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101 Computers

   1) A Comparison of the Digital Computer and the Brain

   The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the inﬂuence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)

   2) Computers Do Not Crunch Numbers, They Manipulate Symbols

   It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....

   The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)

   3) Getting Computers to Explain Things to Themselves

   The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)

   4) Some Limits of Artificial Intelligence

   In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)

   5) The Computer as a Humanizing Inﬂuence

   A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.

   In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing inﬂuence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....

   It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)

   6) The Intentionality of Computers Is Essentially Borrowed, Hence Derivative

   [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)

   7) The Possibility of Computer Thought

   he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)

   8) We Are Getting Better at Building Even Better Computers, an Ever- Escalating Upward Spiral

   t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.

   Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)

   9) Weak Artificial Intelligence and Strong Artificial Intelligence

   According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)

    10) Why People Are Smarter Than Computers

   What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and ﬂuently through processing experience.

   What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the ﬂuidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.

   In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
102 bestreichen

v/t (unreg.)

1. ein Brot mit Honig bestreichen spread honey on a slice of bread; mit Farbe bestreichen paint, give s.th. a coat of paint; mit Butter bestreichen spread s.th. with butter; mit Fett / Öl bestreichen coat s.th. with grease / oil; mit Eigelb bestreichen brush ( oder coat) with egg (yolk); mit Milch bestreichen drizzle ( oder sprinkle) with milk; mit Salbe / Klebstoff bestreichen apply ointment / glue to

2. mit Gewehrfeuer bestreichen spray with machine-gun fire

3. ein Gebiet mit Scheinwerfern / dem Fernglas bestreichen sweep an area with searchlights / binoculars

* * *
be|strei|chen ptp bestri\#chen [bə'ʃtrɪçn]
vt irreg

1) (mit Salbe, Flüssigkeit) to spread; (mit Butter) to spread, to butter; (COOK, mit Milch etc) to coat; (mit Farbe) to paint

etw mit Butter/Fett/Öl bestréíchen — to butter/grease/oil sth

etw mit Butter/Salbe/Klebstoff bestréíchen — to spread butter/ointment/glue on sth

etw mit Farbe bestréíchen — to put a coat of paint on sth

2) (MIL) to rake, to sweep

3) (Scheinwerfer, Strahl) to sweep (over); (in der Elektronik = abtasten) to scan

* * *

1) (to fire guns at (a target) from one end of it to the other: The soldiers raked the entire village with machine-gun fire.) rake

2) (to cover (a surface with something): She spread the bread with jam.) spread

* * *

be·strei·chen *

vt irreg

▪ etw mit etw dat \bestreichen

1. (beschmieren) to smear sth with [or put sth on] [or form apply sth to] sth

etw mit Fett \bestreichen to rub fat into sth

etw mit Öl \bestreichen to oil sth

eine Scheibe Brot mit etw dat \bestreichen to spread sth on a slice of bread

eine Scheibe Brot mit Butter \bestreichen to butter a slice of bread

ein dick bestrichenes Brot a thickly-spread slice

2. (einpinseln) to coat sth with sth

etw mit Farbe \bestreichen to paint sth

* * *

unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

A mit B bestreichen — spread B on A

sein Brot mit Butter bestreichen — spread butter on one's bread; butter one's bread

* * *

bestreichen v/t (irr)

1.

ein Brot mit Honig bestreichen spread honey on a slice of bread;

mit Farbe bestreichen paint, give sth a coat of paint;

mit Butter bestreichen spread sth with butter;

mit Fett/Öl bestreichen coat sth with grease/oil;

mit Eigelb bestreichen brush ( oder coat) with egg (yolk);

mit Milch bestreichen drizzle ( oder sprinkle) with milk;

mit Salbe/Klebstoff bestreichen apply ointment/glue to

2.

mit Gewehrfeuer bestreichen spray with machine-gun fire

3.

ein Gebiet mit Scheinwerfern/dem Fernglas bestreichen sweep an area with searchlights/binoculars

* * *

unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

A mit B bestreichen — spread B on A

sein Brot mit Butter bestreichen — spread butter on one's bread; butter one's bread

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bestreichen
103 acabado

adj.

1 finished, accomplished, concluded, all through.

2 washed-up, all through.

