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speech+community

  • 41 usharika

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] usharika
    [English Word] congregation
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] shiriki V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] usharika
    [English Word] cooperation
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] shiriki V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] usharika
    [English Word] parish
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] shiriki V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] usharika
    [English Word] partnership
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] shiriki V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] usharika
    [English Word] community
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] shiriki V
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > usharika

  • 42 contundente

    adj.
    1 blunt (arma, objeto).
    2 convincing, decisive, forceful, conclusive.
    * * *
    1 (arma) blunt
    2 figurado (categórico) convincing, overwhelming, weighty
    ■ un "no" contundente a firm "no"
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [arma] offensive; [instrumento] blunt
    2) (=aplastante) [argumento] forceful, convincing; [prueba] conclusive; [derrota, victoria] crushing, overwhelming; [tono] forceful; [efecto, método] severe; [arbitraje] strict, severe; [juego] tough, hard, aggressive
    * * *
    a) <objeto/instrumento> blunt; < golpe> severe, heavy
    b) <argumento/respuesta> forceful; < prueba> convincing; < victoria> resounding; < fracaso> crushing
    * * *
    = assertive, cogent, vociferous, vocal, forthright, uncompromising, categorical, unequivocal, categoric, unmitigaged, arresting, power-packed.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. Children's librarians must plan to meet children's needs, and must be able to articulate the philosophy of children's library services in cogent terms.
    Ex. The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex. Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex. We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex. The exhaustive and unequivocal definition of the nature and types of material qualifying to be described as ephemera could probably form the basis of a learned dissertation.
    Ex. The question of the need for categoric assurances is not locked into a 12 month timeframe or any other timeframe.
    Ex. Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex. It is when speakers have no feeling for pause that their speech seems to burble on without any arresting quality; the club bore is a burbler: he has not learnt the eloquence of silence.
    Ex. Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    ----
    * demostrar de un modo contundente = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * pruebas contundentes = hard evidence.
    * * *
    a) <objeto/instrumento> blunt; < golpe> severe, heavy
    b) <argumento/respuesta> forceful; < prueba> convincing; < victoria> resounding; < fracaso> crushing
    * * *
    = assertive, cogent, vociferous, vocal, forthright, uncompromising, categorical, unequivocal, categoric, unmitigaged, arresting, power-packed.

    Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.

    Ex: Children's librarians must plan to meet children's needs, and must be able to articulate the philosophy of children's library services in cogent terms.
    Ex: The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex: Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex: We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex: The exhaustive and unequivocal definition of the nature and types of material qualifying to be described as ephemera could probably form the basis of a learned dissertation.
    Ex: The question of the need for categoric assurances is not locked into a 12 month timeframe or any other timeframe.
    Ex: Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex: It is when speakers have no feeling for pause that their speech seems to burble on without any arresting quality; the club bore is a burbler: he has not learnt the eloquence of silence.
    Ex: Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    * demostrar de un modo contundente = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.
    * pruebas contundentes = hard evidence.

    * * *
    1 ‹objeto/instrumento› blunt
    fue golpeado con un objeto contundente he was hit with a blunt instrument
    le asestó un golpe contundente he dealt her a severe o heavy blow
    2 ‹argumento› forceful, convincing; ‹prueba› convincing, conclusive; ‹victoria› resounding ( before n); ‹fracaso› crushing, overwhelming
    el candidato fue elegido de forma contundente the candidate was elected by an overwhelming majority
    hizo un ademán contundente he made an emphatic gesture
    fue contundente en sus declaraciones he was most emphatic o categorical in his statements
    * * *

     

    contundente adjetivo
    a) ‹objeto/instrumento› blunt;

    ‹ golpe› severe, heavy
    b) ‹argumento/respuesta› forceful;

