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61 superficial
[suːpəˈfɪʃəl] adjective1) on, or affecting, the surface only:سَطْحي، على السَّطْحThe wound is only superficial.
2) not thorough:سَطْحي، غَيْر عَميقHe has only a superficial knowledge of the subject.
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62 πλάτος
A breadth, width,σώματος Simon.188
, etc.: abs., τὸ π. or π., in breadth. Hdt.1.193, 4.195, X.Oec.19.3;ἴση μῆκός τε π. τε Emp.17.20
.b Math., breadth, i.e. the second dimension,ἐν μήκει καὶ π. καὶ βάθει Pl.Sph. 235d
, cf. Arist.Ph. 209a5; κατὰ π., opp. κατὰ μῆκος, κατὰ βάθος, Id.Cael. 299b26, Mete. 341b34.3 latitude, whether terrestrial or celestial, Str.1.4.2, Cleom.1.4, 2.4, Ptol.Alm.2.12, Vett.Val.30.12.4 metaph., plane,ἐν τῷ ψυχικῷ π. Procl.Inst. 201
.5 plane of flat fish, Arist.HA 489b33; flat of the tail, ib. 549b1; flat part of the body of the fishing-frog, Id.PA 695b15.6 extension, breadth of a subject, Gal.1.316;οὐκ ὀλίγον τὸ π. Id.11.738
.7 = πλάτας, Judeich Altertümervon Hierapolis No.322, al.II metaph., range of variation, latitude,π. ἔχειν Plot.6.3.20
;ἡ ὑγίεια π. ἔχει Gal.6.12
, cf.11.737.III with Preps., ἐν πλάτει in a loose sense, broadly, Posidon. ap.Stob.1.8.42, Str.2.1.39, D.H.Comp.21, EM673.24; opp. κατ' ἀκρίβειαν, S.E.M.10.108;ὡς ἐν π. Sor.1.24
(but περὶ ὧν ἐν τῷ π. λέγομεν which we will discuss in detail, D.L.7.76); also ἐπὶ πλάτει Ἑλληνίζειν talk loose Greek, Phld.Po.2.9; κατὰ πλάτος λέγεσθαι to be said loosely, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.164, cf. Sor.1.6, 21.VI ἀργυρίου πλάτη, = δραχμαί, IG9(1).189.15 (Tithora, ii A.D.).------------------------------------A = πλάτας, IGRom.4.866 (Laodicea ad Lycum). -
63 oppervlakkig
♦voorbeelden:een oppervlakkige wond • a surface/superficial wound(zo) oppervlakkig beschouwd • on the face of itiemand oppervlakkig kennen • have a nodding acquaintance with someone/know someone slightly -
64 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR -
65 خارجي
خَارِجيّ \ exterior: outside: an exterior wall. external: outside: His body showed no external signs of illness. outer: farther from the middle or from the inside: an outer garment; a journey to outer space. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. outward: on the outside; towards the outside; going away: On the outward journey, we stopped twice. The outward appearance of the house was ugly, but the rooms inside were pleasing. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
66 سطحي
سَطْحِيّ \ sketchy: (of a plan or idea) rough; incomplete. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
67 ظاهري
ظَاهِرِيّ \ apparent: appearing to be true: The apparent improvement in his homework was really the result of his brother’s help. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
68 فوق
فَوْقَ \ above: higher than; over (sb. or sth.): There was a bird in the tree above me. His name is above yours on the list. This is my kitchen; my bedroom is just above. beyond: too difficult for: This is beyond me/beyond my powers.. onto: on to: He sprang onto the table. over: lying across; resting on; covering: A cloud was over the sun. She spread a cloth over the table. overhead: above one’s head: a noise in the room overhead; clouds in the sky overhead. over: across the surface of: Ships sail over the sea, above higher, than, but not touching We need a roof over our heads. \ فَوْقَ ذَلِك \ again: also; besides: You’re too young to go; and again, you aren’t invited. besides: as well: I need all this and more besides., in any case, also I don’t need a drink; besides, I’ve no money with me.. further: besides: He said he was sorry and, further, that he would pay for the damage. into the bargain: as well: I lost my money and got punished into the bargain. \ فَوْقَ العادة \ extraordinary: very unusual; causing wonder and surprise: For a small boy he has an extraordinary knowledge of science. \ فَوْقَ كُلّ ذَلِك \ above all: most importantly; especially: Drive carefully and, above all, keep to your own side of the road. \ فَوْقَ ما يُطاق \ the limit: sb. or sth. that is more annoying than one can bear: He has taken my car? He (or That) really is the limit!. \ فَوْقَ مُسْتَوى إدراكِه \ out of one’s depth: unable to understand sth.. -
69 مصقول
مَصْقُول \ glossy: having a smooth shining surface: glossy paint; glossy fur. sophisticated: not simple and natural but seeming experienced and wise; pretending or showing a knowledge of glamorous city culture; (of machines) made of many different and clever parts: a sophisticated actress; a sophisticated new weapon. \ See Also محنك (مُحَنَّك)، متحذلق (مُتَحَذْلِق) -