3 finished, well-done, perfect.

4 depleted.

m.

1 finishing, finish.

2 polished surface.

3 finishing work.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: acabar.

* * *

acabado

► nombre masculino

1 finish

■ se presenta con tres acabados distintos it comes in three different finishes

————————

acabado

► participio pasado

1→ link=acabar acabar

► adjetivo

1 (terminado) finished; (perfecto) perfect, complete

■ acabado,-a de hacer freshly made

2 figurado (malparado) worn-out, spent

■ una persona acabada a has-been

■ un actor acabado a burnt-out actor

► nombre masculino acabado

1 finish

■ se presenta con tres acabados distintos it comes in three different finishes

* * *
1. (f. - acabada)
adj.

finished, done, complete, over
2. noun m.
finish

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=completo) finished

2) (=viejo) old, worn out

estar acabado — [de salud] to be a wreck

está acabado como futbolista — he's finished as a footballer, his footballing days are over

3) LAm (=flaco) thin; Méx (=rendido) exhausted

está muy acabado — Méx he's looking very old

2.

SM (Téc) finish

buen acabado — high finish

acabado brillo — gloss finish

acabado satinado — matt finish

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

a) [estar] < trabajo> finished

son todos productos muy bien acabados — they are all well-finished products

b) [estar] < persona> finished
II
masculino finish

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

a) [estar] < trabajo> finished

son todos productos muy bien acabados — they are all well-finished products

b) [estar] < persona> finished
II
masculino finish

* * *

acabado¹

¹ = finish, finishing, surfacing.

Ex: The intention was to make the interior finish as flexible and adaptable as possible.

Ex: An enquirer wishes to retrieve documents on the ' finishing of concrete floors for industrial buildings'.

Ex: The finishing or final surfacing of ordinary printing papers took place in the calender of the paper-making machine, when they were said to be machine-finished.

* acabado a máquina = machine-finished.

* acabado de lujo = luxury appointment.

* acabado mate = matte finish.

* dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.

acabado²

² = finished, spent.

Ex: For storytelling and reading aloud are performance arts: They involve a script (even when the words are improvised on the spot), an interpreter (the teller or reader), and an audience, and as in all performances, the audience plays a part in molding the finished work.

Ex: If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.

* acabado en meseta = flat-topped.

* acabado en punta = pointed.

* * *

acabado¹ -da

adjective

1 [ ESTAR] ‹trabajo› finished

esto tiene que estar acabado para mañana this has to finished by tomorrow

son todos productos muy bien acabados they are all well-finished products

2 [ ESTAR] ‹persona› finished

políticamente está acabado politically, he's finished

acabado²

masculine

finish

fotos con acabado mate/satinado photos with a matt/satin finish

* * *

Del verbo acabar: ( conjugate acabar)

acabado es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
acabado
acabar
acabado 1
◊ -da adjetivo [estar]

a) ‹ trabajo› finished;

◊ son todos productos muy bien acabados they are all well-finished products

b) ‹ persona› finished

acabado 2 sustantivo masculino
finish
acabar ( conjugate acabar) verbo intransitivo
1
a) [reunión/película] to finish, end;

[ persona] to finish;
[ novios] to split up;
◊ ya casi acabo I've nearly finished

b) (en un estado, situación) to end up;

◊ acabó en la cárcel he ended up in jail;

(+ compl)
◊ acabamos cansadísimos by the end we were exhausted;

ese chico va a acabado mal that boy will come to no good;
la película acabó bien the movie had a happy ending;
acabadoán aceptándolo o por aceptarlo they'll end up accepting it;
acabado de algo to end up as sth;
acabó de camarero he ended up (working) as a waiter
c) ( rematar) acabado en algo to end in sth

2
◊ acabar con

a) acabado con algo ( terminar) ‹con libro/tarea› to finish with sth;

‹con bombones/bebidas› to finish off sth;
‹con salud/carrera› to ruin sth;
‹con sueldo/herencia› to fritter away sth;
‹con abuso/problema› to put an end to sth
b) (fam) acabado con algn ( pelearse) to finish with sb;

( matar) to do away with sb (colloq);
◊ este niño va a acabado conmigo this child will be the death of me

3
◊ acabar de

a) ( terminar) acabado de hacer algo to finish doing sth;