    ‹ prueba› convincing;
    ‹fracaso/victoria› resounding ( before n);

    contundente adjetivo
    1 (convincente) convincing
    (concluyente) conclusive
    2 (golpe) heavy
    (objeto) blunt
    ' contundente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    tajante
    English:
    forcible
    - hard-hitting
    - sound
    - stunning
    - telling
    - blunt
    - clinch
    - decisive
    * * *
    1. [arma, objeto] blunt;
    lanzaron objetos contundentes contra la policía they threw heavy objects at the police
    2. [golpe] heavy;
    3. [razonamiento, argumento] forceful, convincing;
    [prueba] conclusive, convincing; [victoria] comprehensive, resounding;
    la empresa dio una respuesta contundente a los huelguistas the company dealt with the strikers decisively;
    se mostró contundente al exigir la dimisión del secretario general he was quite categorical in demanding the resignation of the general secretary
    * * *
    adj arma blunt; fig: derrota overwhelming
    * * *
    1) : blunt
    un objeto contundente: a blunt instrument
    2) : forceful, convincing

    Spanish-English dictionary > contundente

  • 43 dividir

    v.
    1 to divide.
    el río divide en dos la ciudad the river divides o splits the city in two
    Ellos dividen el dinero They divide the money.
    Ellas dividen el trabajo They divide the work.
    Ella divide los tipos de plantas She divides=classifies the plant types.
    Los pleitos dividen a los casados Fights divide married couples.
    2 to share out.
    nos dividimos las tareas domésticas we shared the household chores between us
    3 to divide by (Mat).
    dividir 12 entre 3 divide 12 by 3
    15 dividido por 3 igual a 5 15 divided by 3 is 5
    * * *
    1 to divide
    2 (separar) to divide, separate
    3 (repartir) to divide, split
    1 (separarse) to divide, split up
    \
    divide y vencerás divide and conquer, divide and rule
    * * *
    verb
    to divide, split
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=partir) to divide

    los dividieron en tres grupos — they split them (up) o divided them into three groups

    2) (Mat) to divide (entre, por by)

    doce dividido entre o por cuatro son tres — twelve divided by four is three

    3) (=repartir) [+ ganancias, posesiones] to split up, divide up; [+ gastos] to split

    hemos dividido el premio entre toda la familia — we have split up o divided up the prize among the whole family

    4) (=separar) to divide
    5) (=enemistar) to divide
    2.
    VI (Mat) to divide (entre, por into)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( partir) to divide

    lo dividió en partes iguales/por la mitad — he divided it (up) into equal portions/in half

    seis dividido por or entre dos es igual a tres — (Mat) six divided by two equals o is three

    b) ( repartir) to divide, share (out)
    c) ( separar)
    d) ( enemistar) <partido/familia> to divide
    2.
    dividir vi (Mat) to divide
    3.
    dividirse v pron
    a) célula to split; grupo/partido to split up; camino/río to divide
    b) obra/período

    el cuerpo humano se divide en... — the human body is made up of...

    c) ( repartirse) to divide up, share out
    * * *
    = break down, partition, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, split up, drive + a wedge between, dissect, segment, split, break out, parcel out, splinter, section, balkanize, rive, rend.
    Ex. The holdings are broken down into several volumes, shown as the next level of the pyramid.
    Ex. Punctuation is present in order to partition the elements of a citation and should contribute to its comprehension.
    Ex. The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.
    Ex. Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.
    Ex. In any case it is best to split up the work among all those involved, having an adult in charge of each group.
    Ex. While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.
    Ex. GMMA has developed a layered approach to visual indexing that dissects the objects, style and implication of each image, so that the indexing system can accommodate all potential approaches to the material.
    Ex. So, the state-of-the-art in speech recognition requires the speaker to pronounce words with definite pauses between them, or else it starts with segmenting the speech on the basis of its acoustical features.
    Ex. In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.
    Ex. Turnaround managers want current financial and working capital analyses broken out by cost/profit centres.
    Ex. Can libraries parcel out digitization responsibilities among themselves?.
    Ex. The computers in education movement has further splintered rather than integrated these communities.
    Ex. They have achieved this by dividing their building into public-oriented and research-oriented levels and sectioning each level into thematic areas.
    Ex. The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.
    Ex. The novel presents a social world riven by contradictions that can best be understood through Marxian categories.
    Ex. Christian Science, a faith that has epitomize a quiet, disciplined spirituality, is being rent by discord.
    ----
    * divide y vencerás = divide-and-conquer.
    * dividir Algo en partes iguales = divide + Nombre + in equal parts.
    * dividir con una cortina = curtain off.
    * dividir en = divide (into), partition into, split into, divide onto.
    * dividir en dos = halve, bisect, rend in + two.
    * dividir en partes = break into + parts.
    * dividir en trozos = split into + bits.
    * dividir en zonas = zone.
    * dividir por medio = rend in + two.
    * dividir + Posesivo + fuerzas = fragment + Posesivo + energies, fragment + Posesivo + energies.
    * dividirse = branch, fork.
    * dividirse en partes = fall into + parts.
    * producir dividendos = pay + dividends.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( partir) to divide

