-
1 LESS
mis (adverb); suffix –LESS –lóra (= "without"; this –lóra is a suffix used to derive adjectives; Tolkien gave the example ómalóra "voiceless"). The earlier "Qenya" suffix –viltë, –valta of similar meaning may not be valid in LotR-style Quenya. –PE14:80, VT45:28, GL:23 -
2 AND
ar. In the phrase eldain a fírimoin “to Elves and Men” (FS), ar is seemingly reduced to a before f, but contrast ar formenna *“and northwards” in VT49:26. (In Sauron Defeated p. ii, the word o is translated "and", but LotR, Silm and Etym all agree that the Quenya word for "and" is ar. A longer variant arë is mentioned in VT43:31.) A suffix meaning "and", -yë, occurs in the phrase Menel Cemenyë "heaven and earth" (VT47:11); this suffix is "normally used of pairs usually associated as Sun, Moon [*Anar Isilyë]; Heaven, Earth [Menel Cemenyë], Land, Sea [*Nór Eäryë], fire, water [*úr nenyë]" (VT47:31). AND YET a-nanta/ananta (but yet) –AR/Nam/FS, VT43:31, NDAN; the etymology of ar is discussed in VT47:31 -
3 DAUGHTER
selyë; also yendë, yen, –iel (suffix, e.g. Uinéniel "daughter of Uinen" [UT:182]; this suffix may obsolete the earlier [TLT] ending -wen, mentioned in LT1:271). The stem YEL, from which –iel must be derived, was removed from Etym. However, the UT example just mentioned is from a later text, indicating that Tolkien restored –iel. Perhaps yeldë was restored as the independent word for "daughter" at the same time and is to be preferred to yendë, yen. Distinguish -riel in Altáriel (Galadriel), which does not mean "daughter" and becomes -riell- before an ending. –VT47:10, YŌ, YEL, 182/469 -
4 MY
-nya (possessive suffix), e.g. meldonya "my friend" (VT49:40, 48), tyenya “my tye” (VT49:51, this is a term of address used to a dear kins(wo)man, literally “my thou”, with tye as an intimate 2nd person pronoun). An i seems to be inserted between the ending and the noun when the latter ends in a consonant: atarinya "my father" (LR:61). If the last consonant(s) of the noun is n or the cluster nd, a contracted form may be used in vocatives: hinya "my child" (for hínanya, WJ:403), yonya "my son" (for *yondonya, LR:61). – “My” as an independent word is apparently ninya, (derived from the dative form nin “for me”), though in FS it is used as a quasi-suffix (indo-ninya “my heart”). -
5 DEAR
melda (beloved), melin, moina (familiar), \#melya (isolated from Melyanna "dear gift", Melian's Quenya name), valda (worth, worthy). Cf. also the "suffix of endearment" -ya mentioned in UT:418: Anardilya *"dear Anardil" (UT:174). DEAR KINSMAN (form of address) tyenya (literally “my thou”, with tye as an intimate 2nd person pronoun reserved for relatives and close friends). –MEL, MOY, Silm:434, GL:23, VT49:51 -
6 HE, HIM
(personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48). Sometimes a verb with no pronominal ending whatsoever implies a subject “he, she, it”, e.g. nornë “he ran” (PE17:58), fírië “she has breathed forth” (MR:250), tinë “it glints” (TIN). A distinctly masculine ending -ro does occur in early material (antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së (VT49:51, descended from older -sse, VT49:20), perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love her” or *”I love it”). “He/she” (or even “it”, when some living thing is concerned) does have a distinct form when it appears as an independent pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel (sé, VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) The independent form may also appear in object position: melin sé, “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, 45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = “the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him (sé) but not him (hé).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a living thing) would normally appear as the ending -rya, e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369), máryat “her hands” (Nam), the latter with a dual ending following -rya. “His/her” as an independent word could be *senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, LotR:1008 -
7 HER
1. (object form of she) – see HIM (the same forms are used for both genders). 2. HER (genitive, “of her”) -rya (possessive suffix, e.g. aratarya "her sublimity" [WJ:369], máryat "her hands" [Nam].) This ending covers the entire 3rd person sg. and may also translate as "his" and “its”; see HIS for further discussion. –WJ:369, VT49:16 -