◊ cuando acabes de leerlo when you've finished reading it

b) ( para referirse a acción reciente):

◊ acaba de salir she's just gone out;

acababa de meterme en la cama cuando … I had just got into bed when …
c) ( llegar a):

◊ no acabo de entenderlo I just don't understand;

no acababa de gustarle she wasn't totally happy about it
verbo transitivo ‹trabajo/libro› to finish;
‹curso/carrera› to finish, complete
acabarse verbo pronominal
1 ( terminarse) [provisiones/comida] to run out;
[ problema] to be over;
[reunión/fiesta/curso] to end;
[ proyecto] to finish, come to an end;
[ año] to come to an end;
◊ se nos acabó el café we ran out of coffee;

se le acabadoon las fuerzas he ran out of energy;
un trabajo que no se acaba nunca a never-ending o an endless task;
¡esto se acabó! that's it!
2 ( enf) ( comer) to finish (up)
acabado,-a
1 adjetivo
1 (completo, terminado) finished
2 fig (viejo, destrozado) worn-out, spent: como actriz está acabada, she is finished as actress
II sustantivo masculino finish: este escritorio tiene un acabado perfecto, this writing desk has a perfect finish to it
acabar
I verbo transitivo
1 to finish (off) ➣ Ver nota en finish 2 (completar) to complete
II verbo intransitivo
1 to finish, end: todo acabó bien, it all ended happily 2 acabar con (agotar las existencias) to finish something
figurado estás acabando con mi paciencia, I'm losing my patience with you
(romper algo) to break something
(matar) to kill: la droga está acabando con él, he's killing himself with drugs
(destruir, eliminar) to destroy something: hay que acabar con la tortura, we must get rid of torture
figurado las presiones acabaron con su carrera política, the overwhelming pressure finished off his political career 3 acabar de: acaba de llegar de Río, he's just arrived from Río
no acaba de decidirse, she hasn't made up her mind yet 4 acabar en: el partido de fútbol acabó en tragedia, the football match ended in tragedy 5 acabar por/acabar + gerundio acabé creyendo/por creer que estaba loca, I ended up thinking she was mad
' acabado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acabada
- colorín
- todavía
- victoria
- vivir
- mentalizar
- puntiagudo
- terminación
English:
day
- do in
- finish
- finished
- over
- satin
- sketch
- through
- up
- use up
- gloss
- gone
- matt
- pointed

* * *

acabado, -a

♦ adj

1. [terminado] finished

2. [completo] perfect, consummate

3. [fracasado] finished, ruined;

como ciclista está acabado he's finished as a cyclist, his career as a cyclist is over

♦ nm

1. [de producto] finish

Comp
acabado mate matt finish;
acabado satinado satin finish

2. [de piso] décor

* * *

acabado

I adj persona finished;

producto acabado finished product

II m TÉC finish

* * *

acabado, -da adj

1) : finished, done, completed

2) : old, worn-out

acabado nm

: finish

un acabado brillante: a glossy finish

* * *

acabado adj (terminado) finished

Spanish-English dictionary > acabado
104 enduire

enduire [ɑ̃dyiʀ]

➭ TABLE 38 transitive verb

• enduire une surface de to coat a surface with

• s'enduire de crème to cover o.s. with cream

* * *
ɑ̃dɥiʀ
1.

verbe transitif to coat (de with)

2.

s'enduire verbe pronominal

s'enduire de — to put [something] on

* * *
ɑ̃dɥiʀ vt
to coat

enduire qch de — to coat sth with

* * *

enduire verb table: conduire

A vtr [personne, machine] to coat [surface, objet] (de with).

B s'enduire vpr s'enduire de to put [sth] on [crème]; s'enduire les mains de crème to put cream on one's hands.

