-
61 load customer
потребитель электрической энергии
Юридическое или физическое лицо, осуществляющее пользование электрической энергией (мощностью).
[ ГОСТ 13109-97]
потребитель электрической энергии
Потребителем электрической энергии называется предприятие, организация, квартира, у которых приемники электрической энергии присоединены к электрической сети и используют электрическую энергию.
[РД 34.20.185-94]
потребитель (абонент) электрической энергии
Юридическое лицо, осуществляющее пользование электрической энергией (мощностью).
[Министерство топлива и энергетики РФ. Правила учета электрической энергии]
потребитель электрической энергии
Предприятие, организация, территориально обособленный цех, строительная площадка, квартира, у которых приемники электрической энергии присоединены к электрической сети и используют электрическую энергию.
[ ГОСТ 19431-84]EN
consumer
a user of electricity provided by an electricity supply system, generally a distribution system
[IEV ref 604-01-03]
consumer
customer
the party who receives electricity from the supply or distribution undertaking
[IEV ref 691-01-04]FR
usager
consommateur
utilisateur d'une installation consommant de l'énergie électrique provenant d'un réseau, généralement de distribution
[IEV ref 604-01-03]
client
partie qui reçoit de l'électricité d'un fournisseur
[IEV ref 691-01-04]Обеспечение бесперебойного снабжения потребителей электроэнергией надлежащего качества
[СН 174-75]
1.5.2. Расчетным учетом электроэнергии называется учет выработанной, а также отпущенной потребителям электроэнергии для денежного расчета за нее.
Счетчики, устанавливаемые для расчетного учета, называются расчетными счетчиками.
[ПУЭ]Тематики
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- потребители, являющиеся виновниками ухудшения качества электроэнергии
EN
- consumer
- customer
- electric consumer
- electrical customer
- load customer
- power consumer
- user of electric power
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > load customer
-
62 power consumer
потребитель электрической энергии
Юридическое или физическое лицо, осуществляющее пользование электрической энергией (мощностью).
[ ГОСТ 13109-97]
потребитель электрической энергии
Потребителем электрической энергии называется предприятие, организация, квартира, у которых приемники электрической энергии присоединены к электрической сети и используют электрическую энергию.
[РД 34.20.185-94]
потребитель (абонент) электрической энергии
Юридическое лицо, осуществляющее пользование электрической энергией (мощностью).
[Министерство топлива и энергетики РФ. Правила учета электрической энергии]
потребитель электрической энергии
Предприятие, организация, территориально обособленный цех, строительная площадка, квартира, у которых приемники электрической энергии присоединены к электрической сети и используют электрическую энергию.
[ ГОСТ 19431-84]EN
consumer
a user of electricity provided by an electricity supply system, generally a distribution system
[IEV ref 604-01-03]
consumer
customer
the party who receives electricity from the supply or distribution undertaking
[IEV ref 691-01-04]FR
usager
consommateur
utilisateur d'une installation consommant de l'énergie électrique provenant d'un réseau, généralement de distribution
[IEV ref 604-01-03]
client
partie qui reçoit de l'électricité d'un fournisseur
[IEV ref 691-01-04]Обеспечение бесперебойного снабжения потребителей электроэнергией надлежащего качества
[СН 174-75]
1.5.2. Расчетным учетом электроэнергии называется учет выработанной, а также отпущенной потребителям электроэнергии для денежного расчета за нее.
Счетчики, устанавливаемые для расчетного учета, называются расчетными счетчиками.
[ПУЭ]Тематики
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- потребители, являющиеся виновниками ухудшения качества электроэнергии
EN
- consumer
- customer
- electric consumer
- electrical customer
- load customer
- power consumer
- user of electric power
DE
FR
потребитель электроэнергии
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > power consumer
-
63 user of electric power
потребитель электрической энергии
Юридическое или физическое лицо, осуществляющее пользование электрической энергией (мощностью).
[ ГОСТ 13109-97]
потребитель электрической энергии
Потребителем электрической энергии называется предприятие, организация, квартира, у которых приемники электрической энергии присоединены к электрической сети и используют электрическую энергию.
[РД 34.20.185-94]
потребитель (абонент) электрической энергии
Юридическое лицо, осуществляющее пользование электрической энергией (мощностью).
