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1 безмен
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2 безмен
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3 безмен
1) General subject: Danish balance, Roman balance, quick balance, spiral balance, spring balance, steelyard, steelyard (рычажный), weighbeam2) Engineering: beam scale, kitchen balance, steelyard balance, steelyard-type balance, spring scale3) Automobile industry: weigh beam -
4 Le Roy, Pierre
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 24 November 1717 Paris, Franced. 25 August 1785 Viry-sur-Orge, France[br]French horologist who invented the detached détente escapement and the compensation balance.[br]Le Roy was born into a distinguished horological family: his father, Julien, was Clockmaker to the King. Pierre became Master in 1737 and continued to work with his father, taking over the business when his father died in 1759. However, he seems to have left the commercial side of the business to others so that he could concentrate on developing the marine chronometer. Unlike John Harrison, he believed that the solution lay in detaching the escapement from the balance, and in 1748 he submitted a proposal for the first detached escapement to the Académie des Sciences in Paris. He also differed from Harrison in his method of temperature compensation, which acted directly on the balance by altering its radius of gyration. This was achieved either by mounting thermometers on the balance or by using bimetallic strips which effectively reduced the diameter of the balance as the temperature rose (with refinements, this later became the standard method of temperature compensation in watches and chronometers). Le Roy had already discovered that for every spiral balance spring there was a particular length at which it would be isochronous, and this method of temperature compensation did not destroy that isochronism by altering the length, as other methods did. These innovations were incorporated in a chronometer with an improved detached escapement which he presented to Louis XV in 1766 and described in a memoir to the Académie des Sciences. This instrument contained the three essential elements of all subsequent chronometers: an isochronous balance spring, a detached escapement and a balance with temperature compensation. Its performance was similar to that of Harrison's fourth timepiece, and Le Roy was awarded prizes by the Académie des Sciences for the chronometer and for his memoir. However, his work was never fully appreciated in France, where he was over-shadowed by his rival Ferdinand Berthoud. When Berthoud was awarded the coveted title of Horloger de la Marine, Le Roy became disillusioned and shortly afterwards gave up chronometry and retired to the country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHorloger du Roi 1760.Bibliography1748, "Echappement à détente", Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (still the standard work on the subject).DV -
5 пружинные весы
1) General subject: Roman balance, quick balance, spiral balance, spring balance2) Engineering: spring scales3) Automobile industry: spring scale4) Makarov: compression balance -
6 безмен
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7 пружинные весы
spring balance имя существительное:spring balance (пружинные весы, безмен)spiral balance (пружинные весы, безмен) -
8 Schiebefenstergewichtsausgleich
Schiebefenstergewichtsausgleich m sash balance, spiral balanceDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Schiebefenstergewichtsausgleich
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9 Spiralausgleichsfeder
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10 yaylı baskül
n. spiral balance -
11 yaylı kantar
n. spiral balance -
12 Schiebefensterfedergewichtsausgleich
Schiebefensterfedergewichtsausgleich m spiral balanceDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Schiebefensterfedergewichtsausgleich
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13 Schiebefenstergewichtsausgleich durch Federkraft
Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Schiebefenstergewichtsausgleich durch Federkraft
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14 кантар
balance, scales(за големи тежести) weighing machine, (за коли и пр.) weighbridgeкантар с топуз steel-yardкантар с пружина spring-balance* * *канта̀р,м., -и, (два) канта̀ра balance, scales; ( пружинен) spiral/spring(-)balance; (за големи тежести) weighing machine, (за коли и пр.) weighbridge; \кантар с топуз steel-yard.* * *balance; weigh-bridge (за коли)* * *1. (за големи тежести) weighing machine, (за коли и пр.) weighbridge 2. balance, scales 3. КАНТАР с пружина spring-balance 4. КАНТАР с топуз steel-yard -
15 кантарче
spiral/spring balance* * *spiral/spring balance -
16 равновесие по ядерным вооружениям
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > равновесие по ядерным вооружениям
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17 Phillips, Edouard