[ɑ̃dɥir] verbe transitif

1. [recouvrir] to coat ou to spread ou to cover with (separable)

enduire de: enduire de beurre le fond d'un plat to smear the bottom of a dish with butter

enduire quelque chose de colle to apply glue to something

2. CONSTRUCTION

enduire un mur to plaster a wall over, to face a wall (with finishing plaster)

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > enduire
105 плоскошлифовальный станок

flat surface grinder, surface grinder, surface-grinding machine

Русско-английский исловарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства > плоскошлифовальный станок
106 brytning

mining, break, breaking, caving, cutting out, winning, work, working; diffraction

brytning i dagbrott: open pit mining

brytning med ramförtimring; square set mining

brytning med smal front; shortwall mining

automatisk brytning; automated mining

blockrasbrytning; block caving, rock caving, undercut caving

blockskivbrytning; block method of top slicing

blockstrossbrytning; block method of top-slicing

dagbrytning; open mining, strip mining, surface method, surface mining, surface working

dagbrytning med skoplastning; electric shovel mining

flötsbrytning; working of a vein

försöksbrytning; prospecting operation

gruvbrytning; mineral working

gråbergsbrytning; dead rock mining

horisontell skivstrossbrytning; horizontal slicing, horizontal top-slicing

horisontell takbrytning; flat-back stope

horisontell takbrytning med igensättning; horizontal cut-and-fill

hydraulisk brytning; hydraulic mining, hydraulicking

igensättningsbrytning; cut-and-fill

kammarbrytning; panel working with caving-system, pillar mining

kraterbrytning; glory-hole mining, glory-hole stoping, milling

linjebrytning; longwall face, longwall method, longwall mining, longwall system

magasinsbrytning; shrinkage stoping

malmbrytning; metal mining

mekaniserad brytning; machine mining

nedåtgående horisontell skivbrytning; descending horizontal slicing

ortbrytning med kvarlämnade pelare; abandoned pillars

pallbrytning; bench stoping, glory-hole mining

pelarbrytning; panel system, panel work, pillar drawing

pelarbrytning med stora pelare; long pillar work

rasbrytning; caving stoping, ore caving

rovbrytning; careless mining

rum- och pelarbrytning; barrier pillar, barrier system, heading-and-stall method, pillar-and-room method, stall and pillar work

selektiv brytning; selective mining

skifferbrytning; slate mining

skivbrytning; slicing, top slicing

skivpallbrytning; sublevel benching, sublevel stoping

skivrasbrytning; slicing and caving, sublevel caving, sublevel slicing

skivstrossbrytning; top slice stoping, top slicing, top stoping

slumpartad brytning; coyoting

snedbrytning; crosscut mining

sned skivstrossbrytning; inclined top-slicing

sned takbrytning med igensättning; filled rill-stopes, incline cut-and-fill

stollbrytning; adit cut mining, adit level, tunnel mining

strossbrytning; breast stoping, shortwall

takbrytning; backbreak, top slicing

takbrytning med vågräta tak; flat-back method

takbrytning med vågräta tak och igensättning; flat-back cut and fill

takstrossbrytning; filled stope, filled stross

tvärbrytning; cross working

underjordsbrytning; underground mining, underground stoping, underground winning, underground working

underjordisk brytning; deep mining

Svensk-engelsk geologi lexikon > brytning
107 Phillips, Horatio Frederick

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 2 February 1845 London, England

d. 15 July 1926 Hampshire, England

[br]

English aerodynamicist whose cambered two-surface wing sections provided the foundations for aerofoil design.

[br]

At the age of 19, Phillips developed an interest in flight and constructed models with lightweight engines. He spent a large amount of time and money over many years, carrying out practical research into the science of aerodynamics. In the early 1880s he built a wind tunnel with a working section of 15 in. by 10 in. (38 cm by 25 cm). Air was sucked through the working section by an adaptation of the steam injector used in boilers and invented by Henry Giffard, the airship pioneer. Phillips tested aerofoils based on the cross-section of bird's wings, with a greater curvature on the upper surface than the lower. He measured the lift and drag and showed that the major component of lift came from suction on the upper surface, rather than pressure on the lower. He took out patents for his aerofoil sections in 1884 and 1891. In addition to his wind-tunnel test, Phillips tested his wing sections on a whirling arm, as used earlier by Cayley, Wenham and Lilienthal. After a series of tests using an arm of 15 ft (4.57 m) radius, Phillips built a massive whirling arm driven by a steam engine. His test pieces were mounted on the end of the arm, which had a radius of 50 ft (15.24 m), giving them a linear speed of 70 mph (113 km/h). By 1893 Phillips was ready to put his theories to a more practical test, so he built a large model aircraft driven by a steam engine and tethered to run round a circular track. It had a wing span of 19 ft (5.79 m), but it had fifty wings, one above the other. These wings were only 10 in. (25 cm) wide and mounted in a frame, so it looked rather like a Venetian blind. At 40 mph (64 km/h) it lifted off the track. In 1904 Phillips built a full-size multi-wing aeroplane with twenty wings which just lifted off the ground but did not fly. He built another multi-wing machine in 1907, this time with four Venetian blind' frames in tandem, giving it two hundred wings! Phillips made a short flight of almost 500 ft (152 m) which could be claimed to be the first powered aeroplane flight in England by an Englishman. He retired from flying at the age of 62.