[Министерство топлива и энергетики РФ. Правила учета электрической энергии]
потребитель электрической энергии
Предприятие, организация, территориально обособленный цех, строительная площадка, квартира, у которых приемники электрической энергии присоединены к электрической сети и используют электрическую энергию.
[ ГОСТ 19431-84]EN
consumer
a user of electricity provided by an electricity supply system, generally a distribution system
[IEV ref 604-01-03]
consumer
customer
the party who receives electricity from the supply or distribution undertaking
[IEV ref 691-01-04]FR
usager
consommateur
utilisateur d'une installation consommant de l'énergie électrique provenant d'un réseau, généralement de distribution
[IEV ref 604-01-03]
client
partie qui reçoit de l'électricité d'un fournisseur
[IEV ref 691-01-04]Обеспечение бесперебойного снабжения потребителей электроэнергией надлежащего качества
[СН 174-75]
1.5.2. Расчетным учетом электроэнергии называется учет выработанной, а также отпущенной потребителям электроэнергии для денежного расчета за нее.
Счетчики, устанавливаемые для расчетного учета, называются расчетными счетчиками.
[ПУЭ]Тематики
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- потребители, являющиеся виновниками ухудшения качества электроэнергии
EN
- consumer
- customer
- electric consumer
- electrical customer
- load customer
- power consumer
- user of electric power
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > user of electric power
-
64 MMS
- служба передачи мультимедийных сообщений
- служба мультимедийных сообщений
- система управления информацией по членскому составу
- система мониторинга механического состояния оборудования
- ручной пускатель
ручной пускатель
Пускатель, у которого сила, необходимая для замыкания главных контактов, обеспечивается исключительно мышечной энергией руки.
(МЭС 441-14-39)
[ ГОСТ Р 50030.4.1-2002 (МЭК 60947-4-1-2000)]EN
manual starter
a starter in which the force for closing the main contacts is provided exclusively by manual energy
[IEV number 441-14-39]FR
démarreur à main
démarreur pour lequel l'effort nécessaire à la fermeture des contacts principaux est fourni exclusivement par une énergie manuelle
[IEV number 441-14-Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Рис. ABB
Ручной пускатель MS116
Рис. ABB
Электрическая схема ручного пускателя MS116Manual motor starters are electromechanical protection devices for the main circuit. They are used mainly to switch motors manually ON/OFF and protect them fuse less against short-circuit, overload and phase failures.
[ABB]Ручные пускатели - контактные аппараты, предназначенные для ручного включения и отключения, а также для защиты двигателей (без использования предохранителей) от короткого замыкания, перегрузки и обрыва фазы.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- контакторы и пускатели
EN
DE
FR
система мониторинга механического состояния оборудования
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
система управления информацией по членскому составу
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
служба передачи мультимедийных сообщений
Услуга сотовой связи, предусматривающая передачу неголосовых сообщений между мобильными устройствами текста с иллюстрациями, звуковыми и видеоматериалами. Синоним MMS (Multimedia Messaging) операторский сервис, позволяющий пользователям посылать с сотовых телефонов с встроенными цифровыми камерами сообщения, объединяющие текст, звук и изображения.
[ http://navtel.uz/uzb/termin.html]
служба мультимедийных сообщений
Служба для мобильных терминалов, которая обеспечивает передачу изображений, аудио- и видеоинформации.
MMS — это служба обмена сообщениями в мобильной среде, стандартизованная WAP Forum и 3GPP. MMS является новой ступенью эволюции технологий обмена сообщениями в сетях сотовой связи и является логическим продолжением технологии SMS.
Однако, в отличие от услуги SMS с ее весьма существенными ограничениями по размеру и типу передаваемых сообщений, MMS позволяет обмениваться достаточно большими мультимедийными сообщениями - с форматированным текстом, встроенными графикой, аудио и видеоклипами.
Для обеспечения обмена мультимедийными сообщениями между абонентами, а также для реализации дополнительных услуг на базе MMS оператору необходим Центр мультимедийных сообщений (MMS Center). MMS-центр включает в себя два основных компонента:
• MMS Relay (Сервер коммутации сообщений), в задачи которого входит передача сообщений между абонентскими терминалами и различными сетевыми элементами.
• Сервер базы данных, который обрабатывает MMS-сообщения и управляет базами данных системы.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]Тематики
EN
служба передачи мультимедийных сообщений
служба обмена мультимедийными сообщениями
услуга мультимедийных сообщений
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > MMS
-
65 refreshment
rɪˈfreʃmənt сущ.