8 HIS
-rya (possessive suffix, e.g. coarya his house. This ending covers the entire 3rd pers sg and also means "her" and *"its".) Nouns ending in a consonant take the shorter form -ya, e.g. talya “his foot”, macilya “his sword” (cf. tál, tal- “foot”, macil “sword”). In colloquial Quenya (which used -rya = “their” rather than “his, her, its”), the ending -ya could be added even to nouns ending in a vowel: cambeya (“k”) “his hand”, yulmaya “his cup”. –WJ:369, PE17:130, VT49:17, 48 -
9 IT
(impersonal 3rd sg. pronoun – notice that “personal” forms are used of all living things including plants; see HE): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. utúvienyes, "I have found [utúvienye-] it [-s]"). “It”, with reference to non-living or abstract things, does have a distinct form when appearing as an independent pronoun: sa (VT49:37), with long vowel (sá, VT49:51) when stressed. It is attested in object position: carë sa, “to do it” (VT49:34). Another word for “it” or “that” is ta (though in some sources, Tolkien used ta for plural impersonal “they, them” instead). Case endings may probably be added to sa, e.g. dative *san “for it” (cf. nin “for me”); sa also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósa *”with it” (VT43:29). Genitive ITS would normally appear as the ending -rya (only attested with personal meanings “his, her” – see HIS). “Its” as an independent word may be *sanya, formed from *san as the dative form of sa “it” (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, dative nin “for me”). –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, LotR:1008, TA -
10 KINGDOM
\#aranië (attested with the suffix –lya "thy" added). Earlier versions of the text in question had other forms: \#turinasta, \#turindië (both also occurring with a long ú). –VT43:12, 15 -
11 LIFE
\#coivië (attested with a pronominal suffix: coivierya, “his/her life”), cuilë (being alive; obsoleting coi, coirë in LT1:257; the latter means "stirring, spring" in Tolkien's later Quenya); NEW LIFE laito, laisi (vigour, youth), LIFE-BREAD coimas (prob. coimast[a]-, cf. masta "bread") (lembas) –VT49:41,:42, KUY, LT1:267, Silm:406/429 -
12 REMAIN
lemya- (to tarry). Possibly this verb should have the past tense *lemnë rather than ?lemyanë, since intransitive verbs in –ya may seem to surrender this suffix in the past tense. REMAINS erin (evidently a verb; the ending -n for 3rd person rather than 1st person would not be valid in later Quenya. A verbal stem \#er- "remain" may perhaps be isolated, but the source is very early and writers should rather use lemya-.) –VT45:26, LT1:269 -
13 SHAPE
(vb) canta-, venië (gerund? Stem \#ven-?) (cut); SHAPE (noun) venwë (cut), SHAPED canta (also as quasi-suffix, e.g. lassecanta "leaf-shaped"); SHAPED STONE ambal (flag), PIECE OF SHAPED WOOD pano. Note: a homophone means “plan, arrangement”. –KAT, LT1:254, MBAL, PAN -
14 SON
yondo (male descendant), also short form yón (Yón referring to Jesus as "the Son" in the source); dative i yondon "to the Son" in VT43:36-37. Cf. also the suffix –ion, e.g. Finwion "son of Finwë". Variant yonyo "son, big boy" (a term also used for "middle finger" or "middle toe" in children's play, though Tolkien may have replaced it by hanno "brother", VT48:4). Vocative yonya *"my son", a contraction of *yondonya. (The forms vô, vondo "son" in LT2 are probably obsolete, as are the notions there recorded that yondo meant "(great) grandson" and that yô-, yond- "son" was used only in poetry. But LT2 does confirm that –ion was "very common...in patronymics".) SON OF THE DARK (= Morgoth) morion –YO, VT44:12, 17, VT43:36-37, MR:217, VT47:10, 15, LR:61, LT2:336, 344, LT1:260 cf. FS -
15 TARRY
lemya- (remain). Possibly this verb should have the past tense *lemnë rather than ?lemyanë, since intransitive verbs in –ya may seem to surrender this suffix in the past tense. –VT45:26 -
16 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES. -
17 WITH