[br]

Bibliography

1900, "Mechanical flight and matters relating thereto", Engineering (reprint).

1891–3, "On the sustentation of weight by mechanical flight", Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 23rd Report.

Further Reading

J.Laurence Pritchard, 1957, "The dawn of aerodynamics", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (March) (good descriptions of Phillips's early work and his wind tunnel).

J.E.Hodgson, 1924, The History of Aeronautics in Great Britain, London.

F.W.Brearey, 1891–3, "Remarks on experiments made by Horatio Phillips", Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 23rd Report.

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Phillips, Horatio Frederick
108 в соответствии с

. в зависимости от; изменяться в соответствии с кривой; классификация по; находиться в соответствии с; согласно; соответствие

•
In line with this assumption, we have devised a model of...

•
To modify the beach profile in response to changing wave conditions...

•
Evaporators for marine use are classed as horizontal or vertical by (or according to, or depending on) the position of their tubes.

•
The test report is performed in accord( ance) (or conformity, or compliance) with the specifications.

•
In keeping with the limitation of only four orbitals, the formation of double or triple bonds between atoms of these elements reduces the coordination number of the central atom.

•
The machine is designed and built to higher standards of accuracy.

•
The sketch can be interpreted in terms of either system.

•
The console pressure can be regulated to match the individual gauge range.

•
In the reactors designed around this approach the energy-carrying neutrons released by thermonuclear reactions will be absorbed in a lithium blanket.

•
These techniques must be selected in relation to the properties of the substances being separated.

* * *
В соответствии с (нормами)
The specimens were tested at a frequency of approximately 130 Hz, following ASTM E466 [...].
В соответствии с -- in accordance with, in agreement with, in keeping with, in line with, in compliance with, consistent with; as required by, to match, following, according to; in step with (синхронно); per (в инструкциях); to conform to (о требованиях стандарта и т. п.), pursuant to (в письмах)
Fatigue life results of the bearings tested were statistically analyzed in accordance with the methods of [...].

In agreement with this, it was found that the low ф machine went into a part-span stall.

Also, in keeping with practice, the inter-plate spacing was made equal to the plate length.

The section on low-pressure heating boilers now had testing and marking requirements in line with those of the power boiler section.

(Tf -- Ts) is kept fixed by increasing Ts with time as required by the surface temperature, Ts.

Normally, this value of radial clearance is established to match the bearing size.

According to a previous investigation of dressing [...], fracture can occur within the grain.

The Sh number increases in step with the wake turbulence.

Install housing and grease per figure and table.

They are metered by orifice plate assemblies built to conform to BS 1042.

Pursuant to your request, I am confirming our consent to the publication of the book in two volumes.

Floating roof tanks generally do not require protection when installed in compliance with Section...

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в соответствии с
109 отрываться

•
The bubble is released (or detached) when the buoyant force just overcomes the surface tension.

•
The vibrational energy of the atoms is so great that they begin to break away.

•
The main flow breaks away (or separates) from the surface.

•
This coating does not break away from machine surfaces.

•
The Moon must have broken free of Mercury's gravitational field.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отрываться
110 при помощи

. посредством; путём; с помощью

•
With this microscope the particles can be magnified up to 15,000 times.

•
The age of very ancient rocks may be measured using the potassium-argon method.

•
By (or With) such a method...

•
The dry box is evacuated by a vacuum pump.

•
The bearings are mounted on the shaft by the use of a hydraulic system.

•
Refuelling is accomplished with [ the aid (or help) of] (or by means of) a simple machine.