1) восстановление сил;
отдых a season of refreshment ≈ время отдыха She danced next with an officer, and had the refreshment of talking of Henry. ≈ Следующий танец она танцевала с офицером и отдыхала от болтовни Генри.
2) а) подкрепление;
что-л. освежающее, восстанавливающее силы to take refreshment ≈ подкрепиться б) обыкн. мн. закуска;
освежающий напиток to offer refreshments ≈ предлагать закуски light refreshments ≈ легкие закуски liquid refreshments ≈ освежительные напитки refreshment bar ≈ буфет, бар - refreshment room
3) уст. пополнение запасов продовольствия;
пополнение живой силы
4) тех. ремонт, восстановление;
модернизация
5) компьют. регенерация информации;
обновление информации refreshment system ≈ система регенерации (напр., изображения) ∙ Sunday of Refreshment ≈ четвертое воскресенье Великого поста восстановление сил;
отдых - to feel * of mind and body отдохнуть душой и телом что-л. освежающее, восстанавливающее силы;
еда, питье - to take /to have/ some * подкрепиться - to order some * заказать что-л. поесть легкая закуска, завтрак - *s provided питание включается в стоимость билета (на самолете и т. п.) (Refreshments) буфет (надпись) - * car вагон-ресторан - * room буфет refreshment (обыкн. pl) закуска;
освежающий напиток ~ (что-л.) освежающее, восстанавливающее силы ~ подкрепление;
восстановление сил;
отдых ~ attr.: ~ room буфет (на вокзале и т. п.) ;
refreshment car вагон-ресторан ~ attr.: ~ room буфет (на вокзале и т. п.) ;
refreshment car вагон-ресторан ~ attr.: ~ room буфет (на вокзале и т. п.) ;
refreshment car вагон-ресторанБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > refreshment
-
66 FMSC
1) Военный термин: Federal Manual for Supply Cataloging2) Автоматика: flexible manufacturing system complex provided with laser3) Общественная организация: Feed My Starving Children -
67 route
1) трасса || осуществлять трассировку (напр. в САПР БИС)3) маршрут || выбирать маршрут (напр. в сети)4) путь; траектория || выбирать путь; следовать по траектории•- alternate route
- ASE routes
- autonomous system external routes
- by-pass route
- dead-end route
- default route
- direct route
- diverse route
- fully provided route
- host route
- network route
- overflow route
- spillover route
- trunk route
- virtual route -
68 route
1) трасса || осуществлять трассировку (напр. в САПР БИС)3) маршрут || выбирать маршрут (напр. в сети)4) путь; траектория || выбирать путь; следовать по траектории•- alternate route
- ASE routes
- autonomous system external routes
- by-pass route
- dead-end route
- default route
- direct route
- diverse route
- fully provided route
- host route
- network route
- overflow route
- spillover route
- trunk route
- virtual routeThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > route
-
69 FMSC
сокр. от flexible manufacturing system complex provided with laserEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > FMSC
-
70 _vid_default_mode_win
Тип: ToggleЗначение по умолчанию: 0Видео режим по умолчанию для оконного режима.Note: A list of video modes is not provided for this variable because the list is generated automatically by the game depending on the video card used in the system.Engllish-Russian dictionary of Quake game > _vid_default_mode_win
-
71 aeronautical fixed telecommunication network
aeronautical fixed telecommunication network; AFTNA worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications characteristics.(AN 3; AN 10/II)Official definition deleted from AN 10/I and added to AN 10/II by Amdt 71 (07/11/1996).сеть авиационной фиксированной электросвязи; AFTNВсемирная система авиационных фиксированных цепей, являющаяся частью авиационной фиксированной службы и предусматривающая обмен сообщениями и/или цифровыми данными между авиационными фиксированными станциями с аналогичными или совместимыми связными характеристиками.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > aeronautical fixed telecommunication network
-
72 AFTN
aeronautical fixed telecommunication network; AFTNA worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications characteristics.(AN 3; AN 10/II)Official definition deleted from AN 10/I and added to AN 10/II by Amdt 71 (07/11/1996).сеть авиационной фиксированной электросвязи; AFTNВсемирная система авиационных фиксированных цепей, являющаяся частью авиационной фиксированной службы и предусматривающая обмен сообщениями и/или цифровыми данными между авиационными фиксированными станциями с аналогичными или совместимыми связными характеристиками.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > AFTN
-
73 providing
n обеспечениеСинонимический ряд:1. provision (noun) contributing; equipping; furnishing; outfitting; procurement; provision; replenishment; stocking; supplying2. giving (verb) delivering; dishing out; dispensing; feeding; finding; furnishing; giving; hand over; handing; handing over; supplying; transferring; turn over; turning over3. offering (verb) affording; offering4. on condition that (other) if; in case that; in the event that; just in case; on condition; on condition that; provided; subject to; supposing -
