syria

περισσεία, ας, ἡ (s. next entry; Herodian, Gr. I 291, 9 al.; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 266) that which is beyond the regular or expected amount, surplus, abundance (IG V/1, 550, 6 π. χρημάτων; VII, 3221, 5 [ἐκ τῆς] περισσήας; ins fr. Syria: BCH 21, 1897 p. 65. In LXX only several times in Eccl.—Dssm., LO 66 [LAE 80]) ἡ π. τῆς χάριτος Ro 5:17. ἡ π. τῆς χαρᾶς 2 Cor 8:2. μεγαλυνθῆναι εἰς π. be greatly enlarged 10:15. π. κακίας all the evil prevailing (around you) Js 1:21. τὸ τῆς π. μου the excess (of my offerings) i. e. Joachim brought gifts beyond cultic requirements for the benefit of the people GJs 1:1 (v.l. περιουσίας).—DELG s.v. περί. M-M. TW.

Πέτρος, ου, ὁ (ὁ πέτρος=‘stone’ Hom.+; Jos., Bell. 3, 240, Ant. 7, 142.—Π. as a name can scarcely be pre-Christian, as AMerx, D. vier kanon. Ev. II/1, 1902, 160ff, referring to Jos., Ant. 18, 156 [Niese did not accept the v.l. Πέτρος for Πρῶτος], would have it. But s. ADell [πέτρα 1b] esp. 14–17. Fr. the beginning it was prob. thought of as the Gk. equivalent of the Aram. כֵּיפָא= Κηφᾶς: J 1:42; cp. Mt 16:18 and JWackernagel, Syntax II² 1928, 14f, perh. formed on the analogy of the Gk. male proper name Πέτρων: UPZ 149, 8 [III B.C.]; 135 [78 B.C.]; Plut., Mor. 422d.—A gentile named Πέτρος in Damasc., Vi. Isid. 170. S. also the Praeses Arabiae of 278/79 A.D. Aurelius P.: Publ. Princeton Univ. Arch. Expedition to Syria III A, 1913, 4 no. 546) Peter, surname of the head of the circle of Twelve Disciples, whose name was orig. Simon. His father was a certain John (s. Ἰωάννης 4) or Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2). Acc. to J 1:44 he himself was from Bethsaida, but, at any rate, when he met Jesus he lived in Capernaum (Mk 1:21, 29). Fr. that city he and his brother Andrew made their living as fishers (Mk 1:16). He was married (Mk 1:30; cp. 1 Cor 9:5), but left his home and occupation, when Jesus called, to follow him (Mk 1:18; 10:28). He belonged to the three or four most intimate of the Master’s companions (Mk 5:37; 9:2; 13:3; 14:33). He stands at the head of the lists of the apostles (Mt 10:2; Mk 3:16; Lk 6:14; Ac 1:13). Not all the problems connected w. the conferring of the name Cephas-Peter upon Simon (s. Σίμων 1) have yet been solved (the giving of a new name and the reason for it: Plato [s. ὀνομάζω 1] and Theophrastus [Vi. Platonis 2 ln. 21 in Biog. p. 388 W.= Prolegom. 1 in CHermann, Pla. VI 196 Θεόφραστος, Τύρταμος καλούμενος πάλαι, διὰ τὸ θεῖον τῆς φράσεως Θ. μετεκλήθη]; CRoth, Simon-Peter HTR 54, ’61, 91–97). He was at least not always a model of rock-like (πέτρος is a symbol of imperturbability Soph., Oed. Rex 334; Eur., Med. 28 al.) firmness (note Gethsemane, the denial, the unsuccessful attempt at walking on water; his conduct at Antioch Gal 2:11ff which, though, is fr. time to time referred to another Cephas; s. KLake, HTR 14, 1921, 95ff; AVöllmecke, Jahrbuch d. Missionshauses St. Gabriel 2, 1925, 69–104; 3, 1926, 31–75; DRiddle, JBL 59, ’40, 169–80; NHuffman, ibid. 64, ’45, 205f; PGaechter, ZKT 72, ’50, 177–212; but s. HBetz, Gal [Hermeneia] p. 105f w. n. 442). Despite all this he was the leader of Jesus’ disciples, was spokesman for the Twelve (e.g. Mt 18:21; 19:27; Mk 8:27ff; Lk 12:41; 18:28) and for the three who were closest to Jesus (Mk 9:5); he was recognized as leader even by those on the outside (Mt 17:24). He is especially prominent in the pronouncement made Mt 16:18. Only in the Fourth Gospel does Peter have a place less prominent than another, in this case the ‘disciple whom Jesus loved’ (s. Hdb. exc. on J 13:23). In connection w. the miraculous events after Jesus’ death (on this ELohmeyer, Galiläa u. Jerusalem ’36; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen d. Auferstanden-en ’44; MWerner, D. ntl. Berichte üb. d. Erscheinungen d. Auferstandenen: Schweiz. Theol. Umschau ’44) Pt. played a unique role: 1 Cor 15:5; Lk 24:34; Mk 16:7. He was one of the pillars of the early church (Gal 2:9 [Κηφᾶς]). Three years after Paul was converted, on his first journey to Jerusalem as a Christian, he established a significant contact w. Peter: Gal 1:18. At least until the time described in Gal 2:1–10 (cp. Ac 15:7) he was prob. the head of the early Christian community/church. He was also active as a missionary to Israel Gal 2:8; cp. 1 Cor 9:5 (Κηφᾶς).