•
Solid state bonds can be achieved with ( the use of) ultrasonic welding.

•
The surface of normal velocity may often be constructed by means of the reciprocal surface.

•
Circular polarization is obtained through the use of the slots...

•
Irregular surfaces can be treated by use of the servo control system.

•
We can introduce the curves through Eq. (.14).

•
The stereochemical relationships between... can be determined by reference to the Fischer projection of...

•
The gas laws can be understood through a model.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > при помощи
111 аппарат на воздушной подушке

1) General subject: Ground Effect Machine, hovercraft

2) Aviation: cushioncraft, skimmer

3) Naval: ground-effect machine

4) Military: air cushion vehicle, air-ground vehicle, aircushion vehicle, cushion craft, ground effect vehicle, ground-air vehicle, hover craft, owerwater ground effects vehicle, surface effect vehicle

5) Makarov: ACV (air-cushion vehicle), air-cushion vehicle ( ACV)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > аппарат на воздушной подушке
112 горизонтально-фрезерный станок

1) Naval: horizontal milling machine

2) Forestry: surface milling machine

3) Automation: horizontal mill

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > горизонтально-фрезерный станок
113 плоскошлифовальный станок с поворотным столом

1) Engineering: rotary surface grinder

2) Automation: rotary surface grinding machine

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > плоскошлифовальный станок с поворотным столом
114 станок для наружного протягивания

Automation: external broach, external broaching machine, surface-broaching machine

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > станок для наружного протягивания
115 обработка

( стругом) blading, ( фотоматериалов) development, (птицы, рыбы) dressing, handling, manufacture, manufacturing, processing, work, working

* * *
обрабо́тка ж.
working, machining; ( придание нужных свойств) treatment; ( перерабатывание) processing
быть пода́тливым в обрабо́тке — work readily, be workable, be easily worked

поддава́ться обрабо́тке легко́ или с трудо́м — lend itself to machining favourably or with difficulty

ано́дно-механи́ческая обрабо́тка — combination ED/ EC machining

ано́дно-хими́ческая обрабо́тка — electrochemical machining, ECM

обрабо́тка без сня́тия стру́жки — chipless material-removal process, chipless machining

обрабо́тка воды́ — water treatment

обрабо́тка воды́, внутрикотлова́я — internal (water) treatment

обрабо́тка воды́, известко́во-со́довая — sode-lime water treatment

обрабо́тка воды́, коррекцио́нная — coordinated phosphate (water) control

обрабо́тка воды́ ме́тодом ионообме́на — ion-exchange water treatment

обрабо́тка в патро́не — chucking work

обрабо́тка в центра́х — machining of parts held between centres

газопла́менная обрабо́тка — flame machining

группова́я обрабо́тка — batch processing

обрабо́тка да́нных — data processing

обрабо́тка да́нных, автоно́мная — off-line data processing

обрабо́тка да́нных в и́стинном масшта́бе вре́мени — real time data processing

обрабо́тка да́нных, операти́вная — on-line data processing

обрабо́тка докуме́нтов — document handling

дробестру́йная обрабо́тка — shot-blasting

обрабо́тка кож — leather working

обрабо́тка кож в барка́се — paddling

обрабо́тка кож в га́шпеле — paddling

обрабо́тка кож в зо́льнике — liming

обрабо́тка кож во фло́те — vatting

обрабо́тка кож на кри́спель-маши́не — boarding

обрабо́тка кож на отжи́мной маши́не — putting-out

обрабо́тка кож на суши́льно-шири́льной маши́не — tentering

обрабо́тка кож, перви́чная — taking-up of hides

обрабо́тка кож, противогни́лостная — rot-resistant treatment

ла́зерная обрабо́тка — laser treatment

обрабо́тка ли́нии электропереда́чи, высокочасто́тная — provision of carrier-frequency trapping and coupling equipment on a power line

обрабо́тка материа́лов, ультразвукова́я — ultrasonic machining

обрабо́тка мета́ллов, горя́чая — hot (metal) working

обрабо́тка мета́ллов давле́нием — plastic metal working

обрабо́тка мета́ллов ре́занием — machining

обрабо́тка мета́ллов, слеса́рная — benchwork

обрабо́тка мета́ллов, хи́мико-терми́ческая — surface impregnation

обрабо́тка мета́ллов, холо́дная — cold (metal) working

обрабо́тка мета́ллов, электроискрова́я — electro-spark [spark-discharge] machining