74 support
1. n поддержка, помощьI hope to have your support — я надеюсь, что вы меня поддержите
2. n опора, оплотthe elder son is the support of the family — старший сын — опора семьи
3. n кормилец4. n средства к существованию5. n финансовое обеспечение, содержаниеthe school draws its support from public subscriptions — школа существует на средства, собранные общественностью
6. n обеспечениеdepot support — обеспечение, осуществляемое складом
7. n воен. материально-техническое обеспечение8. n театр. актёр или актриса на вторых или выходных ролях9. n жив. основа, основание10. n тех. кронштейн11. n тех. штатив12. n тех. горн. стойка13. n тех. суппорт, держатель14. n спорт. упор15. n спорт. наплыв16. n спорт. эк. закупка для поддержания цен, интервенционная скупка17. v поддерживать, подпирать18. v помогать, поддерживать; содержать19. v воен. обеспечивать; обслуживать20. v оказывать поддержку; придавать силы21. v спорт. быть поклонником22. v защищать; помогать, содействоватьto support the peace policy — поддерживать мирную политику, выступать в защиту политики мира
23. v подтверждать, служить доказательствомlend support — оказывать поддержку; подтверждать
24. v выдерживать, выносить, сносить25. v театр. играть вторые роли, участвовать в эпизодахfront lying support hang on low bar — вис лежа на н.ж.
26. v эк. поддерживать на определённом уровнеСинонимический ряд:1. backing (noun) backing; patronage; promotion2. blessing (noun) blessing; favor; succor3. brace (noun) abutment; brace; buttress; column; crutch; foundation; mainstay; prop; shore; stay; strut; truss; underpinner; underpinning; underpropping4. defense (noun) defense; evidence; justification; reasoning5. help (noun) aid; assist; assistance; comfort; hand; help; lift; relief; secours; succour6. living (noun) alimentation; alimony; bread; bread and butter; keep; livelihood; living; maintenance; provision; salt; subsistence; sustenance; upkeep7. advance (verb) advance; champion; promote8. advocate (verb) advocate; back; defend; endorse; forward; further; get behind; plump for; side with; stand behind9. bear (verb) abide; accept; bear; brook; digest; endure; go; go through; lump; put up with; stand; stick out; stomach; suffer; swallow; sweat out; take; tolerate; undergo10. bear up (verb) bear up; bolster; brace; buoy up; buttress; carry; prop; shore up; strengthen; sustain; underprop; upbear11. finance (verb) finance; fund; subsidize12. help (verb) abet; aid; assist; help; relieve; succour13. maintain (verb) buoy; keep; keep up; maintain; nourish; nurture; provide for14. sponsor (verb) patronise; sponsor15. uphold (verb) backstop; hold; hold up; side; uphold16. verify (verb) confirm; corroborate; establish; substantiate; verifyАнтонимический ряд:betray; block; check; circumvent; counteract; cripple; defeat; desert; destroy; disconcert; discontinue; discourage; dishearten; drop; neglect; oppose; opposition; succumb; superstructure; weaken -
75 entertainment
entertainment [‚entə'teɪnmənt](a) (amusement) amusement m, divertissement m;∎ for your entertainment, we have organized… pour vous distraire ou amuser, nous avons organisé…;∎ much to the entertainment of the crowd au grand amusement de la foule;∎ this film is or provides good family entertainment ce film est un bon divertissement familial;∎ her favourite entertainment is reading la lecture est sa distraction préférée;∎ we had to make our own entertainment il a fallu que l'on se divertisse nous-mêmes(b) (performance) spectacle m, attraction f;∎ musical entertainments will be provided des attractions musicales sont prévues;∎ this is a serious job, not an entertainment c'est un travail sérieux, pas un jeu;∎ the entertainment business l'industrie f du spectacle;∎ this show is intended to be an entertainment ce spectacle est censé être un divertissement►► Commerce entertainment allowance frais mpl de représentation;entertainment centre système m audio-vidéo;entertainments director (at holiday centre etc) directeur(trice) m,f de l'animation;entertainment magazine guide m des spectacles;entertainments officer (on ship, in students' union) responsable mf chargé de l'animation;Computing entertainment software logiciel m de loisir;entertainment system système m audio-vidéo;entertainment tax taxe f sur les spectacles✾ Film 'That's Entertainment!' Jack Haley Jr 'Il était une fois Hollywood'Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > entertainment
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76 flexitime
HRa system of flexible working hours based on a set number of hours to be worked per week. Employees are able to determine their precise hours of work, provided business demands are met and attendance at work during core periods is achieved. A debit or credit of hours can be carried forward into the next accounting period. -
