staging unit

— air transportable unit

— air transported unit

— air unit

— airborne unit

— aircraft delivery unit

— airmobile assault unit

— airmobile engineer unit

— airmobile motorcycle scout unit

— airmobile unit

— air-support control unit

— air-support signal unit

— air-support training unit

— all-jump unit

— all-tank unit

— ammunition dummy unit

— ammunition renovation unit

— ammunition unit

— amphibious beach unit

— amphibious training unit

— amphibious unit

— anti-intrusion alarm unit

— antisubmarine air search attack unit

— area service unit

— arming and destruct unit

— armor human research unit

— armored combat unit

— armored unit

— armor-heavy unit

— armoured reconnaissance unit

— armoured recovery unit

— Army Aeromedical Research unit

— Army Air Corps unit

— Army Aviation Trials unit

— artillery meteorological unit

— ASA unit

— assault aircraft unit

— assault craft unit

— assault phase firing unit

— assault shipping naval unit

— assault supporting naval unit

— assigned unit

— atomic demolition unit

— attached unit

— attitude reference unit

— augment a unit

— augmentation unit

— automatic laying control unit

— auxiliary beach signal unit

— auxiliary power unit

— auxiliary propulsion unit

— aviation survey unit

— aviation transportation unit

— aviation unit

— azimuth orientation unit

— backpack unit

— backup contingency unit

— backup support unit

— backup unit

— balanced unit

— base development unit

— base unit

— basic tactical unit

— basic unit

— bathing unit

— battalion-size unit

— battery computer unit

— battery display unit

— battle unit

— battlefield illumination unit

— beach defense unit

— beach jumper unit

— beach lighterage unit

— beach signal unit

— beachmaster unit

— blood supply unit

— BM unit

— boat unit

— bobtailed unit

— bomb dispenser unit

— bomb disposal unit

— bomb dummy unit

— bomb live unit

— bomb load unit

— bomb unit

— border operation unit

— branch composite unit

— bridge unit

— bus control unit

— cadet unit

— cadre unit

— cannon unit

— car unit

— care-taker unit

— carrier air unit

— carrier aircraft service unit

— carrier unit

— casual unit

— casualty air evacuation unit

— casualty-holding unit

— casualty-staging unit

— category I direct combat unit

— category I unit

— category II unit

— category III unit

— cavalry unit

— cavity unit

— central alarm unit

— central interpretation unit

— ceremonial drill unit

— chaff unit

— charging unit

— chemical decontaminating unit

— chemical processing unit

— chemical service unit

— chemical smoke generator unit

— chemical warfare unit

— cipher unit

— circuit switching unit

— civil affairs administration/military government unit

— civil affairs unit

— civil disturbance control unit

— civilian service unit

— clearing unit

— cluster bomb unit

— collecting and staging unit

— color-bearing unit

— combat air force units

— combat airlift support unit

— combat cargo air unit

— combat cargo unit

— combat construction unit

— combat effective unit

— combat engineer unit

— combat ineffective unit

— combat maneuver unit

— combat service support unit

— combat support unit

— combat train unit

— combat training unit

— combat unit

— combined diesel/gas turbine unit

— combined gas turbine/gas turbine propulsion unit

— combined-arms unit

— command destruct unit

— commando assault unit

— commission into a unit

— committed unit

— communications message traffic control unit

— communications unit

— companion unit

— composite unit

— construction unit

— container bomb unit

— continental US-based European reinforcing unit

— conventional unit

— conversion unit

— corps units

— counterguerilla unit

— counterinsurgency unit

— criminal investigations unit

— customer unit

— cut-off a unit

— data processing unit

— deactivate a unit

— defensive unit

— degassing unit

— delivery unit

— demining unit

— demonstration unit

— deploy a unit "two up"