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 21 May 1821 Paris, Franced. 14 December 1889 Pouligny-Saint-Martin, France[br]French engineer and mathematician who achieved isochronous oscillations of a balance by deriving the correct shape for the balance spring.[br]Phillips was educated in Paris, at the Ecole Polytechnic and the Ecole des Mines. In 1849 he was awarded a doctorate in mathematical sciences by the University of Paris. He had a varied career in industry, academic and government institutions, rising to be Inspector- General of Mines in 1882.It was well known that the balance of a watch or chronometer fitted with a simple spiral or helical spring was not isochronous, i.e. the period of the oscillation was not entirely independent of the amplitude. Watch-and chronometer-makers, notably Breguet and Arnold, had devised empirical solutions to the problem by altering the curvature of the end of the balance spring. In 1858 Phillips was encouraged to tackle the problem mathematically, and two years later he published a complete solution for the helical balance spring and a partial solution for the more complex spiral spring. Eleven years later he was able to achieve a complete solution for the spiral spring by altering the curvature of both ends of the spring. Phillips published a series of typical curves that the watch-or chronometer-maker could use to shape the ends of the balance spring.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcadémie des Sciences 1868. Chairman, Jury on Mechanics, Universal Exhibition 1889.Bibliography1861, "Mémoire sur l'application de la Théorie du Spiral Réglant", Annales des Mines 20:1–107.1878, Comptes Rendus 86:26–31.An English translation (by J.D.Weaver) of both the above papers was published by the Antiquarian Horological Society in 1978 (Monograph No. 15).Further ReadingJ.D.Weaver, 1989, "Edouard Phillips: a centenary appreciation", Horological Journal 132: 205–6 (a good short account).F.J.Britten, 1978, Britten's Watch and Clock Maker's Handbook, 16th edn, rev. R Good (a description of the practical applications of the balance spring).DV -
18 escalera
f.1 stairs, staircase.escalera de caracol spiral staircaseescalera de incendios fire escapeescalera mecánica escalatorescalera de servicio service stairsescalera de tijera step ladder2 run.escalera de color straight flush3 stair, stairway, staircase, stairs.4 ladder, step ladder, stepladder.* * *1 stairs plural, staircase2 (escala) ladder3 (naipes) run, sequence\escalera de caracol spiral staircaseescalera de incendios fire escapeescalera de servicio back stairs plural, servant's staircaseescalera doble / escalera de tijera stepladderescalera mecánica / escalera automática escalator* * *noun f.1) stairs2) ladder* * *SF1) [de edificio] stairs pl, staircasecorrió escaleras abajo — she ran downstairs o down the stairs
se cayó por las escaleras — she fell downstairs o down the stairs
escalera mecánica, escalera móvil — escalator
2) [portátil] ladderescalera de pintor, escalera de tijera, escalera doble — stepladder, steps pl
3) (Naipes) run, sequence; [en póquer] straight* * *1) ( de edificio) stairs (pl), staircasebajó las escaleras — he came downstairs o down the stairs
2) ( portátil) tbescalera de mano — ladder; ( de tijera) stepladder
3) ( en naipes) run; ( juego de tablero) snakes and ladders•* * *= ladder, rib, stairways, stepladder.Ex. 2 metaphors in particular are considered: reading is a ladder; and reading is eating.Ex. The plank was hauled in and out between the cheeks by girths at each end which were wound round a small windlass underneath the ribs.Ex. Librarians must be made aware of the dangers of open floor bookstacks and open stairways and budgets must provide funds to achieve an acceptable level of fire safety.Ex. As a result, the worker lost his balance, fell off the stepladder, and fractured his right leg.----* escalera de caracol = winding stair, spiralling staircase, spiral staircase, winding staircase.* escalera de cuerda = Jacob's ladder.* escalera de mano = stepladder.* escalera deslizante = escalator.* escalera de tijera = stepladder.* escalera mecánica = escalator.* escalera plegable = telescopic ladder, stepladder.* escalera rodante = escalator.* escaleras = stairs, stairways.* hueco de la escalera = stairwell.* tramo de escaleras = flight of stairs.* * *1) ( de edificio) stairs (pl), staircasebajó las escaleras — he came downstairs o down the stairs
2) ( portátil) tbescalera de mano — ladder; ( de tijera) stepladder
3) ( en naipes) run; ( juego de tablero) snakes and ladders•* * *= ladder, rib, stairways, stepladder.Ex: 2 metaphors in particular are considered: reading is a ladder; and reading is eating.
Ex: The plank was hauled in and out between the cheeks by girths at each end which were wound round a small windlass underneath the ribs.Ex: Librarians must be made aware of the dangers of open floor bookstacks and open stairways and budgets must provide funds to achieve an acceptable level of fire safety.Ex: As a result, the worker lost his balance, fell off the stepladder, and fractured his right leg.* escalera de caracol = winding stair, spiralling staircase, spiral staircase, winding staircase.* escalera de cuerda = Jacob's ladder.* escalera de mano = stepladder.* escalera deslizante = escalator.* escalera de tijera = stepladder.* escalera mecánica = escalator.* escalera plegable = telescopic ladder, stepladder.* escalera rodante = escalator.* escaleras = stairs, stairways.* hueco de la escalera = stairwell.* tramo de escaleras = flight of stairs.* * *A (de un edificio) stairs (pl), staircasebajó la escalera para recibirme he came downstairs o down the stairs to greet mesubí las escaleras corriendo I ran up the stairsuna escalera de mármol a marble staircasenos encontramos en la escalera we met on the stairs o on the staircaseel hueco de la escalera the stairwellle ayudé a empapelar la escalera I helped him to paper the stairwayCompuestos:spiral staircaseemergency stairsfire escape( Méx); escalatorspiral staircaseB1 (portátil) tbescalera de mano ladder2 (de tijera) stepladderCompuestos:turntable ladderescalatorC1 (en naipes) run2 (juego de tablero) snakes and laddersCompuestos:● escalera flor or de color( Col) royal flushroyal flush* * *