    lo dividió en partes iguales/por la mitad — he divided it (up) into equal portions/in half

    seis dividido por or entre dos es igual a tres — (Mat) six divided by two equals o is three

    b) ( repartir) to divide, share (out)
    c) ( separar)
    d) ( enemistar) <partido/familia> to divide
    2.
    dividir vi (Mat) to divide
    3.
    dividirse v pron
    a) célula to split; grupo/partido to split up; camino/río to divide
    b) obra/período

    el cuerpo humano se divide en... — the human body is made up of...

    c) ( repartirse) to divide up, share out
    * * *
    dividir(en)
    (v.) = divide (into), partition into, split into, divide onto

    Ex: AACR2 divides works of mixed responsibility into two groups.

    Ex: External databases can be partitioned into two major categories: bibliographic and non-bibliographic or full-text databases.
    Ex: The notation is non-expressive, and is split into groups of three digits as in DC.
    Ex: Many databases are divided onto several discs, usually by time period.

    = break down, partition, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, split up, drive + a wedge between, dissect, segment, split, break out, parcel out, splinter, section, balkanize, rive, rend.

    Ex: The holdings are broken down into several volumes, shown as the next level of the pyramid.

    Ex: Punctuation is present in order to partition the elements of a citation and should contribute to its comprehension.
    Ex: The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.
    Ex: Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.
    Ex: In any case it is best to split up the work among all those involved, having an adult in charge of each group.
    Ex: While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.
    Ex: GMMA has developed a layered approach to visual indexing that dissects the objects, style and implication of each image, so that the indexing system can accommodate all potential approaches to the material.
    Ex: So, the state-of-the-art in speech recognition requires the speaker to pronounce words with definite pauses between them, or else it starts with segmenting the speech on the basis of its acoustical features.
    Ex: In the mechanised paper fibre process individual pages are soaked and split so that acid-free paper can be put between the two layers.
    Ex: Turnaround managers want current financial and working capital analyses broken out by cost/profit centres.
    Ex: Can libraries parcel out digitization responsibilities among themselves?.
    Ex: The computers in education movement has further splintered rather than integrated these communities.
    Ex: They have achieved this by dividing their building into public-oriented and research-oriented levels and sectioning each level into thematic areas.
    Ex: The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.
    Ex: The novel presents a social world riven by contradictions that can best be understood through Marxian categories.
    Ex: Christian Science, a faith that has epitomize a quiet, disciplined spirituality, is being rent by discord.
    * divide y vencerás = divide-and-conquer.
    * dividir Algo en partes iguales = divide + Nombre + in equal parts.
    * dividir con una cortina = curtain off.
    * dividir en = divide (into), partition into, split into, divide onto.
    * dividir en dos = halve, bisect, rend in + two.
    * dividir en partes = break into + parts.
    * dividir en trozos = split into + bits.
    * dividir en zonas = zone.
    * dividir por medio = rend in + two.
    * dividir + Posesivo + fuerzas = fragment + Posesivo + energies, fragment + Posesivo + energies.
    * dividirse = branch, fork.
    * dividirse en partes = fall into + parts.
    * producir dividendos = pay + dividends.