For the purpose of Neo-Quenya writing, the best translation of "with" (in the sense of "together with") is probably \#as, attested with a pronominal suffix (see below). A string of various prepositional elements meaning "with" are attested, but all are probably not meant to coexist in the same form of Quenya; rather Tolkien often changed his mind about the details. The preposition lé, le found in early material (QL:52) is probably best avoided in LotR-style Quenya (in which langauge le is rather the pronoun "you"). Tolkien later seems to be experimenting with yo and ó/o as words for "with"; yo hildinyar in SD:56 probably means *"with my heirs", and VT43:29 reproduces a table where various pronouns are suffixed to ó-, probably meaning "with" (óni *"with me", ólë *"with you", etc.) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, Tolkien assigns a dual meaning to ó- as a prefix; it was used "in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units" (WJ:367; cf. 361 regarding the underlying stem WO, said to be a dual adverb "together"). The plural equivalent of dual ó- is yo- (as in yomenië, WJ:407 cf. 361 regarding the underlying root JŌ), and it may seem to be this yo that occurs as an independent preposition in yo hildinyar in SD:56. The idea that ó- is a distinctly dual form does not appear in all sources; in VT43:29 we have forms like *ómë *"with us", implying at least three persons. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya rendering of the Hail Mary, he experimented with various prepositional elements for the phrase "with thee" (see VT43:29). A form carelyë was replaced with aselyë in the final version. Removing the ending -lyë "thee" and the connecting vowel before it leaves us with \#as as the word (or a word) for "with"; this is ultimately related to the conjunction ar "and" (see VT43:30, 47:31). – In English, the preposition "with" may also have an instrumental force, which is best rendered by the Quenya instrumental case (e.g. *nambanen "with [= using] a hammer"). -
18 WITHOUT
(adj & prep) ú (usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light [cala]") (destitute of). WITHOUT BEAUTY úvanë, adj. úvanëa. (As for a suffix "-less", also glossed "without" by Tolkien, see entry –LESS.) –VT39:14
См. также в других словарях:
Suffix — Sn am Ende angefügtes Wortbildungselement per. Wortschatz fach. (18. Jh.) Entlehnung. Substantiviert aus l. suffixum das unten Angefügte Ebenso nndl. suffix, ne. suffix, nfrz. suffixe, nschw. suffix, nnorw. suffiks; Affix, sub . lateinisch l … Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache
suffix — In grammar, a suffix is a word or element added at the end of another word to adjust or qualify its meaning, such as ation (confirmation, privatization), ing (driving, soldiering), and itis (appendicitis). Some suffixes are created artificially… … Modern English usage
suffix — ► NOUN ▪ an element added at the end of a word to form a derivative (e.g. ation). ► VERB ▪ append, especially as a suffix … English terms dictionary
suffix — [suf′iks; ] also, for v. [, sə fiks′] n. [ModL suffixum < neut. of L suffixus, pp. of suffigere, to fasten on beneath < sub ,SUB + figere, to FIX] 1. a letter, syllable, or group of syllables added at the end of a word or word base to… … English World dictionary
Suffix — Suf*fix , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Suffixed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Suffixing}.] To add or annex to the end, as a letter or syllable to a word; to append. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Suffix — Suf fix, n. [L. suffixus, p. p. of suffigere to fasten on, to affix; sub under + figere to fix: cf. F. suffixe. See {Fix}.] 1. A letter, letters, syllable, or syllables added or appended to the end of a word or a root to modify the meaning; a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Suffix — (lat.), Nachsilbe, am Ende eines Wortes angehängte Silbe; s. Flexion und Süffigierende Sprachen … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Suffíx — (lat. suffixum), ein Lautkomplex, der einer Wurzel oder einem Stamme am Ende angefügt wird … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
suffix — index codicil Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
suffix — (n.) 1778, from Mod.L. suffixum, noun use of neuter of L. suffixus fastened, pp. of suffigere fasten, fix on, from sub upon (see SUB (Cf. sub )) + figere fasten (see FIX (Cf. fix)). The verb, in the grammatical sense, is first recorded 1778.… … Etymology dictionary
Suffix — »Nachsilbe« (im Gegensatz zu ↑ Präfix): Der sprachwissenschaftliche Terminus ist aus lat. suf fixum, dem substantivierten Neutrum des Part. Perf. von lat. suf figere »unten anheften«, entlehnt (vgl. ↑ sub..., ↑ Sub... und über das einfache Verb… … Das Herkunftswörterbuch