escalera sustantivo femenino
1 ( de edificio) stairs (pl), staircase;◊ bajó las escaleras he came downstairs o down the stairs;
el hueco de la escalera the stairwell;
escalera (de) caracol spiral staircase;
escalera mecánica escalator
2 ( portátil) tb
( de tijera) stepladder
3 ( en naipes) run;
( juego de tablero) snakes and ladders
escalera sustantivo femenino
1 stairs pl, staircase: hay que barrer la escalera, we have to sweep the staircase
escalera de caracol, spiral staircase
escalera de incendios, fire escape
2 (portátil) ladder
3 (naipes) run
♦ Locuciones: escalera de color, straight flush
' escalera' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aguantar
- escala
- pasamanos
- peldaño
- rellano
- rodar
- sujetar
- tramo
- travesaño
- afirmar
- bajar
- baranda
- burro
- espiral
- fijo
- firme
- hueco
- interior
- por
- punto
- seguro
- tijeras
English:
atop
- bottom
- climb
- descend
- down
- downstairs
- escalator
- fall
- fire escape
- flight
- kick down
- ladder
- landing
- reach
- rope ladder
- rung
- secure
- spiral staircase
- stair
- staircase
- stairwell
- steady
- step
- stepladder
- tread
- tumble down
- unsteady
- up
- well
- do
- fire
- manage
- maneuver
- pass
- rope
- spiral
- summon
* * *escalera nf1. [en edificio] stairs, staircase;escalera (de mano) ladder;me crucé con ellos en la escalera I passed them on the stairs;se cayó por el hueco de la escalera she fell down the stairwell;salió corriendo escaleras abajo/arriba he rushed down/up the stairs;antes que eso prefiero estar por ahí limpiando escaleras I'd sooner clean stairs than do thatescalera automática escalator;escalera de caracol spiral staircase;escalera de emergencia emergency stairs;escalera de incendios fire escape;escalera mecánica escalator, moving staircase;escalera de servicio service stairs;escalera de tijera stepladder2. [en naipes] runescalera de color straight flush;escalera real royal flush* * *f stairs pl, staircase* * *escalera nf1) : ladderescalera de tijera: stepladder2) : stairs pl, staircase3)escalera mecánica : escalator* * *escalera n1. (de un edificio) stairs2. (portátil) ladder -
19 espiral
adj.spiral, circling, volute.f.1 spiral (also figurative).en espiral spiral (escalera, forma)2 coil, intrauterine device.* * *► adjetivo1 spiral1 spiral2 (de reloj) hairspring* * *noun f. adj.* * *1.ADJ [gen] spiral; [movimiento, línea] spiral; (Téc) helical2.SM [de reloj] hairspring3.SF (=forma) [gen] spiral; [anticonceptiva] coil; (Téc) whorl; [de humo] spiral; (Dep) corkscrew dive* * *a) (forma, movimiento) spiralescalera espiral or en espiral or de espiral — spiral staircase
b) ( muelle) hairspringc) ( dispositivo intrauterino) coil* * *= spiral, coil.Ex. The inter-library loan network operates like a spiral with the individual library at the centre and the local, regional, national and international back-up services forming an ever-widening circle around it.Ex. It was known that alternating current (AC) voltage could be varied by use of induction coils, but no practical coil system had been invented.----* abrirse en espiral = spiral out.* encuadernación en espiral = spiral binding.* resistencia en espiral = heating coil.* resorte de espiral = slinky.* * *a) (forma, movimiento) spiralescalera espiral or en espiral or de espiral — spiral staircase
b) ( muelle) hairspringc) ( dispositivo intrauterino) coil* * *= spiral, coil.Ex: The inter-library loan network operates like a spiral with the individual library at the centre and the local, regional, national and international back-up services forming an ever-widening circle around it.
Ex: It was known that alternating current (AC) voltage could be varied by use of induction coils, but no practical coil system had been invented.* abrirse en espiral = spiral out.* encuadernación en espiral = spiral binding.* resistencia en espiral = heating coil.* resorte de espiral = slinky.* * *1 (forma, movimiento) spiralun cuaderno de espiral(es) a spiral-bound notebookuna espiral de violencia a spiral of violencela espiral inflacionaria the inflationary spiraluna escalera espiral or en espiral or de espiral a spiral staircasela avioneta cayó en espiral the plane spun o spiralled downward(s)2 (muelle) hairspring3 (dispositivo intrauterino) coil* * *
espiral sustantivo femenino
escalera de espiral spiral staircase
espiral adjetivo & sustantivo femenino spiral
' espiral' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cuaderno
- hornillo
English:
coil
- curl
- spiral
- spiral down
- spiral up
- swirl
- wisp
- wreath
- intrauterine device
* * *espiral nf1. [línea curva] spiral;un cuaderno de espiral a spiral-bound notebook;en espiral [escalera, forma] spiral;el avión descendió en espiral the plane spiralled downwards2. [escalada] spiralEcon espiral inflacionaria inflationary spiral;espiral de violencia spiral of violence3. [anticonceptivo] coil4. [de reloj] balance spring, hairspring* * *I adj spiral atrII f spiral;espiral precios-salarios wage-price spiral* * *espiral adj & nf: spiral* * *espiral adj n spiral -
20 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV
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