    * * *
    dividir [I1 ]
    vt
    1 (partir) to divide
    dividió la tarta en partes iguales he divided the cake (up) into equal portions
    dividió a la clase en cuatro equipos she divided o split the class (up) into four teams
    seis dividido dos igual tres or seis dividido por dos es igual a tres or seis dividido entre dos es igual a tres ( Mat) six divided by two equals o is three
    divide 96 por or entre 12 ( Mat) divide 96 by 12
    2 (repartir) to divide, share, share out
    dividieron la herencia entre los hermanos the inheritance was shared (out) o divided among the brothers
    3
    (separar): el río divide el pueblo en dos the river cuts o divides the village in two
    4 (apartar, enemistar) to divide
    esa cuestión dividió profundamente al sindicato the issue caused deep division within the union
    los científicos están divididos en esa materia scientists are divided on that subject
    divide y vencerás/reinarás divide and conquer/rule
    ■ dividir
    vi
    ( Mat) to divide
    todavía no sabe dividir she still can't do division, she still doesn't know how to divide
    1 «célula» to split; «grupo/partido» to split up
    nos dividimos en dos grupos we split up into two groups
    el río se divide en dos brazos the river divides into two branches
    no me puedo dividir ( fam); I only have one pair of hands ( colloq), I can't be in two places at once ( colloq)
    2
    «obra/período»: su obra podría dividirse en cuatro períodos básicos his work could be divided into four basic periods
    el cuerpo humano se divide en cabeza, tronco y extremidades the human body is made up of the head, the torso and the extremities
    3 (repartirse) to divide up, share out
    * * *

     

    dividir ( conjugate dividir) verbo transitivo



    c) ( enemistar) ‹partido/familia› to divide

    verbo intransitivo (Mat) to divide
    dividirse verbo pronominal

    [grupo/partido] to split up;
    [camino/río] to divide
    b) dividir en algo [obra/período] to be divided into sth


    dividir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to divide: dividieron la herencia entre los cuatro, they divided the inheritance among the four of them
    tienes que dividir entre tres, you must divide by three
    ' dividir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    descomponer
    - partir
    - rompecabezas
    - seccionar
    - cortar
    - distribuir
    - mitad
    - separar
    English:
    carve up
    - cut
    - divide
    - equally
    - partition
    - quarter
    - separate
    - share
    - split
    - split up
    - tear
    - zone
    - break
    - halve
    - stream
    - way
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [separar] to divide (en into); [átomo] to split (en into);
    dividió la hoja en tres partes she divided the page into three parts;
    dividió a los alumnos en grupos de cinco he split o divided the pupils into groups of five;
    el río divide en dos la ciudad the river divides o splits the city in two
    2. [repartir] to share out ( entre among);
    el resto de los beneficios fue dividido entre los empleados the rest of the profits were shared out o divided among the employees;
    dividimos las tareas domésticas entre todos we shared the household chores between all of us
    3. [desunir] to divide;
    un asunto que tiene dividida a la comunidad científica an issue that has divided the scientific community;
    el testamento dividió a los hermanos the will set the brothers against one another
    4. [en matemáticas] to divide;
    dividir 12 entre 3 divide 12 by 3;
    15 dividido entre o [m5] por 3 igual a 5 15 divided by 3 is 5
    ♦ vi
    [en matemáticas] to divide;
    divide y vencerás divide and rule
    * * *
    v/t divide
    * * *
    1) : to divide, to split
    2) : to distribute, to share out
    * * *
    1. (en general) to divide
    si divido 30 entre 5, el resultado es 6 if I divide 30 by 5, the result is 6
    2. (repartir) to split [pt. & pp. split]