металлостру́йная обрабо́тка — grit-blasting

мо́края обрабо́тка — wet treatment

обрабо́тка наблюде́ний — reduction of observations

обрабо́тка на огнесто́йкость — fire-proofing

обрабо́тка на станке́, то́чная — precision machining

отде́лочная обрабо́тка — finishing treatment

пескостру́йная обрабо́тка — sand-blasting

после́дующая обрабо́тка — aftertreatment

предвари́тельная обрабо́тка — pretreatment

обрабо́тка сто́чных вод — sewage [waste-water] treatment

терми́ческая обрабо́тка

1. ( металлов) heat treatment

2. ( воды) hot processing

тока́рная обрабо́тка — turning

тока́рная обрабо́тка фасо́нных пове́рхностей обы́чным резцо́м — contour turning

тока́рная обрабо́тка фасо́нных пове́рхностей фасо́нным резцо́м — contour forming

упрочня́ющая обрабо́тка ( создающая упрочнение) — strengthening treatment

фи́нишная обрабо́тка — finishing treatment

хими́ческая обрабо́тка — ( придание свойств) chemical treatment; ( снятие материала) chemical milling

чернова́я обрабо́тка — roughing

подверга́ть дета́ль черново́й обрабо́тке — rough-machine a work (piece)

чистова́я обрабо́тка — finishing

подверга́ть дета́ль чистово́й обрабо́тке — finish-machine a work (piece)

щелочна́я обрабо́тка — alkaline treatment

электрои́мпульсная обрабо́тка — electric pulse machining

электроконта́ктная обрабо́тка — electric resistance machining

обрабо́тка электро́нным лучо́м — electron-beam machining

электрохими́ческая обрабо́тка — electrochemical machining

электроэрозио́нная обрабо́тка — electric discharge [spark erosion] machining

* * *

machining

Русско-английский политехнический словарь > обработка
116 schein

m; -(e)s, kein Pl.; (Licht) light; gedämpft: glow; (Lichtstrahl) ray of light; im letzten Schein der untergehenden Sonne in the last rays of the setting sun; beim Schein einer Kerze lesen read by the light of a candle; siehe auch Glanz

—

Schein2

m; -(e)s, -e

1. (Zettel) slip; (Bescheinigung) certificate; hier braucht man für alles einen Schein here you need a piece of paper for everything

2. UNIV. certificate (of attendance), bes. Am. credit; um den Schein zu kriegen, muss man ein Referat halten to get the certificate (bes. Am. credit) you have to read a paper; siehe auch Seminarschein

3. (Geldschein) (bank) note, Am. bill; in kleinen / großen Scheinen in small / large denominations; der Automat nimmt auch Scheine the machine also takes notes (Am. bills)

—

Schein3

m; -s, kein Pl.; (Anschein) appearance(s); (Aussehen) air, look; etw. ( nur) zum Schein tun (just) pretend to do s.th.; den Schein wahren keep up appearances; dem Schein nach ( zu urteilen) to all appearances; der Schein spricht gegen ihn appearances are against him; der Schein trügt appearances are deceptive, you can’t always go by appearances; alles leerer Schein it’s all empty preten|ce (Am. -se); siehe auch Anschein

* * *

der Schein

(Anschein) appearances;

(Banknote) banknote; bill;

(Dokument) certificate;

(Glanz) shine

* * *
I [ʃain]
m -(e)s,
no pl
1) (= Licht) light; (matt) glow; (von Gold, Schwert etc) gleam, glint

werfen — to shine (brightly) on sth, to cast a (bright) light on sth

2) (= Anschein) appearances pl; (= Vortäuschung) pretence, sham

Schéín und Sein/Wirklichkeit — appearance and reality

das ist mehr Schéín als Sein — it's all (on the) surface

der Schéín trügt or täuscht — appearances are deceptive

dem Schéín nach — on the face of it, to all appearances

den Schéín wahren — to keep up appearances

etw nur zum Schéín tun — only to pretend to do sth, to make only a pretence or a show of doing sth
II
m -(e)s, -e
(= Geldschein) note, bill (US); (= Bescheinigung) certificate; (UNIV) credit; (= Fahrschein) ticket
Schéíne machen (Univ) — to get credits