—MGoguel, L’apôtre Pierre a-t-il joué un role personnel dans les crises de Grèce et de Galatie?: RHPR 14, ’34, 461–500.—In 1 Pt 1:1 and 2 Pt 1:1 he appears as author of an epistle. On Paul’s journey to Rome: Ἀρτέμων ὁ κυβερνήτης τοῦ πλοίου ἦν λελουμένος ὑπὸ Πέτρου Artemon, the ship’s captain, was baptized by Peter AcPl Ha 7, 20. It is probable that he died at Rome under Nero, about 64 A.D..—In the NT he is somet. called Σίμων (q.v. 1; in Ac 15:14 and 2 Pt 1:1 more exactly Συμεών=שִׁמְעוֹן); except for Gal 2:7f Paul always calls him Κηφᾶς (q.v.). Both names Σίμων Π. Mt 16:16; Lk 5:8; J 1:40; 6:8, 68; 13:6, 9, 24, 36; 18:10, 15, 25; 20:2, 6; 21:2f, 7b, 11, 15. Σίμων ὁ λεγόμενος Π. Mt 4:18; 10:2. Σίμων ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Π. Ac 10:18; 11:13. Σίμων ὸ̔ς ἐπικαλεῖται Π. 10:5, 32.—Outside the NT it is found in our lit. GEb 34, 59; GPt 14:60 (Σίμων Πέτρος); ApcPt Rainer; GMary 463 (2 times); AcPt Ox 849 (4 times); 1 Cl 5:4 (Paul follows in 5:5); 2 Cl 5:3f (a piece fr. an apocr. gosp.); IRo 4:3 (Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος); ISm 3:2=GHb 356, 39; Papias (2:4, w. other disciples; 15, w. Mark as his ἑρμηνευτής).—Zahn, Einl. II §38–44; KErbes, Petrus nicht in Rom, sondern in Jerusalem gestorben: ZKG 22, 1901, 1ff; 161ff (against him AKneller, ZKT 26, 1902, 33ff; 225ff; 351ff); PSchmiedel, War der Ap. Petrus in Rom?: PM 13, 1909, 59–81; HLietzmann, Petrus u. Pls in Rom² 1927; GEsser, Der hl. Ap. Petrus 1902; CGuignebert, La primauté de St. Pierre et la venue de Pierre à Rome 1909; FFoakes-Jackson, Peter, Prince of Apostles 1927; HDannenbauer, D. röm. Pt-Legende: Hist. Ztschr. 146, ’32, 239–62; 159, ’38, 81–88; KHeussi, War Pt. in Rom? ’36, War Pt. wirklich röm. Märtyrer? ’37, Neues z. Pt.-frage ’39, TLZ 77, ’52, 67–72; HLietzmann, Pt. röm. Märt.: SBBerlAk ’36, XXIX; DRobinson, JBL 64, ’45, 255–67; HSchmutz, Pt. war dennoch in Rom: Benedikt. Monatsschr. 22, ’46, 128–41.—On Mt 16:17–19 s., in addition to the lit. on κλείς 1 and πέτρα 1b: JSchnitzer, Hat Jesus das Papsttum gestiftet? 1910, Das Papsttum eine Stiftung Jesu? 1910; FTillmann, Jesus u. das Papsttum 1910; AKneller, ZKT 44, 1920, 147–69; OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche ’32, 157–83; KPieper, Jes. u. d. Kirche ’32; AEhrhard, Urkirche u. Frühkatholizismus I 1, ’36.—JMunck, Pt. u. Pls in der Offenb. Joh. ’50 (Rv 11:3–13).—OCullmann, Petrus², ’60 (Eng. tr. Peter, FFilson², ’62), L’apôtre Pierre: NT Essays (TManson memorial vol.), ’59, 94–105; OKarrer, Peter and the Church: an examination of the Cullmann thesis, ’63; RO’Callaghan, Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter: BA 16, ’53, 70–87; AvGerkan, D. Forschung nach dem Grab Petri, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 196–205, Zu den Problemen des Petrusgrabes: JAC ’58, 79–93; GSnyder, BA 32, ’69, 2–24; JGwynGriffiths, Hibbert Journal 55, ’56/57, 140–49; TBarnes, JTS 21, ’70, 175–79; GSchulze-Kadelbach, D. Stellung des P. in der Urchristenheit: TLZ 81, ’56, 1–18 (lit.); PGaechter, Petrus u. seine Zeit, ’58; EKirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul (transl. JMurray) ’59; EHaenchen, Petrus-Probleme, NTS 7, ’60/61, 187–97; SAgourides, Πέτρος καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ Εὐαγγελίῳ, Thessalonike, ’66; DGewalt, Petrus, diss. Hdlbg, ’66; RBrown, KDonfried, JReumann edd., Peter in the NT, ’73; CCaragounis, Peter and the Rock (BZNW 58) ’89.—Pauly-W. XIX ’38, 1335–61; Kl. Pauly IV 674–76; BHHW III 1430f. LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

