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stream+function

  • 61 коэффициент


    coefficient (coeff.), factor
    безразмерное число, в основном отношение к-п. величин, характеризующих заданные условия. — а number indicating the amount of some change under certain specified сoпditions, often expressed as a ratio.
    - безопасности — factor of safety
    число, равное отношению расчетной нагрузки к эксплуатационной. расчетная нагрузка - произведение эксплуатационной нагрузки на коэффициент безопасности. — а number indicating the ratio between the ultimate load and limit load (maximum load expected in service). ultimate load is limit load multiplied by factor of safety.
    - восстановления давления — pressure recovery factor
    - двухконтурности (дтрд) — bypass ratio
    - загрузки пассажирами, безубыточный — passenger break-even load factor
    - запаса длины впп — field length factor
    - запаса длины летной полосы — field length factor
    - запаса длины летной полосы в направлении взлета — takeoff field length factor
    - запаса длины летной полосы в направлении посадки — landing field length factor
    - запаса длины летной полосы при всех работающих двигателей — field length factor for all-engines-operating сase
    - запаса длины летной полосы при одном отказавшем двигателе — field length factor for one-engine-inoperative ease
    - запаса прочности — reserve factor
    отношение фактической прочности конструкции к минимально-потребной в данных условиях. — а ratio of the actual strength of the structure to the minimum required to specific condition.
    - заполнения (в вычислительном уст-ве) — duty factor in computer, the ratio of active time to total time.
    - заполнения (воздушного) винта — propeller solidity ratio
    отношение суммарной площади всех лопастей винта к сметаемой ими площади. — the ratio of the total projected blade area to the area of the projected outline of the propeller disc.
    - заполнения несущего винта (вертолета) — rotor solidity ratio solidity of rotor is a ratio of the total blade area to the disc area.
    - лобового сопротивления (сх) — drag coefficient (cd)
    коэффициент, характеризующий лобовое сопротивление рассматриваемого аэродинамического профиля. — а coefficient representing the drag on а given airfoil.
    - маневренной перегрузки — maneuvering load factor
    - момента крена — rolling-moment coefficient
    - момента рыскания — yawing-moment coefficient
    - момента тангажа — pitching-moment coefficient
    - мощности — power factor
    - мощности (воздушного винта) — activity factor
    - мощности лопасти (возд. винта) — blade activity factor
    безразмерная функция поверхности лопасти, характеризующая способность лопасти использовать прикладываемую мощность. — а non-dimensional function of the blade surface used to express capacity of a blade for absorbing power.
    - несущей поверхности (покрытия аэродрома), калифорнийский — californian bearing ratio (с.в.r.)
    -, относительный (воздушного винта) — figure of merit
    - перегрузки (n) — load factor (n)
    число, показывающее, во сколько раз нагрузки, действующие на самолет (или его отдельные части), превышает нагрузки в равномерном горизонтальном полете или нагрузки от веса при стоянке. — the ratio to the weight of an aircraft of а specified exterпаl load. such load may arise from aerodynamic forces, gravity, ground or water reaction, or from combinations of these forces.
    - перегрузки, максимальный эксплуатационный — limit load factor
    - перегрузки, (полетный) — flight load factor
    отношение составляющей аэродинамической нагрузки (действующей перпендикулярно продольной оси ла) к весу ла. — the ratio of the aerodynamic force component (acting normal to the assumed longitudiпа1 axis of the airplane) to the weight of the airplane.
    - перегрузки (полетной), отрицательный — negative load factor
    - перегрузки (полетной), положительный — positive load factor
    в данном случае аэродинамичеекая сила воздействует на ла снизу вверх. — in positive load factor the aerodynamic force acts upward with respect to the airplane.
    - перегрузки при маневре — maneuvering load factor
    - перегрузки при маневре, максимальный эксплуатационный — limit maneuvering load factor
    - перегрузки, расчетный — ultimate load factor
    - передачи (коэффициент передаточного числа в системе управления ла) — gain
    - подъемной силы (су) безразмерная величина, определяемая по формуле. — lift coefficient (cl) а coefficient representing the lift of а given airfoil or other body. the lift coefficient is obtained ьу dividing the lift by the free-stream dynamic pressure and by the representative area under consideration.
    - полезного действия (кпд) — efficiency (n)