77 Bacon, Francis Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 21 December 1904 Billericay, Englandd. 24 May 1992 Little Shelford, Cambridge, England[br]English mechanical engineer, a pioneer in the modern phase of fuel-cell development.[br]After receiving his education at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, Bacon served with C.A. Parsons at Newcastle upon Tyne from 1925 to 1940. From 1946 to 1956 he carried out research on Hydrox fuel cells at Cambridge University and was a consultant on fuel-cell design to a number of organizations throughout the rest of his life.Sir William Grove was the first to observe that when oxygen and hydrogen were supplied to platinum electrodes immersed in sulphuric acid a current was produced in an external circuit, but he did not envisage this as a practical source of electrical energy. In the 1930s Bacon started work to develop a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell that operated at moderate temperatures and pressures using an alkaline electrolyte. In 1940 he was appointed to a post at King's College, London, and there, with the support of the Admiralty, he started full-time experimental work on fuel cells. His brief was to produce a power source for the propulsion of submarines. The following year he was posted as a temporary experimental officer to the Anti-Submarine Experimental Establishment at Fairlie, Ayrshire, and he remained there until the end of the Second World War.In 1946 he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Cambridge, receiving a small amount of money from the Electrical Research Association. Backing came six years later from the National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), the development of the fuel cell being transferred to Marshalls of Cambridge, where Bacon was appointed Consultant.By 1959, after almost twenty years of individual effort, he was able to demonstrate a 6 kW (8 hp) power unit capable of driving a small truck. Bacon appreciated that when substantial power was required over long periods the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell associated with high-pressure gas storage would be more compact than conventional secondary batteries.The development of the fuel-cell system pioneered by Bacon was stimulated by a particular need for a compact, lightweight source of power in the United States space programme. Electro-chemical generators using hydrogen-oxygen cells were chosen to provide the main supplies on the Apollo spacecraft for landing on the surface of the moon in 1969. An added advantage of the cells was that they simultaneously provided water. NRDC was largely responsible for the forma-tion of Energy Conversion Ltd, a company that was set up to exploit Bacon's patents and to manufacture fuel cells, and which was supported by British Ropes Ltd, British Petroleum and Guest, Keen \& Nettlefold Ltd at Basingstoke. Bacon was their full-time consultant. In 1971 Energy Conversion's operation was moved to the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, as Fuel Cells Ltd. Bacon remained with them until he retired in 1973.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOBE 1967. FRS 1972. Royal Society S.G. Brown Medal 1965. Royal Aeronautical Society British Silver Medal 1969.Bibliography27 February 1952, British patent no. 667,298 (hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell). 1963, contribution in W.Mitchell (ed.), Fuel Cells, New York, pp. 130–92.1965, contribution in B.S.Baker (ed.), Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Technology, New York, pp. 1–7.Further ReadingObituary, 1992, Daily Telegraph (8 June).A.McDougal, 1976, Fuel Cells, London (makes an acknowledgement of Bacon's contribution to the design and application of fuel cells).D.P.Gregory, 1972, Fuel Cells, London (a concise introduction to fuel-cell technology).GW -
78 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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79 Crompton, Rookes Evelyn Bell
[br]b. 31 May 1845 near Thirsk, Yorkshire, Englandd. 15 February 1940 Azerley Chase, Ripon, Yorkshire, England[br]English electrical and transport engineer.