πήρα, ας, ἡ (Hom. et al.; Jdth 10:5; 13:10, 15; SibOr 6, 15 Joseph.; Tat. 25, 1) a leather pouch used by travelers, knapsack, traveler’s bag, which Jesus’ disciples were directed not to take w. them when they were sent out, since it was not absolutely necessary (s. on ὑπόδημα) Mt 10:10; Mk 6:8; Lk 9:3; 10:4; 22:35; cp. vs. 36. But perh. this instruction has in mind the more specialized mng. beggar’s bag (Diog. L. 6, 33; Gk. ins fr. Syria: BCH 21, 1897, 60; PGM 4, 2381; 2400. Cp. Const. Apost. 3, 6. Such a bag was part of a Cynic itinerant preacher’s equipment [PWendland, Kultur 84. Crates the Cynic wrote a piece titled Πήρα: HDiels, Poetae Philosophi 1902 Fgm. 4 p. 218. See Dio Chrys. 49 (66), 21; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 1, 3; Alciphron 3, 19, 5].—Acc. to Diog. L. 6, 13 Antisthenes the Cynic was the first to fold his cloak double [so he could sleep on it] and take a staff and πήρα with him; cp. 6, 22 of Diogenes.—Dssm., LO 87 [LAE 108ff]; SKrauss, Αγγελος I 1925, 96ff; KRengstorf, Jebamot 1929, 214f). οἱ μάγοι … ἐξέβαλον ἀπὸ τῆς πήρας αὐτῶν δῶρα GJs 21:3 (after Mt 2:11).—Such a bag was also used by shepherds (Ammon. Gramm. [I/II A.D.], diff. 112 πήρα … φέρουσιν οἱ ποιμένες; Longus 1, 13, 1; 3, 15, 3; Aesop, Fab. 31b H. [s. H-H. 24 II app.]; Babr. 86, 2; Jos., Ant. 6, 185 π. ποιμενική; s. the statue of the Good Shepherd in the Lateran) Hv 5:1; Hs 6, 2, 5; 9, 10, 5.—DELG. M-M. TW.

προέρχομαι mid. dep.; impf. προηρχόμην; fut. προελεύσομαι; 2 aor. προῆλθον; pf. 3 sg. προελήλυθεν (Just.) (Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol; TestJob 10:3; TestJos 19:3 [8]; EpArist 235 πρ. εἰς=‘go over to’; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 5, 2; Mel., P. 66, 469; Ath., 10, 3, R. 17 p. 69, 8).