— deployment capability improvement unit

— depot support unit

— detached unit

— develop a unit

— development unit

— dinner unit

— direct operational support unit

— direct reporting unit

— direct-support unit

— divisional units

— docks operating unit

— double-based units

— drill unit

— drinking-water treatment unit

— dry unit

— dual-based units

— economy-of-force unit

— education unit

— effective unit

— electrically energized stream-of-water projector backpack unit

— electromagnetic transmission control unit

— electronics research unit

— elite unit

— emergency communications unit

— emergency medical care unit

— emergency medical treatment unit

— emergency recovery unit

— encryption unit

— engineer amphibious unit

— engineer bridge unit

— engineer camouflage unit

— engineer construction unit

— engineer damage control unit

— engineer parachute unit

— engineer reconnaissance unit

— equipment holding unit

— EW unit

— executing unit

— explosive ordnance disposal unit

— fallout survey unit

— ferry service unit

— field bath unit

— field exchange unit

— field laundry unit

— field postal unit

— field storage unit

— field surgical unit

— field training unit

— fighter control unit

— fighting unit

— fill out a unit

— fill up a unit

— filter unit

— filtration unit

— finance disbursing unit

— fire control simulation unit

— fire control unit

— fire delivery unit

— fire support delivery unit

— fire-fighting unit

— first production unit

— first training unit

— fixed TOE unit

— fixed unit

— flag-bearing unit

— flame thrower service unit

— flame thrower unit

— flash generator unit

— flexible unit

— flying training unit

— flying unit

— force troops unit

— forward observer target survey unit

— forward unit

— front-line unit

— fuel servicing unit

— full TOE unit

— full-strength unit

— gaining unit

— garrison unit

— gas-particles filter unit

— general construction unit

— general recruiting unit

— general service unit

— general support unit

— ghost unit

— glide bomb unit

— GM service unit

— GM unit

— graves control unit

— graves registration unit

— ground surveillance unit

— guards parachute regimental unit

— guards unit

— guidance control unit

— guided bomb unit

— gun aircraft unit

— handle a unit

— hard-core unit

— hauling unit

— heavy large unit

— heavy maintenance unit

— heliborne unit

— helicopter ambulance unit

— holding unit

— home defence unit

— Home Defense unit

— honeycomb guide unit

— hospital augmentation unit

— host country unit

— hosted unit

— HQ & HQ unit

— HQ field press censorship unit

— HQ unit

— human research unit

— hydraulic system test and repair unit

— hydro-volume steering unit

— identify a unit

— immunizing unit

— incendiary bomb load unit

— incendiary oil mixing and transfer unit

— incoming unit

— independent unit

— infantry unit

— infectious unit

— Information Systems unit

— insert units into an objective

— inshore undersea warfare attack unit

— inshore undersea warfare surveillance unit

— instruction unit

— integrated sight unit

— Intelligence Corps unit

— intelligence field unit

— interchange units

— interior unit

— intermediate maintenance support unit

— interrogation and captured documents unit

— interrogation unit

— ion change water purification unit

— IR-aiming unit

— IR-communications unit

— IR-detection unit

— isolated unit

— issuing unit

— joint FAC training and standards unit

— jungle expert unit

— junior infantry unit

— junior leaders' unit

— Junior ROTC unit

— junior training unit

— knapsack-pack water filter unit

— labor service unit

— labor supervision unit

— land-based missile unit

— landing craft recovery unit

— landing craft repair unit

— landing obstruction clearing unit

— large unit

— laser communications field unit

— launch command cable lines switching unit

— launcher-fire control system interface unit

— laying unit

— leadership human research unit

— leaflet unit

— lean unit

— liaison unit

— light airborne armored unit

— light armored unit

— light maintenance unit

— line replaceable unit

— live unit

— load aircraft unit

— logistics support unit

— long-range patrol unit

— losing unit

— loudspeaker unit

— main battle area unit

— major unit

— man a unit

— manned maneuvering unit

— manning unit

— manpack radio unit

— map making unit

— mapping unit

— march unit

— Marine amphibious unit

— Marine expeditionary unit

— Marine training unit

— marksmanship training unit

— master augmentation unit

— material handling unit

— mechanized infantry unit

— mechanized-heavy unit

— medical holding unit

— medical research team unit

— medium maintenance unit

— meritorious unit

— messing unit

— military government unit

— military intelligence unit

— military line of communications unit

— military unit

— militia unit

— mine watcher unit

— miniature solar energy unit

— minor unit

— missile countermeasures unit

— missile firing unit

— missile service unit

— missile technical unit

— missile training unit

— missile-armed unit

— mixed air defense unit

— mixed unit

— mobile ammunition evaluation and reconditioning unit

— mobile bath unit

— mobile floating assault bridge/ferry unit

— mobile inspection unit

— mobile laundry unit

— mobile loudspeaker unit

— mobile low-level reporting and control unit

— mobile obstacle unit

— mobile radio unit

— mobile surgical unit

— mobile technical unit

— mobile training unit

— mobile unit

— modular unit

— mortar unit

— motorized infantry unit

— motorized unit

— multipurpose hospital unit

— munition dummy unit

— munitions maintenance unit

— muster a unit

— naval air unit

— naval beach unit

— naval build-up unit

— nonactive military unit

— non-APC unit

— nonconstituted unit

— nondeploying reserve component unit

— nondivisional service support unit

— nondivisional units

— nonflag-bearing unit

— nonflexible unit

— nonflying combat unit

— nonmanning unit

— nonnuclear cannon FA unit

— nonorganic supporting unit

— nonrifle unit

— nonscheduled unit

— nontactical unit

— not-ready unit

— nuclear cannon FA unit

— nuclear delivery unit

— nuclear fire unit

— nuclear weapon carrier unit

— nuclear weapon custodial unit

— nuclear weapon unit

— nuclear weapons maintenance unit