[br]Crompton was the youngest son of a widely travelled diplomat who had retired to the country and become a Whig MP after the Reform Act of 1832. During the Crimean War Crompton's father was in Gibraltar as a commander in the militia. Young Crompton enrolled as a cadet and sailed to Sebastopol, visiting an older brother, and, although only 11 years old, he qualified for the Crimean Medal. Returning to England, he was sent to Harrow, where he showed an aptitude for engineering. In the holidays he made a steam road engine on his father's estate. On leaving school he was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade and spent four years in India, where he worked on a system of steam road haulage to replace bullock trains. Leaving the Army in 1875, Crompton bought a share in an agricultural and general engineering business in Chelmsford, intending to develop his interests in transport. He became involved in the newly developing technology of electric arc lighting and began importing electric lighting equipment made by Gramme in Paris. Crompton soon decided that he could manufacture better equipment himself, and the Chemlsford business was transformed into Crompton \& Co., electrical engineers. After lighting a number of markets and railway stations, Crompton won contracts for lighting the new Law Courts in London, in 1882, and the Ring Theatre in Vienna in 1883. Crompton's interests then broadened to include domestic electrical appliances, especially heating and cooking apparatus, which provided a daytime load when lighting was not required. In 1899 he went to South Africa with the Electrical Engineers Volunteer Corps, providing telegraphs and searchlights in the Boer War. He was appointed Engineer to the new Road Board in 1910, and during the First World War worked for the Government on engineering problems associated with munitions and tanks. He believed strongly in the value of engineering standards, and in 1906 became the first Secretary of the International Electrotechnical Commission.[br]Bibliography1928, Reminiscences.Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1969, R.E.B.Crompton. Pioneer Electrical Engineer, London: Science Museum.BBBiographical history of technology > Crompton, Rookes Evelyn Bell
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80 Cubitt, William
[br]b. 1785 Dilham, Norfolk, Englandd. 13 October 1861 Clapham Common, Surrey, England[br]English civil engineer and contractor.[br]The son of a miller, he received a rudimentary education in the village school. At an early age he was helping his father in the mill, and in 1800 he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker. After four years he returned to work with his father, but, preferring to leave the parental home, he not long afterwards joined a firm of agricultural-machinery makers in Swanton in Norfolk. There he acquired a reputation for making accurate patterns for the iron caster and demonstrated a talent for mechanical invention, patenting a self-regulating windmill sail in 1807. He then set up on his own as a millwright, but he found he could better himself by joining the engineering works of Ransomes of Ipswich in 1812. He was soon appointed their Chief Engineer, and after nine years he became a partner in the firm until he moved to London in 1826. Around 1818 he invented the treadmill, with the aim of putting prisoners to useful work in grinding corn and other applications. It was rapidly adopted by the principal prisons, more as a means of punishment than an instrument of useful work.From 1814 Cubitt had been gaining experience in civil engineering, and upon his removal to London his career in this field began to take off. He was engaged on many canal-building projects, including the Oxford and Liverpool Junction canals. He accomplished some notable dock works, such as the Bute docks at Cardiff, the Middlesborough docks and the coal drops on the river Tees. He improved navigation on the river Severn and compiled valuable reports on a number of other leading rivers.The railway construction boom of the 1840s provided him with fresh opportunities. He engineered the South Eastern Railway (SER) with its daringly constructed line below the cliffs between Folkestone and Dover; the railway was completed in 1843, using massive charges of explosive to blast a way through the cliffs. Cubitt was Consulting Engineer to the Great Northern Railway and tried, with less than his usual success, to get the atmospheric system to work on the Croydon Railway.When the SER began a steamer service between Folkestone and Boulogne, Cubitt was engaged to improve the port facilities there and went on to act as Consulting Engineer to the Boulogne and Amiens Railway. Other commissions on the European continent included surveying the line between Paris and Lyons, advising the Hanoverian government on the harbour and docks at Hamburg and directing the water-supply works for Berlin.Cubitt was actively involved in the erection of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851; in recognition of this work Queen Victoria knighted him at Windsor Castle on 23 December 1851.Cubitt's son Joseph (1811–72) was also a notable civil engineer, with many railway and harbour works to his credit.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1851. FRS 1830. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1850 and 1851.Further ReadingObituary, 1862, Minutes of 'the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 21:552– 8.LRD
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