① to continue to advance, go forward, advance, proceed w. acc. of degree or way (Pla., Rep. 1, 328e; 10, 616b ὁδόν) μικρόν a little (Plut., Thes. 11, 1; cp. Jos., Vi. 304 πρ. ὀλίγον) Mt 26:39 (v.l. προσελθών); Mk 14:35 (v.l. προσελθών). ῥύμην μίαν go along one lane or go one block farther Ac 12:10. πρ. ὡσεὶ πόδας λ´ Hv 4, 2, 1.—Of time advance, come on (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 251) τὸ κυρίου πάσχα προέρχεται Dg 12:9.—Of Christ ἵνα εἰς κόσμον προέλθῃ that he might come into this world AcPlCor 2:6.

② to precede as leader/guide, go before. W. acc. of pers. (Plut., Brut. 995 [25, 4] ὁ Βροῦτος πολὺ προῆλθε τοὺς κομίζοντας τὸ ἄριστον=Brutus went before the bearers) Ἰούδας προήρχετο αὐτοὺς Lk 22:47 (v.l. αὐτῶν; for the gen. cp. X., Cyr. 2, 2, 7; Jdth 2:19; Just., A I, 23, 1). For Lk 1:17 s. 3.

③ to precede so as to be ahead, come/go before someone, go on before or ahead (cp. Sir 32:10) abs. (Herodian 1, 5, 2) Ac 20:5 (v.l. προσελθόντες). πρ. ἐπὶ τὸ πλοῖον go on board the ship beforehand vs. 13 (v.l. προσελθόντες). πρ. εἰς ὑμᾶς go on to you ahead (of me) 2 Cor 9:5. οἱ προελθόντες με ἀπὸ Συρίας εἰς Ῥωμην those who have gone ahead of me from Syria to Rome IRo 10:2.— Arrive at a place before τινά someone προῆλθον αὐτούς Mk 6:33 (vv.ll. προσῆλθον αὐτοῖς et al.). προελεύσεται (v.l. προσελεύσεται) ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ Lk 1:17 (cp. Gen 33:3, 14).

④ to come to the fore, come out, proceed (2 Macc 4:34; Philo, Op. M. 161; Jos., Bell. 4, 651; Just., D. 30, 1 al.)

ⓐ abs. come out of the house (Ps.-Lucian, De Asin. 47; POxy 472, 5 [II A.D.]) Ac 12:13 v.l. (for προσῆλθεν). Of Christ come out (of the womb) GJs 17:3.

ⓑ come forth, proceed, of Christ’s transcendent origin ἀπό from (πρ. ἀπό as 2 Macc 10:27 v.l.; Just., D. 64, 7 al.) ἀφʼ ἑνὸς πατρός IMg 7:2; ἀπὸ σιγῆς 8:2 (Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 67, 9 Pasqu.: God ἀπʼ ἄλλου προῆλθεν; 100, 6).—M-M.

Σάμος, ου, ἡ (Hom. et al.; oft. in ins; 1 Macc 15:23; Sib-Or 3, 363; Ath. 17, 3) Samos, an island off the west coast of Asia Minor, opposite the promontory of Mycale, not far fr. Ephesus. Landing-place for ships on the voyage fr. the Hellespont to Syria (Jos., Ant. 16, 23; 62) Ac 20:15.—CCurtius, Urkunden zur Gesch. von Samos 1873, Inschriften u. Studien zur Geschichte von S. 1877.—Pauly-W. I A, 2162–2218; Kl. Pauly IV 1534–37; BHHW III 1663; PECS 802–3.—DELG s.v. σάμος.

Σελεύκεια, ας, ἡ (less acceptable Σελευκία or Σελευκεία) Seleucia, the port city of Antioch in Syria (mentioned in Polyb. 5, 58, 4; Strabo 7, 5, 8 al.; ins; 1 Macc 11:8; Jos., Ant. 13, 221–23, C. Ap. 1, 207) Ac 13:4.—Kl. Pauly V 85; BHHW III 1764.