— nuclear-capable fire unit

— numbered unit

— offensive unit

— officer cadet training unit

— officer candidate training unit

— officer files unit

— off-line cipher unit

— on-line cipher unit

— on-order unit

— on-site unit

— operating unit

— operational conversion unit

— operational training unit

— operational units

— operationally ready unit

— optronic tracking unit

— ordnance disposal unit

— organic supporting unit

— organized unit

— original unit

— other ranks training unit

— outgoing unit

— out-of-sector unit

— parachute unit

— para-commando unit

— paramilitary unit

— parent unit

— passive filter unit

— passive filtration unit

— penal unit

— petroleum supply unit

— pioneer unit

— place units to the flank of the enemy advanced elements

— place units to the rear of the enemy advanced elements

— pocket ciphering unit

— point unit

— pontoon bridge unit

— port operations unit

— postal and courier unit

— postal unit

— prelaunch operations sequence control unit

— propulsion unit

— provisional unit

— provost unit

— psychological operations unit

— pure unit

— QM unit

— quick-reaction alert unit

— quick-strike unit

— radar reporting unit

— radio research unit

— rail unit

— raise a unit

— Rangers unit

— reactivate a unit

— ready unit

— rear-based unit

— reception unit

— reconstitute a unit

— recovery unit

— reduced unit

— reduction unit

— regular line unit

— regular unit

— reinforcement holding unit

— reinforcing unit

— rejoin one's unit

— remote indication and control unit

— remote maneuvering unit

— replacement training unit

— replacement unit

— replenishment unit

— reported unit

— reserve augmentation unit

— reserve component affiliated unit

— reserve component unit

— reserve roundout unit

— restructured unit

— revert to the parent unit

— rifle unit

— road unit

— road-bound unit

— rocket artillery unit

— rocket countermeasures unit

— rocket launcher unit

— rotary screw water propulsion unit

— rotating unit

— rotational unit

— sabotage/ reconnaissance unit

— SAC strategic reconnaissance unit

— scale a unit

— screening unit

— screw water propulsion unit

— sea-based missile unit

— search-attack unit

— security assistance training unit

— self-contained back-packed unit

— self-contained unit

— self-destruction unit

— semi-active unit

— semimobile unit

— sequence firing unit

— service unit

— set-up unit

— sexually integrated unit

— shoot a unit

— shore installation protection unit

— short fall unit

— sideslip a unit

— sighting unit

— SIGINT unit

— signal recognition unit

— signal unit

— sister unit

— skeleton unit

— skeletonize a unit

— small battle unit

— small unit

— soil sterilizer unit

— solitary unit

— spearhead unit

— special ammunition service unit

— special intelligence/ EW unit

— special investigations unit

— special observation unit

— special training unit

— split unit

— sponsored unit

— squadron augment unit

— standby unit

— stay-behind unit

— strategic psychological operations unit

— strategic unit

— string out a unit

— strip away reconnaissance units from the main force

— strip units

— student unit

— subordinate unit

— superior unit

— supper unit

— supplemental unit

— supply and maintenance unit

— supply unit

— supported unit

— supporting unit

— surgical unit

— surveillance unit

— surveying unit

— suspension unit

— sustaining unit

— table of distribution and allowance unit

— tactical cover and deception unit

— tactical large unit

— tactical military intelligence unit

— tactical psychological operations unit

— tactical training support unit

— tank transport unit

— tank unit

— target acquisition unit

— task unit

— technical service unit

— television sight unit

— tenant unit

— theater level unit

— TOE unit

— topographic unit

— track water propulsion unit

— traffic regulation unit

— training marine ship detachment unit

— training unit

— transportation unit

— traversing unit

— troop unit

— truck transport unit

— umpire out a unit

— unconventional unit

— understrength unit

— unit in contact

— unit in infantry role

— unit of assignment

— unit of combined arms and services

— unit of credit

— unit of employment

— unit of equipment

— unit of fire

— unit of issue

— unit of origin

— unit under test

— units to round-out the active Army

— unmanned unit

— user unit

— using unit

— utility unit

— van unit

— vehicle tilt compensation unit

— vehicle-operating unit

— vehicular unit

— water propulsion unit

— water purification and distillation unit

— water purification unit

— water treatment unit

— weapon training unit

— weapons location unit

— weapons practice unit

— weapons unit

— wet unit

— wireless observer unit

— workshop unit

* * *

1) часть; 2) единица

English-Russian military dictionary > unit
7 report

1) отчет

2) сводка
3) сообщать
4) докладывать
5) сообщение
6) протокол
7) представление данных
– draw up a report
– position report
– progress report
– report transmission
– survey report
– synoptic report
– test report
– wheel report
– workshop report

technical inspection report — акт технического осмотра

Англо-русский технический словарь > report
8 SWAT

1) Общая лексика: полицейский спецназ

2) Компьютерная техника: Stat Work Archiving Tool

3) Военный термин: A Simple Waste Of Action And Time, SOCRATES WS/LAN Analysis Testbed, Sidewinder angle tracking, Special Warriors Action Team, Special Work Assignment Teams, secure wire access terminal, service weapons acceptability tests, ship weapon against torpedoes, smart weapon attack trainer, special warfare armored transporter, special weapons assault team, strength and weakness analysis of target

4) Техника: Spacelab wide angle telescope

5) Шутливое выражение: Shoot Without Any Thinking, Sit Wait And Talk, Sitting And Watching All The Traffic, Some Weird Action Team, Someone Will Actually Think, South West Anarchy Team, Spun Warped And Twisted

6) Религия: Servant Witness Action Team, Servants Willing And Temporary

7) Метеорология: Soil Water And Air Team

8) Юридический термин: Secret World Adventure Team, Special Weapon And Tactics, спецназ, ОМОН, специальный отряд быстрого реагирования (СОБР. http://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?a=ForumReplies&MessNum=6747&L1=2&L2=1)