    Spanish-English dictionary > dividir

  • 44 prostituta

    f.
    prostitute.
    * * *
    1 prostitute
    * * *
    f., (m. - prostituto)
    * * *
    = prostitute, whore, slut, courtesan, tart, hooker, slag, slapper, strumpet.
    Ex. The unholy and more holy sources of community information are mentioned from pimps and prostitutes to the preacher and the policeman.
    Ex. In penitentiaries, nuns & whores shared a similar lifestyle & regimen, reducing the social & moral space between them.
    Ex. The ratings war between TV programmes has produced an emphasis on 'nuts, sluts, & perverts' & their victims, & discussion of sexual problems are commonplace on TV talk shows.
    Ex. This essay examines the status of courtesans in the Roman Empire.
    Ex. She loves wearing lots of make up and looking like a tart.
    Ex. The actual quotation from Castro's 1992 speech reads as follows: 'There are hookers, but prostitution is not allowed in our country'.
    Ex. Sleeping around does not make a woman a slag or a slapper -- a look at sex, lies and sterotypes that still persist today.
    Ex. Sleeping around does not make a woman a slag or a slapper -- a look at sex, lies and sterotypes that still persist today.
    Ex. She was is a bit of a strumpet and was nearly killed by her husband on her wedding night when he discovered that she was pregnant.
    ----
    * conductor que busca los servicios de una prostituta = kerb-crawler [curb-crawler, -USA].
    * solicitar los servicios de una prostituta desde el coche = kerb-crawling [curb-crawling, -USA].
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.
    * * *
    = prostitute, whore, slut, courtesan, tart, hooker, slag, slapper, strumpet.

    Ex: The unholy and more holy sources of community information are mentioned from pimps and prostitutes to the preacher and the policeman.

    Ex: In penitentiaries, nuns & whores shared a similar lifestyle & regimen, reducing the social & moral space between them.
    Ex: The ratings war between TV programmes has produced an emphasis on 'nuts, sluts, & perverts' & their victims, & discussion of sexual problems are commonplace on TV talk shows.
    Ex: This essay examines the status of courtesans in the Roman Empire.
    Ex: She loves wearing lots of make up and looking like a tart.
    Ex: The actual quotation from Castro's 1992 speech reads as follows: 'There are hookers, but prostitution is not allowed in our country'.
    Ex: Sleeping around does not make a woman a slag or a slapper -- a look at sex, lies and sterotypes that still persist today.
    Ex: Sleeping around does not make a woman a slag or a slapper -- a look at sex, lies and sterotypes that still persist today.
    Ex: She was is a bit of a strumpet and was nearly killed by her husband on her wedding night when he discovered that she was pregnant.
    * conductor que busca los servicios de una prostituta = kerb-crawler [curb-crawler, -USA].
    * solicitar los servicios de una prostituta desde el coche = kerb-crawling [curb-crawling, -USA].
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.

    * * *

     

    prostituta sustantivo femenino prostitute
    ' prostituta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    macarra
    - zorra
    - golfa
    - puta
    English:
    call-girl
    - kerb-crawling
    - prostitute
    - solicit
    - soliciting
    - streetwalker
    - hooker
    * * *
    prostitute
    * * *
    f prostitute
    * * *
    prostituta n prostitute

    Spanish-English dictionary > prostituta

  • 45 violación en grupo

    (n.) = gang rape
    Ex. The reference librarian gives a brief description of recent books under the headings of community policing; criminology; gang rape; hate speech and control of narcotics.
    * * *
    (n.) = gang rape

    Ex: The reference librarian gives a brief description of recent books under the headings of community policing; criminology; gang rape; hate speech and control of narcotics.

    Spanish-English dictionary > violación en grupo

  • 46 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 47 continuación

    f.
    1 continuation, continuance.
    2 follow-up, carrying-on, continuation, follow-through.
    * * *
    1 continuation, follow-up
    \
    tener continuación to be continued
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de acto, proceso, calle] continuation
    2)

    • a continuación — [en conversación] next; [en texto] below

    a continuación viene una canción dedicada a todos nuestros oyentes — coming up next, a song dedicated to all our listeners

    el fin, como veremos a continuación, justifica los medios — the end, as we shall now see, justifies the means

    el poeta habló a continuación de su nuevo libro — the poet went on to speak about his new book, next the poet spoke about his new book

    3)

    • a continuación de — following, after

    a continuación del sorteo ofrecerán una rueda de prensa — following o after the draw, they will give a press conference