    the ratio of the useful output of the quantity to its total input.
    - полезного действия, общий — overall efficiency
    - полезного действия,тепловой — thermal efficiency
    -, поправочный — correction factor
    например, для учета влияния погодных (сезонных) условий (температура наружного воздуха, атмосферные осадки, обледенение) на характеристики тормозного участка впп в пределах установленных эксплуатационных ограничений. — the correction factors must account for the particular surface characteristics of the stopway and the variations in these characteristics with seasonal weather conditions (such as temperature, rain, snow, and ice) within the established operational limits.
    - предельной перегрузки — ultimate load factor
    - преобразования (в преобразователе) — conversion efficiency ratio of dc output power to ас input power.
    - профильного сопротивления — profile drag coefficient
    - прочности грунта, калифорнийский — californian bearing ratio (c.b.r.)
    (к. несущей способности покрытия аэродрома, впп) — c.b.r. is used to measure subsoil strength of the runways and airfields.
    - связи (эл.) — coupling coefficient
    - сжимаемости — coefficient of compressibility
    относительное уменьшение объема газа при повышении давления в изотермическом процессе. — the relative decrease of the volume of а gaseous system with increasing pressure in an isothermal process.
    - совершенства (воздушного винта) — figure of merit
    - сопротивления (лобовой, сx) — drag coefficient (cd)
    - сопротивления (сx) груза на внешней подвеске (вертолета) — drag coefficient (cd) representing а drag caused by an externally-slung load
    - стоячей волны — standing wave ratio (swr)
    - схождения карты — chart convergence factor (ccf)
    - сцепления (между шиной колеса и поверхностью впп) — coefficient of friction
    -, сцепления (между шиной и впп при торможении) — braking coefficient of friction
    - трансформации (в трансформаторе) — transformation ratio compensation windings are used to correct for variations in the resolvers transformation ratio.
    - трения — coefficient of friction
    - трения торможения — braking coefficient of friction
    коэффициент трения между шиной и поверхностью взлетно-посадочной полосы при торможении самолета. — braking coefficient of friction between the aircraft wheel tires and runway (surface).
    - трения торможения, осредненный приведенный — (mean) corrected braking coefficient of friction
    - тяги (воздушного винта) — thrust coefficient (ст)
    - усиления (эл.) — amplification factor

    the ratio of output magnitude to input magnitude.
    - усиления антенны — antenna gain
    - усиления (передаточное число в системе управления) — gain
    - усиления, самонастраивающийся (системы управления) — adaptive gain
    - утечки — leakage factor
    - шарнирного момента — hinge moment factor
    - шарнирного момента от порыва ветра на земле, предельный — limit hinge moment factor (к) for ground gusts
    в отношении элеронов и рулей высоты, коэффициент имеет положительный знак, если момент, воздействующий на поверхность управления, вызывает ее опускание. — for ailerons and elevators, а positive value of к indicates а moment tending to depress the surface, and а negative value of к - to raise the surface.
    - шума — noise factor
    для данной полосы частот, отношение суммарной величины помех на выходе к величине помехи на входе. — for а given bandwidth, the ratio оf total noise at the output, to the noise at the input.
    - эксплуатационной маневренной перегрузки (максимальный), или эксплуатационной перегрузки при маневрировании (отрицательный или попожительный) — (negative, positive) limit maneuvering load factor rotorcraft must be designed for positive limit maneuvering load factor of 3.5 and negafive limit maneuvering load factor of 1.0.

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > коэффициент

  • 62 функция языка

    дексриптивный язык; описательный язык — descriptive language

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > функция языка

  • 63 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 64 Asêta'xêstse

    run; synonyms (v) flow, rule, dash, gush, race, career, conduct, direct, function, go, hasten, hurry, operate, pour, progress, rush, dribble, walk, administer, bleed, channel, control, (n) pass, campaign, course, drive, range, sequence, tide, ( adj) stream.

    Cheyenne - English thesaurus dictionary > Asêta'xêstse

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