9) Металлургия: Stress Wave Analysis Techniques

10) Сокращение: Space Warfare Awareness Training, Special Warfare Armoured Transporter, Special Weapons And Tactics, Special Weapons Assault Team (USA), Samba Web Administration Tool, Sanibel Water Attack Team (swimming), Satellite, Wideband, and Telemetry (systems), Satellite-Based Worldwide Availability Tool, Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory, Scientific Wild Ass Guess, Seattle Washington Autoduel Team, Seeds, Weeds, And Trash, Sell What's Available Today, Servants with A Testimony, Server, Workstation And Technology Group, Service Weapons Acceptability Test, Sex Workers' Alliance of Toronto, Ship What's Available Today, Short Wavelength Adaptive Technology, Skilled With Advanced Tools (software development), Skilled Workers with Advanced Tools, Software Analysis and Testing (or Quality Assurance), Software Wireless Access Tandem, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (river basin model), Soldiers With Apostolic Truth, Solid Waste Assessment Team, Solid Waste Assessment Test, Solutions with Advanced Technologies (Cisco), Southwest Area Vocational-Technical (school), Southwest Association of Trackers, Special Weapons Attack Team (original name; now usually seen as Special Weapons And Tactics), Special Winning Attitude Team, Specialists With Advanced Tools, Spiritual Warfare and Training (youth ministry), Squad Weapons Analytical Trainer, Staff Without Adequate Training, Sticks With Ass-kicking Tactics, Strategic Weapons and Tactics (TV show), Strengths, Weakness, Advantages & Threats (assessment), Strengths, Weaknesses, Achievements & Threats (assessment), Students Winning Against Tobacco (Texas), Students With A Testimony, Students Working Against Tobacco, Students Working to Advance Technology, Students with a Target (student/police partnership program in Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Submillimeter Wave Advanced Technology, Subsea Well Abandonment Tool, Surface Weapons Against Torpedoes, Swift Action Team, Switch Assembly Test, System Wide Analysis Team, surface water assessment team

11) Университет: Student Workers Applying Technology, Student Working To Advance Technology, Student Writers And Teachers, Students With A Target, Students With Advanced Technologies, Students With Advisory Teams

12) Физиология: Straight White Attractive Teeth

13) Электроника: SoftWare Action Team

14) Пищевая промышленность: Small Winery Action Team

15) Деловая лексика: Security Willingness Accountability Trustworthy, Selling With Apple Technologies, Special Work Assignment Team, Super Winning Attitude Team

16) Образование: School Wide Assistive Technology

17) Авиационная медицина: subjective workload assessment technique

18) Безопасность: special weapons attack team

19) Должность: Skilled With Advanced Tools

20) Хобби: Syndicate Wrestling and Tradition

21) Федеральное бюро расследований: Special Weapons and Tactics Team

22) Международная торговля: Strategic Worldwide Acquisition Team

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SWAT
9 TDW

1) Общая лексика: Technical Directorate, Well Engineering (SEIC), Отдел проектирования скважин технического директората (Well Engineering)

2) Страхование: Theft Damage Waiver (из основных условий страхования при прокате автомобиля)

3) Политика: Texas Democratic Women

4) Сокращение: International Workshop on Thermal Detectors

5) Фирменный знак: T. D. Williamson, Inc.

6) Расширение файла: Turbo Debugger for Windows Configuration file, Debugger symbol table (Borland C++ Builder)

7) NYSE. Tidewater, Inc.

8) Аэропорты: Tradewinds Airport, Amarillo, Texas USA

9) Единицы измерений: Total Diamond Weight

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > TDW
10 swat

1) Общая лексика: полицейский спецназ

2) Компьютерная техника: Stat Work Archiving Tool

3) Военный термин: A Simple Waste Of Action And Time, SOCRATES WS/LAN Analysis Testbed, Sidewinder angle tracking, Special Warriors Action Team, Special Work Assignment Teams, secure wire access terminal, service weapons acceptability tests, ship weapon against torpedoes, smart weapon attack trainer, special warfare armored transporter, special weapons assault team, strength and weakness analysis of target

4) Техника: Spacelab wide angle telescope

5) Шутливое выражение: Shoot Without Any Thinking, Sit Wait And Talk, Sitting And Watching All The Traffic, Some Weird Action Team, Someone Will Actually Think, South West Anarchy Team, Spun Warped And Twisted

6) Религия: Servant Witness Action Team, Servants Willing And Temporary

7) Метеорология: Soil Water And Air Team

8) Юридический термин: Secret World Adventure Team, Special Weapon And Tactics, спецназ, ОМОН, специальный отряд быстрого реагирования (СОБР. http://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?a=ForumReplies&MessNum=6747&L1=2&L2=1)