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción) continuation
    b) ( de calle) continuation
    c) ( de novela) sequel; ( de serie) next part o episode
    2)

    a continuación — (frml)

    a continuación de — after, following

    * * *
    = continuation, perpetuation, persistence, sequel, continuance, continuation, follow-up.
    Ex. Continuations are non-periodical publications that are issued in successive parts at regular or irregular intervals.
    Ex. Moreover, the perpetuation in certain quarters in the UK of the image of the Community as a remote interfering irrelevance is assisted by the general level of ignorance on Community matters.
    Ex. The persistence of a dismal image is a most worrying phenomenon and one which must change if progress is to be made by SLIS.
    Ex. These include: continuations and sequels; supplements; indexes; concordances; incidental music to dramatic works; cadenzas; scenarios; screenplays, and so on; choreographies; librettos and other texts set to music.
    Ex. Knowledge, in its growth, must obey the universal laws which prohibit the continuance of any form of exponential increase toward infinity.
    Ex. We argue strongly for the continuation into the electro-copying era of the fair dealing provisions in legislation designed for the photocopying era.
    Ex. This is an outtake from Wolfe's follow-up to his 1987 'Bonfire of the Vanities'.
    ----
    * a continuación = next, then, in the following.
    * a continuación se enumeran = given below.
    * ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * no saber qué hacer a continuación = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * ¿qué pasará a continuación? = What's next?, What next?.
    * (que se menciona) a continuación = below.
    * venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción) continuation
    b) ( de calle) continuation
    c) ( de novela) sequel; ( de serie) next part o episode
    2)

    a continuación — (frml)

    a continuación de — after, following

    * * *
    = continuation, perpetuation, persistence, sequel, continuance, continuation, follow-up.

    Ex: Continuations are non-periodical publications that are issued in successive parts at regular or irregular intervals.

    Ex: Moreover, the perpetuation in certain quarters in the UK of the image of the Community as a remote interfering irrelevance is assisted by the general level of ignorance on Community matters.
    Ex: The persistence of a dismal image is a most worrying phenomenon and one which must change if progress is to be made by SLIS.
    Ex: These include: continuations and sequels; supplements; indexes; concordances; incidental music to dramatic works; cadenzas; scenarios; screenplays, and so on; choreographies; librettos and other texts set to music.
    Ex: Knowledge, in its growth, must obey the universal laws which prohibit the continuance of any form of exponential increase toward infinity.
    Ex: We argue strongly for the continuation into the electro-copying era of the fair dealing provisions in legislation designed for the photocopying era.
    Ex: This is an outtake from Wolfe's follow-up to his 1987 'Bonfire of the Vanities'.
    * a continuación = next, then, in the following.
    * a continuación se enumeran = given below.
    * ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * no saber qué hacer a continuación = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * ¿qué pasará a continuación? = What's next?, What next?.
    * (que se menciona) a continuación = below.
    * venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.

    * * *
    A
    1 (acción) continuation
    la lluvia impidió la continuación del espectáculo rain made it impossible for the show to continue
    2 (de una calle) continuation
    (de una obra): la semana que viene podremos ver la continuación de esta serie this series will be continued next week
    esta novela es la continuación de `Rosana' this novel is the sequel to `Rosana'
    B
    a continuación ( frml): por los motivos que se exponen a continuación for the reasons set out o stated below
    a continuación hizo uso de la palabra el presidente de la institución the president of the establishment then addressed the meeting
    a continuación de after, following
    a continuación del discurso de apertura se procedió a la entrega de premios after o following the opening speech, the prizegiving commenced
    * * *

     

    continuación sustantivo femenino



    ( de serie) next part o episode
    d)


    a continuación de after, following
    continuación sustantivo femenino continuation
    ♦ Locuciones: a continuación, next
    ' continuación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    luego
    English:
    continuation
    - go on
    - proceed
    - sequel
    - worth
    - ensue
    - follow
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    [de acción, estado] continuation; [de novela, película] sequel;
    es imprescindible dar continuación al proyecto it is essential that the project carries on, it is essential to keep the project going;
    acaba de publicar la continuación a su anterior novela she has just published the sequel to her previous novel;
    defienden la continuación de la misma política económica they are in favour of carrying on o continuing with the same economic policy
    ♦ a continuación loc adv
    next;
    a continuación añada una pizca de sal next, add a pinch of salt;
    saludó al presidente y a continuación se fue she greeted the president and then left;
    pasaremos a continuación a abordar el problema del transporte público we shall now pass on to address the problem of public transport;
    ¡a continuación, para todos ustedes, la gran cantante…! and now, we bring you the great singer…!
    ♦ a continuación loc prep
    after, following;
    * * *
    f continuation;
    a continuación ( ahora) now; ( después) then
    * * *
    1) : continuation
    2)
    lo demás sigue a continuación: the rest follows
    3)
    a continuación de : after, following