* * *

der

1) (a ticket received in return for handing in baggage etc.) check

2) (a betting form for the football pools.) coupon

3) (an act of pretending to be, do etc (something): He made a show of working, but he wasn't really concentrating.) show

4) (a notice advising of a minor motoring offence: a parking-ticket.) ticket

* * *

Schein

<-[e]s, -e>

[ʃain]

m

1. kein pl (Lichtschein) light

2. kein pl (Anschein) appearance

sich akk vom [äußeren] \Schein täuschen lassen to be blinded [or taken in] by [external] appearances

der \Schein spricht gegen jdn appearances are against sb

der \Schein trügt appearances are deceptive

den \Schein wahren [o aufrechterhalten] to keep up appearances

dem \Schein nach on the surface [of things]

etw zum \Schein tun to pretend to do sth

3. (Banknote) [bank]note

4. (fam: Teilnahmebescheinigung) certificate [of participation]

5. (fam: Bescheinigung) certificate

* * *

der; Schein[e]s, Scheine

1) o. Pl. (LichtSchein) light

der Schein des brennenden Hauses/der sinkenden Sonne — the glow of the burning house/setting sun

2) o. Pl. (AnSchein) appearances pl., no art.; (Täuschung) pretence

den Schein wahren — keep up appearances

der Schein trügt — appearances are deceptive

etwas nur zum Schein tun — [only] pretend to do something; make a show of doing something

3) (Bescheinigung) certificate; (GepäckSchein) ticket; (TippSchein) coupon

4) (GeldSchein) note

* * *

…schein m im subst

1. (Licht):

Kerzenschein candlelight;

Laternenschein light of a lantern

2. (Dokument):

Abholschein receipt (for collected goods);

Bezugsschein (ration) coupon;

Entlassungsschein certificate of discharge

3. (Geld):

Fünfeuroschein five-euro note (US bill);

Hundertdollarschein hundred dollar bill

* * *

der; Schein[e]s, Scheine

1) o. Pl. (LichtSchein) light

der Schein des brennenden Hauses/der sinkenden Sonne — the glow of the burning house/setting sun

2) o. Pl. (AnSchein) appearances pl., no art.; (Täuschung) pretence

den Schein wahren — keep up appearances

der Schein trügt — appearances are deceptive

etwas nur zum Schein tun — [only] pretend to do something; make a show of doing something

3) (Bescheinigung) certificate; (GepäckSchein) ticket; (TippSchein) coupon

4) (GeldSchein) note

* * *

-e m.

certificate n.

flash n.

licence (UK) n.

license (US) n.

light n.

shine n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schein
117 Außenräummaschine

f <wz.masch> ■ external surface broaching machine; external broaching machine

German-english technical dictionary > Außenräummaschine
118 Doppelrundtischflächenschleifmaschine

f <wz.masch> ■ twin rotary-table surface grinding machine; twin rotary-table grinding machine

German-english technical dictionary > Doppelrundtischflächenschleifmaschine
119 Füller

m <bau.mat> ■ filler

m < büro> ■ fountain pen

m < mat> (Zusatzwerkstoff) ■ filler

m < obfl> (ohne Primerfunktion) ■ filler; body filler

m < obfl> (mit Primerfunktion) ■ primer surfacer; surfacer primer; body filler; filler

m prakt < obfl> (Schicht; keine Primer-Eigenschaften) ■ filler coat; filler

m prakt < obfl> (Schicht; mit Primer-Eigenschaften) ■ filler coat; primer filler; surface primer coat; surface coat; self-filling primer

m prakt <obfl.holz> (für Holz) ■ wood filler; pore filler; filler pract

m ugs < pack> (für Flaschen, Dosen, Kartons; z.B. Getränke, Speiseeis) ■ filling machine; filler pract

German-english technical dictionary > Füller
120 Waagerechtschleifmaschine

f <wz.masch> ■ horizontal-spindle grinding machine; horizontal-spindle surface-grinding machine

German-english technical dictionary > Waagerechtschleifmaschine

Страницы

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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surface+machine

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

surface+machine

См. также в других словарях:

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