9) Металлургия: Stress Wave Analysis Techniques

10) Сокращение: Space Warfare Awareness Training, Special Warfare Armoured Transporter, Special Weapons And Tactics, Special Weapons Assault Team (USA), Samba Web Administration Tool, Sanibel Water Attack Team (swimming), Satellite, Wideband, and Telemetry (systems), Satellite-Based Worldwide Availability Tool, Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory, Scientific Wild Ass Guess, Seattle Washington Autoduel Team, Seeds, Weeds, And Trash, Sell What's Available Today, Servants with A Testimony, Server, Workstation And Technology Group, Service Weapons Acceptability Test, Sex Workers' Alliance of Toronto, Ship What's Available Today, Short Wavelength Adaptive Technology, Skilled With Advanced Tools (software development), Skilled Workers with Advanced Tools, Software Analysis and Testing (or Quality Assurance), Software Wireless Access Tandem, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (river basin model), Soldiers With Apostolic Truth, Solid Waste Assessment Team, Solid Waste Assessment Test, Solutions with Advanced Technologies (Cisco), Southwest Area Vocational-Technical (school), Southwest Association of Trackers, Special Weapons Attack Team (original name; now usually seen as Special Weapons And Tactics), Special Winning Attitude Team, Specialists With Advanced Tools, Spiritual Warfare and Training (youth ministry), Squad Weapons Analytical Trainer, Staff Without Adequate Training, Sticks With Ass-kicking Tactics, Strategic Weapons and Tactics (TV show), Strengths, Weakness, Advantages & Threats (assessment), Strengths, Weaknesses, Achievements & Threats (assessment), Students Winning Against Tobacco (Texas), Students With A Testimony, Students Working Against Tobacco, Students Working to Advance Technology, Students with a Target (student/police partnership program in Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Submillimeter Wave Advanced Technology, Subsea Well Abandonment Tool, Surface Weapons Against Torpedoes, Swift Action Team, Switch Assembly Test, System Wide Analysis Team, surface water assessment team

11) Университет: Student Workers Applying Technology, Student Working To Advance Technology, Student Writers And Teachers, Students With A Target, Students With Advanced Technologies, Students With Advisory Teams

12) Физиология: Straight White Attractive Teeth

13) Электроника: SoftWare Action Team

14) Пищевая промышленность: Small Winery Action Team

15) Деловая лексика: Security Willingness Accountability Trustworthy, Selling With Apple Technologies, Special Work Assignment Team, Super Winning Attitude Team

16) Образование: School Wide Assistive Technology

17) Авиационная медицина: subjective workload assessment technique

18) Безопасность: special weapons attack team

19) Должность: Skilled With Advanced Tools

20) Хобби: Syndicate Wrestling and Tradition

21) Федеральное бюро расследований: Special Weapons and Tactics Team

22) Международная торговля: Strategic Worldwide Acquisition Team

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > swat
11 tdw

1) Общая лексика: Technical Directorate, Well Engineering (SEIC), Отдел проектирования скважин технического директората (Well Engineering)

2) Страхование: Theft Damage Waiver (из основных условий страхования при прокате автомобиля)

3) Политика: Texas Democratic Women

4) Сокращение: International Workshop on Thermal Detectors

5) Фирменный знак: T. D. Williamson, Inc.

6) Расширение файла: Turbo Debugger for Windows Configuration file, Debugger symbol table (Borland C++ Builder)

7) NYSE. Tidewater, Inc.

8) Аэропорты: Tradewinds Airport, Amarillo, Texas USA

9) Единицы измерений: Total Diamond Weight

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > tdw
12 work

[wə:k] 1. noun
1) (effort made in order to achieve or make something: He has done a lot of work on this project) delo

2) (employment: I cannot find work in this town.) delo

3) (a task or tasks; the thing that one is working on: Please clear your work off the table.) delo

4) (a painting, book, piece of music etc: the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart; This work was composed in 1816.) delo

5) (the product or result of a person's labours: His work has shown a great improvement lately.) delo

6) (one's place of employment: He left (his) work at 5.30 p.m.; I don't think I'll go to work tomorrow.) delo
2. verb
1) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) delati; priganjati k delu

2) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) delati

3) (to (cause to) operate (in the correct way): He has no idea how that machine works / how to work that machine; That machine doesn't/won't work, but this one's working.) delovati; upravljati

4) (to be practicable and/or successful: If my scheme works, we'll be rich!) delovati

5) (to make (one's way) slowly and carefully with effort or difficulty: She worked her way up the rock face.) s težavo napredovati

6) (to get into, or put into, a stated condition or position, slowly and gradually: The wheel worked loose.) postajati bolj in bolj

7) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) izdelati

•

- - work
- workable
- worker
- works 3. noun plural
1) (the mechanism (of a watch, clock etc): The works are all rusted.) mehanizem

2) (deeds, actions etc: She's devoted her life to good works.) dela

•

- work-basket
- work-box
- workbook
- workforce
- working class
- working day
- work-day
- working hours
- working-party
- work-party
- working week
- workman
- workmanlike
- workmanship
- workmate
- workout
- workshop
- at work
- get/set to work
- go to work on
- have one's work cut out
- in working order
- out of work
- work of art
- work off
- work out
- work up
- work up to
- work wonders
* * *
I [wə:k]
noun