70 apparent
ظَاهِرِيّ \ apparent: appearing to be true: The apparent improvement in his homework was really the result of his brother’s help. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
71 outside
ظَاهِرِيّ \ apparent: appearing to be true: The apparent improvement in his homework was really the result of his brother’s help. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
72 superficial
ظَاهِرِيّ \ apparent: appearing to be true: The apparent improvement in his homework was really the result of his brother’s help. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
73 exterior
خَارِجيّ \ exterior: outside: an exterior wall. external: outside: His body showed no external signs of illness. outer: farther from the middle or from the inside: an outer garment; a journey to outer space. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. outward: on the outside; towards the outside; going away: On the outward journey, we stopped twice. The outward appearance of the house was ugly, but the rooms inside were pleasing. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
74 external
خَارِجيّ \ exterior: outside: an exterior wall. external: outside: His body showed no external signs of illness. outer: farther from the middle or from the inside: an outer garment; a journey to outer space. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. outward: on the outside; towards the outside; going away: On the outward journey, we stopped twice. The outward appearance of the house was ugly, but the rooms inside were pleasing. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
75 outer
خَارِجيّ \ exterior: outside: an exterior wall. external: outside: His body showed no external signs of illness. outer: farther from the middle or from the inside: an outer garment; a journey to outer space. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. outward: on the outside; towards the outside; going away: On the outward journey, we stopped twice. The outward appearance of the house was ugly, but the rooms inside were pleasing. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
76 outside
خَارِجيّ \ exterior: outside: an exterior wall. external: outside: His body showed no external signs of illness. outer: farther from the middle or from the inside: an outer garment; a journey to outer space. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. outward: on the outside; towards the outside; going away: On the outward journey, we stopped twice. The outward appearance of the house was ugly, but the rooms inside were pleasing. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
77 outward
خَارِجيّ \ exterior: outside: an exterior wall. external: outside: His body showed no external signs of illness. outer: farther from the middle or from the inside: an outer garment; a journey to outer space. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. outward: on the outside; towards the outside; going away: On the outward journey, we stopped twice. The outward appearance of the house was ugly, but the rooms inside were pleasing. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
78 superficial
خَارِجيّ \ exterior: outside: an exterior wall. external: outside: His body showed no external signs of illness. outer: farther from the middle or from the inside: an outer garment; a journey to outer space. outside: describing something that is not inside anything else: The outside door was made of wood and the inner door was made of glass. outward: on the outside; towards the outside; going away: On the outward journey, we stopped twice. The outward appearance of the house was ugly, but the rooms inside were pleasing. superficial: on the surface; not thorough: superficial damage; a superficial knowledge of chemistry. -
79 glossy
مَصْقُول \ glossy: having a smooth shining surface: glossy paint; glossy fur. sophisticated: not simple and natural but seeming experienced and wise; pretending or showing a knowledge of glamorous city culture; (of machines) made of many different and clever parts: a sophisticated actress; a sophisticated new weapon. \ See Also محنك (مُحَنَّك)، متحذلق (مُتَحَذْلِق) -
80 sophisticated
مَصْقُول \ glossy: having a smooth shining surface: glossy paint; glossy fur. sophisticated: not simple and natural but seeming experienced and wise; pretending or showing a knowledge of glamorous city culture; (of machines) made of many different and clever parts: a sophisticated actress; a sophisticated new weapon. \ See Also محنك (مُحَنَّك)، متحذلق (مُتَحَذْلِق)
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