Συροφοινίκισσα, ης, ἡ Syrophoenician woman (masc. Συροφοίνιξ in Lucian, Concil. Deor. 4; Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 98), an inhabitant of Syrophoenicia, a district which was so called because Phoenicia belonged to the province of Syria (s. Diod S 19, 93, 7 ἡ Φοινίκη Συρία; Just., D. 78, 10; s. Συροφοινίκη: EHonigmann, Pauly-W. 2d ser. IV ’32, 1788f), and could thus be differentiated fr. Libophoenicia around Carthage (Diod S 20, 55, 4 Λιβυφοίνικες; Strabo 17, 19) Mk 7:26 (v.l. Συροφοίνισσα, Σύρα Φοινίκισσα; s. B-D-F §111, 1; Mlt-H. 279; 349).—DMargoliouth, Exp. 8th ser., 22, 1921, 1–10; AvanVeldhuizen, De Syrofenicische Vrouw: Op den Uitkijk 3, 1926, 65ff; JHalser, The Incident of the Syrophoenician Woman: ET 45, ’34, 459–61; TBurkill, NovT 9, ’67, 161–77; WStorch, BZ 14, ’70, 256f; BHHW III 1922. S. also on Χαναναῖος.—M-M.

Φίλιππος, ου, ὁ (freq. found in lit., ins, pap; occurring also in LXX and Joseph., Ath.) Philip (‘Fond-of-horses’) a common name in the Gr-Rom. world. In our lit.:

① the tetrarch, son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra of Jerusalem (s. Joseph., index Φίλιππος 6). He was tetrarch of Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Auranitis, Batanea and Panias (so Joseph., if the indications he gives in var. passages may thus be brought together), and acc. to Lk 3:1, also Iturea (all small districts northeast of Palestine). He rebuilt Panias as Caesarea (Philippi) and Bethsaida as Julias. Joseph. praises his personality and administration (Ant. 18, 106f). He was married to Salome, the daughter of Herodias (s. Ἡρωδιάς and Σαλώμη, end). He died 33/34 A.D., whereupon his territory was joined to the Rom. province of Syria, though only for a short time. Mt 16:13; Mk 8:27. Some think that this Philip is erroneously implied Mt 14:3; Mk 6:17; Lk 3:19 v.l.; s. 2 below.—Schürer I 336–40.

② The Philip mentioned Mt 14:3 and Mk 6:17 is associated by some scholars with a half-brother of Herod Antipas (s. Ἡρῳδιάς), but the identification is not otherwise attested.

③ the apostle, one of the Twelve. In the lists of the Twelve (which is the only place where his name is mentioned in the synoptics and Ac), he is found in fifth place, after the two pairs of brothers Peter-Andrew, James-John Mt 10:3; Mk 3:18; Lk 6:14; Ac 1:13. He is given more prominence in J, where he is one of the first to be called, and comes fr. Bethsaida, the city of Simon and Andrew; cp. 1:43–46, 48; 6:5, 7; 12:21f; 14:8f. Papias (2:4): one of the πρεσβύτεροι.—On the apostle and the evangelist (s. 4 below), who have oft. been confused, s. TZahn, Apostel u. Apostelschüler in der Provinz Asien: Forsch. VI 1900 p. 369b (index); EBishop, ATR 28, ’46, 154–59 equates 3 and 4.

④ one of the seven ‘assistants’ at Jerusalem Ac 6:5; 21:8; in the latter pass. also called the ‘evangelist’ (s. εὐαγγελιστής) to differentiate him fr. the apostle. Ac 8:5–13 after the death of Stephen he worked in Samaria w. great success; vss. 26–39 he baptized a non-Israelite, the chamberlain of the Ethiopian Queen Candace (MvanWanroy, VD ’40, 287–93; FBlanke, Kirchenfreund 84, ’50, 145–49) and vs. 40 preached the gospel in all the cities fr. Ashdod to Caesarea. Later he lived in Caesarea w. his four unmarried daughters, who possessed the gift of prophecy 21:8f (s. LSwindler, Biblical Affirmations of Women ’79); Papias (11:2).—Zahn (3 above); HWaitz, Die Quelle der Philippus-geschichten in der AG 8:5–40: ZNW 7, 1906, 340–55; AStrobel, ZNW 63, ’72, 271–76.

⑤ the Asiarch MPol 12:2, or high priest MPol 21, under whom Polycarp suffered martyrdom.—Pauly-W. XIX 2551f; 2266–2331; Suppl. II 158–62; Kl. Pauly IV 752f; BHHW III 1453f.—DELG s.v. ἵππος. M-M. EDNT.