(telesno ali duševno) delo; ukvarjanje, ustvarjanje, dejavnost; posel, zaposlitev; naloga; (žensko) ročno delo; delovni proces, rezultat dela, proizvod, izdelek; izdelava, obdelava, način izdelave; delovna sposobnost; težak posel, trud, muka; pogon (stroja); plural stavbna dela, stavbišče; javna dela; military utrdbe, utrdbena dela; (singular construction) tovarna, fabrika, obrat, delavnica; talilnica, livarna; technical mehanizem, gonilo, kolesje, zobčasti prenos; plural religion dobra dela

in work — zaposlen; (ki je) v pogonu (obratu)

out of work — brez dela, brezposeln, nezaposlen

a work of art — umetniško delo, umetnina

a work of genius — genialno delo

works of a clock — mehanizem ure

the works of Bach — Bachova dela

works of mercy — dobrodelna dela

earth works architecture zemeljska dela

good works — dobra dela

iron works — talilnica železa, železarna

Minister of Works — minister za javna dela

glass works — steklarna

gas works — plinarna

Public Works — javna dela

out works architecture zunanja dela

stone works — zidarska dela

upper works nautical nadvodni del ladje; vrhnja gradba, deli ladje nad zgornjo palubo

wood works — lesena konstrukcija, leseni deli hiše, leseni predmeti

shock-work — udarniško delo

to be out of work — biti brez dela, biti brezposeln

to be at work — delati, delovati, funkcionirati

it's all in the day's work — to ni (prav) nič nenavadnega, to je normalno, to je del (vsako)-dnevnega dela

to cease ( —ali to stop) work — nehati z delom

I did a good day's work — veliko sem naredil danes

to give s.o. the works American colloquially ozmerjati, premlatiti koga

to get ( —ali to set) to work — lotiti se dela, začeti delati

to go ( —ali to set) about one's work — lotiti se svojega dela

to have plenty of work to do — imeti mnogo dela

I have my work cut out for me — imam polne roke dela

to make sad work of it figuratively vse uničiti

to make short ( —ali quick) work of — hitro opraviti z, hitro obvladati

that is your work — to je tvoja naloga

to look for work — iskati delo
II
() [wə:k]

1.

transitive verb

delati (na čem), izdel(ov)ati, obdelati; narediti, proizvesti, proizvajati; poetically umetniško izdelati; plesti, tkati, izdelati na statvah; šivati; vesti; oblikovati, (iz)kovati; tiskati; mesiti; kopati (rudo), obdelovati (zemljo); commerce poslovati, poslovno potovati (po nekem področju); slang prodati; plačati (potovanje) z delom; preiskati, raziskati; mathematics izračunati, rešiti (nalogo); vplivati na (koga), nagovarjati (koga); slang prevarati, oslepariti; izvesti, uresničiti, izvršiti, povzročiti; streči (topu, stroju); uporabljati (žival) za delo, vpreči; izkoriščati (rudnik); pustiti koga, da težko dela; premikati, poganjati, gnati, goniti

to work o.s. to death — ubi(ja)ti se z delom, garati

to work o.s. into s.o.'s favour — pridobiti si naklonjenost kake osebe

to work o.s. into a rage — pobesneti

to work the bellows — goniti meh

to work a farm — voditi farmo (kmetijo)

to work a change — izvršiti, povzročiti spremembo

to work wonders — delati čuda (čudeže)

to work one's will — uresničiti svojo voljo

can you work the screw loose? — lahko zrahljate vijak?

to work (one's way) through college — sam se vzdrževati med študijem

my partner works the Liverpool district — moj družabnik potuje (poslovno) na področju Liverpoola

to work a slave to death — do smrti priganjati sužnja k delu, ubiti ga z delom

servants are not worked now as they were formerly — od služinčadi se danes ne zahteva več toliko dela kot nekoč

to work a crane — upravljati z žerjavom

to work a coal seam — izkoriščati plast premoga

to work a ship — upravljati ladjo

to work one's way — pot si utreti (napraviti)

these machines are worked by steam — te stroje poganja para

it is a good scheme, but can you work it? — to je dober načrt, toda, ali ga lahko izvedete?

this belief has worked much evil — to verovanje je povzročilo mnogo zla

the candidate works the district — kandidat opravlja volilno kampanjo v okrožju

to work one's passage nautical zaslužiti svoj prevoz z delom

to work one's horses — priganjati konje k delu

to work one's social relations in business — izkoriščati svoje družabne zveze poslovno;

2.

intransitive verb

delati, delovati, biti zaposlen (s čim); baviti se (s čim); truditi se; funkcionirati, posrečiti se, uspeti; razviti se, dozoreti; vreti; biti v pogonu, delati (stroj), prijemati eden v drugega (zobata kolesa); šivati, vesti (vezem); prebijati se (z delom); razvleči se; trzati (se) (obraz); mahati (s čim); težko, z muko se premikati, gibati; nautical križariti; besneti, biti razburkan (morje); figuratively krčevito delati

to work against time — delati v tekmi s časom

to work like a dog ( —ali horse —ali nigger) — delati kot črna živina

my stove works well — moja peč dobro dela

your method won't work — z vašo metodo ne boste uspeli

I tried but it did not work — poskušal sem, a ni se mi posrečilo

the poison began to work — strup je začel delovati

to work into a crowd — vriniti se v množico

to work loose — zrahljati se (vijak itd.)