    Spanish-English dictionary > continuación

  • 48 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 49 kiwili

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiwili
    [Swahili Plural] viwili
    [English Word] community
    [English Plural] communities
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Terminology] anthropology
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiwili
    [Swahili Plural] viwili
    [English Word] common interest
    [English Plural] common interests
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Terminology] anthropology
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > kiwili

  • 50 admitir

    v.
    1 to admit, to allow in.
    admitir a alguien en to admit somebody to
    Ricardo admitió su participación Richard admitted his participation.
    El guarda admitió a los clientes The guard admitted=let in the customers.
    2 to admit.
    admito que estaba equivocado I admit I was wrong
    3 to accept.
    admitimos todas las tarjetas de crédito we accept all credit cards
    4 to allow, to permit.
    no admite ni un error he won't stand for a single mistake
    la sala admite doscientas personas the room holds o has room for two hundred people
    6 to admit to, to acknowledge to.
    Ricardo admitió saber esto Richard admitted to knowing this.
    7 to admit of, to allow of.
    Esto no admite explicación alguna This admits of no explanation.
    8 to tolerate, to bear.
    * * *
    1 (dar entrada) to admit, let in
    2 (aceptar) to accept, admit
    ■ 'No se admiten propinas' "No tipping", "Tipping not allowed"
    ■ 'No se admiten cheques' "No cheques accepted"
    3 (permitir) to allow
    4 (reconocer) to admit
    * * *
    verb
    2) acknowledge, concede
    3) allow, permit
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=dejar entrar) [en organización] to admit, accept; [en hospital] to admit
    2) (=aceptar) [+ opinión, regalo] to accept

    ¿ha admitido la Academia esa palabra? — has the Academy accepted that word?

    se admiten tarjetas de crédito — we take o accept credit cards

    3) (=permitir) to allow, permit frm

    el contenido de plomo admitido en las gasolinas — the permitted lead content of petrol, the amount of lead allowed o permitted frm in petrol

    • esto no admite demora — this cannot be put off, this will brook no delay frm

    • no admite discusión — it is indisputable

    4) (=reconocer) [+ culpabilidad, error] to admit
    5) (=tener cabida para) to hold
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( aceptar) to accept

    se admiten tarjetas de crédito — we take o accept credit cards

    b) ( permitir) to allow

    admite varias interpretaciones — it allows of o admits of several different interpretations (frml)

    2) (confesar, reconocer) to admit
    3) ( dar cabida a) local to hold

    el estadio admite 4.000 personas — the stadium holds 4,000 people

    * * *
    = admit, concede, own, own up, intromit, intake.
    Ex. This theory would ensure that the basic framework of the scheme would appropriately admit every subject.
    Ex. Only an incurable pessimist would refuse to concede that the future will be longer than the past.
    Ex. 'I don't know what to say,' she owned and lapsed into silence.
    Ex. But let's not forget that he owned up for what he did and even gave all his betting money to charity.
    Ex. During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.
    Ex. As a general rule of thumb, you want front and side fans to intake, rear and top to exhaust.
    ----
    * admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.
    * admitirlo = come out with + it.
    * admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.
    * no admitir discusión = be out of the question.
    * no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * que no admite reserva = unreserved.
    * readmitir = re-admit [readmit].
    * triste de admitir = sad to relate.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( aceptar) to accept

    se admiten tarjetas de crédito — we take o accept credit cards

    b) ( permitir) to allow

    admite varias interpretaciones — it allows of o admits of several different interpretations (frml)

    2) (confesar, reconocer) to admit
    3) ( dar cabida a) local to hold

    el estadio admite 4.000 personas — the stadium holds 4,000 people

    * * *
    = admit, concede, own, own up, intromit, intake.

    Ex: This theory would ensure that the basic framework of the scheme would appropriately admit every subject.