waves work to and fro — valovi so razburkani

to work double tides — delati podnevi in ponoči

that won't work with me — to ne bo vplivalo name (vžgalo pri meni);

English-Slovenian dictionary > work
13 sergeant

сержант ( звание или должность) ; см. тж. noncommissioned officer

— ammunition sergeant

— armorer sergeant

— assistance intelligence sergeant

— barracks sergeant

— chemical operations sergeant

— colour sergeant

— commander sergeant

— communications sergeant

— company QM sergeant

— counterfire operations sergeant

— desk sergeant

— disciplinary sergeant

— drill sergeant

— engineer reconnaissance sergeant

— field first sergeant

— first sergeant

— handling sergeant

— in-service drill sergeant

— instrument sergeant

— intelligence sergeant

— jump sergeant

— junior drill sergeant

— lance sergeant

— leader sergeant

— liaison sergeant

— master sergeant

— messing sergeant

— motor sergeant

— NBC defense sergeant

— operations sergeant

— orderly room sergeant

— ordnance sergeant

— pay sergeant

— personnel sergeant

— platoon sergeant

— police sergeant

— provost sergeant

— QM sergeant

— recruiting sergeant

— reenlistment sergeant

— senior drill sergeant

— senior sergeant

— sergeant of the guard

— signal sergeant

— special operations senior sergeant

— squad sergeant

— subsistence sergeant

— supply and service sergeant

— supply sergeant

— survey sergeant

— tank sergeant

— technical supply sergeant

— transportation sergeant

— WAC training sergeant

— workshop sergeant

English-Russian military dictionary > sergeant
14 facility

n

1) кредит, кредитная линия; ссуда

2) программа кредитования

3) pl возможности, условия деятельности; производственные мощности

4) pl сооружения; объекты

- acceptance facility
- advance factory facilities
- airport facilities
- air traffic facilities
- approved delivery facilities
- auxiliary facilities
- backstop credit facility
- backup underwriting facility
- baggage facilities
- bank facilities
- banking facilities
- capital facilities
- cargo handling facilities
- catering facilities
- Central Bank facility
- cold storage facilities
- commercial facilities
- communications facilities
- community facilities
- Compensatory and Contingency Financing facility
- computer facilities
- contingency financing facility
- contingent investment support facility
- contingent swap facility
- creche facilities
- credit facilities
- customer look-up facility
- customs facilities
- designing facilities
- discounting facilities
- distribution facilities
- dockage facilities
- editing facilities
- educational facilities
- emergency facilities
- extended fund facility
- Euronote facilities
- fabrication facilities
- factory conveyance facilities
- field-test facilities
- financing facility
- freight handling facilities
- government facilities
- ground facilities
- handling facilities
- harbour facilities
- health facilities
- housing facilities
- idle facilities
- industrial facilities
- industrial conveyance facilities
- in-house facilities
- international banking facility
- inventory storage facilities
- laboratory facilities
- leisure facilities
- lifting facilities
- living facilities
- loading facilities
- loan facilities
- loan facility
- long-term credit facilities
- maintenance facilities
- management facilities
- manufacturing facility
- manufacturing facilities
- marketing facilities
- minimum facilities
- modern facilities
- multioption financing facility
- nonrelated facility
- nonunderwritten facilities
- office facilities
- off-loading facilities
- overdraft facility
- overhead facilities
- parking facilities
- passenger facilities
- payment facilities
- plant facilities
- plant storage facilities
- pollution control facilities
- port facilities
- port handling and receiving facilities
- processing facilities
- production facilities
- production and technical facilities
- public facilities
- R & D facilities
- reciprocal credit facilities
- recreational facilities
- refrigeration facilities
- related facility
- repair facilities
- research facilities
- revolving underwriting facility
- sales facilities
- service facilities
- shipping facilities
- shopping facilities
- sports facilities
- standby facilities
- storage facilities
- subsidiary facilities
- swap insurance facility
- telecommunications facilities
- terminal facilities
- test facilities
- testing facilities
- trade financing facility
- trade-related facility
- transfer facilities
- transport facilities
- transportation facilities
- underwritten facilities
- unloading facilities
- vacant facilities
- warehouse facilities
- waste treatment facilities
- water facilities
- water treating facilities
- waterworks facility
- wholly-owned facilities
- working capital facility
- workshop facilities
- facilities for credit buying
- facility for inspection
- enjoy credit facilities
- furnish necessary facilities
- grant facilities
- provide facilities
- provide transport facilities
- strengthen production facilities

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > facility
15 manual

n

руководство; инструкция; справочник; указатель

- accounting manual
- budget manual
- concise manual
- erection manual
- instruction manual
- maintenance manual
- operating manual
- operation manual
- operations manual
- operator's manual
- organization manual
- overhaul manual
- performance manual
- process technology manual
- repair manual
- service manual
- servicing manual
- shop manual
- technical manual
- workshop manual
- manual of classification
- manual of instruction
- manual on repairs
- prepare a manual

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > manual
16 report

1) отчёт || составлять отчёт

2) рапорт || представлять рапорт

3) доклад || докладывать

4) сообщение, уведомление

5) сводка; протокол; акт

•

to draw up a report — составлять отчёт

- position report

- progress report

- survey report

- synoptic report

- technical inspection report

- test report

- wheel report

- workshop report

English-Russian scientific dictionary > report
17 Bessemer, Sir Henry

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, England

d. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England

[br]

English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.

[br]

The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.

The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.

Bibliography

1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Bessemer, Sir Henry
18 Breguet, Abraham-Louis

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

[br]

baptized 10 January 1747 Neuchâtel, Switzerland

d. 17 September 1823 Paris, France

[br]

Swiss clock-and watchmaker who made many important contributions to horology.

[br]

When Breguet was 11 years old his father died and his mother married a Swiss watchmaker who had Paris connections. His stepfather introduced him to horology and this led to an apprenticeship in Paris, during which he also attended evening classes in mathematics at the Collège Mazarin. In 1775 he married and set up a workshop in Paris, initially in collaboration with Xavier Gide. There he established a reputation among the aristocracy for elegant and innovative timepieces which included a perpétuelle, or self-winding watch, which he developed from the ideas of Perrelet. He also enjoyed the patronage of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. During the French Revolution his life was in danger and in 1793 he fled to Neuchâtel. The two years he spent there comprised what was intellectually one of his most productive periods and provided many of the ideas that he was able to exploit after he had returned to Paris in 1795. By the time of his death he had become the most prestigious watchmaker in Europe: he supplied timepieces to Napoleon and, after the fall of the Empire, to Louis XVIII, as well as to most of the crowned heads of Europe.

Breguet divided his contributions to horology into three categories: improvements in appearance and functionality; improvements in durability; and improvements in timekeeping. His pendule sympathique was in the first category and consisted of a clock which during the night set a watch to time, regulated it and wound it. His parachute, a spring-loaded bearing, made a significant contribution to the durability of a watch by preventing damage to its movement if it was dropped. Among the many improvements that Breguet made to timekeeping, two important ones were the introduction of the overcoil balance spring and the tourbillon. By bending the outside end of the balance spring over the top of the coils Breguet was able to make the oscillations of the balance isochronous, thus achieving for the flat spring what Arnold had already accomplished for the cylindrical balance spring. The timekeeping of a balance is also dependent on its position, and the tourbillon was an attempt to average-out positional errors by placing the balance wheel and the escapement in a cage that rotated once every minute. This principle was revived in a simplified form in the karussel at the end of the nineteenth century.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Horloger de la marine 1815. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1815.

Bibliography

Breguet gathered information for a treatise on horology that was never published but which was later plagiarized by Louis Moinet in his Traité d'horlogerie, 1848.

Further Reading

G.Daniels, 1974, The An of Breguet, London (an account of his life with a good technical assessment of his work).

DV

Biographical history of technology > Breguet, Abraham-Louis
19 Chippendale, Thomas

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors

[br]

baptized 5 June 1718 Otley, Yorkshire, England

d. 13 November 1779 London, England

[br]

English cabinet-maker who published the first comprehensive book of furniture.

[br]

Thomas Chippendale was the son of a carpenter. The business that he set up in London was so well established by 1753 that he was able to move to larger premises—a workshop, timberyard and shop—in the furniture-making centre of London, at 60–62 St Martin's Lane. In 1754 he published his folio work The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker's Director, which contained illustrations of every conceivable type of furniture. No previously published book was as comprehensive. The Director, as it came to be called, made Chippendale famous and he became the best known of all such English craftsmen and designers. Further editions of the book followed in 1755 and 1762.

Stylistically most of the furniture designs in the Director followed the contemporary rococo fashion, but a number followed other popular themes such as the so-called "literary Gothic" and chinoiserie. Indeed, the Chinese versions became so well known that such furniture became known as "Chinese Chippendale". Chippendale's later work was more neo-classical, much of it produced at the request of Robert Adam for the many great houses whose interiors he was re-designing in the 1760s and 1770s.

From a technical viewpoint, Chippendale's furniture was made from a variety of woods and incorporated diverse decoration. Mahogany was the fashionable wood of the age, particularly during the middle years of the eighteenth century, and lent itself especially to the fine and elaborate carving that characterized Chippendale's intricate chair and settee backs. By the later 1760s other woods were also often in use, sometimes gilded and turned, sometimes inlaid with materials such as ivory or ceramic plaques and fine ormolu mounts. Later still, painted designs were applied to panel surfaces. Alternatively, a delicate form of marquetry had been fashionably revived.

[br]

Further Reading

C.Gilbert, 1972, The Life and Work of Thomas Chippendale: Studio Vista.

1986, Dictionary of English Furniture-Makers, The Furniture History Society and W.F. Maney.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Chippendale, Thomas
20 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germany

d. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany

[br]

German inventor of printing with movable type.

[br]

Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.

Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.

In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.

Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.

[br]

Further Reading

A.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.

Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.

S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

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