    Ex: Only an incurable pessimist would refuse to concede that the future will be longer than the past.
    Ex: 'I don't know what to say,' she owned and lapsed into silence.
    Ex: But let's not forget that he owned up for what he did and even gave all his betting money to charity.
    Ex: During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.
    Ex: As a general rule of thumb, you want front and side fans to intake, rear and top to exhaust.
    * admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.
    * admitirlo = come out with + it.
    * admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.
    * no admitir discusión = be out of the question.
    * no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * que no admite reserva = unreserved.
    * readmitir = re-admit [readmit].
    * triste de admitir = sad to relate.

    * * *
    admitir [I1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (aceptar) ‹candidato› to accept; ‹comportamiento/excusa› to accept
    no lo admitieron en el colegio he wasn't accepted by the school
    no fue admitido en el club he wasn't accepted for membership of the club, his application for membership of the club was rejected
    el recurso fue admitido a trámite leave was granted for an appeal to a higher court
    no pienso admitir que llegues a estas horas I will not have you coming home at this time
    [ S ] no se admiten propinas no gratuities accepted, no tipping allowed
    [ S ] se admiten tarjetas de crédito we take o accept credit cards
    [ S ] admite monedas de 1 euro accepts 1 euro coins
    2
    (dar cabida a): un discurso que admite varias interpretaciones a speech which may be interpreted in several different ways, a speech which allows of o admits of several different interpretations ( frml)
    la situación no admite paralelo con la del año pasado the present situation cannot be compared with the situation last year
    lo que dijo no admite discusión there can be no arguing with what she said
    el asunto no admite demora the matter must be dealt with immediately
    B (confesar, reconocer) to admit
    admitió su culpabilidad she admitted her guilt
    admito que me equivoqué I admit I was wrong o that I made a mistake
    admitió haberla visto he admitted having seen her
    C «local» to hold
    el estadio admite 4.000 personas the stadium holds 4,000 people o has a capacity of 4,000
    * * *

     

    admitir ( conjugate admitir) verbo transitivo
    1

    ( on signs) se admiten tarjetas de crédito we take o accept credit cards


    2 ( dar cabida a) [ local] to hold
    admitir verbo transitivo
    1 to admit, let in
    2 (dar por bueno) to accept: por favor, admite mis disculpas, please accept my apologies
    3 (permitir) to allow: no se admiten mascotas, no pets allowed
    4 (convenir, dar la razón) to admit, acknowledge: admito que hice una tontería, I admit I did a silly thing
    ' admitir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acoger
    - conceder
    - empacho
    - recibir
    - coger
    - confesar
    English:
    accept
    - acknowledge
    - care
    - exclude
    - grant
    - support
    - take
    - admit
    - recognize
    * * *
    1. [dejar entrar] to admit, to allow in;
    admitir a alguien en to admit sb to;
    lo admitieron en la universidad he was accepted by the university;
    no se admiten perros [en letrero] no dogs;
    no se admite la entrada a menores de 18 años [en letrero] no admittance for under-18s
    2. [reconocer] to admit;
    admitió la derrota she admitted defeat;
    admito que estaba equivocado I admit I was wrong
    3. [aceptar] to accept;
    se admiten propinas [en letrero] gratuities at your discretion;
    admitimos tarjetas de crédito we accept all major credit cards;
    admitieron a trámite la solicitud they allowed the application to proceed
    4. [permitir, tolerar] to allow, to permit;
    no admite ni un error he won't stand for a single mistake;
    este texto no admite más retoques there can be no more changes to this text;
    es una situación que no admite comparación this situation cannot be compared to others;
    su hegemonía no admite dudas their dominance is unquestioned
    5. [tener capacidad para] to hold;
    este monovolumen admite siete pasajeros this people mover seats seven passengers;
    la sala admite doscientas personas the room holds o has room for two hundred people
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( aceptar) accept;
    admitir en pago accept as payment
    2 ( reconocer) admit
    :
    el poema admite varias interpretaciones the poem can be interpreted in different ways, the poem admits of various interpretations fml ;
    no admite duda there’s no doubt about it
    * * *
    1) : to admit, to let in
    2) : to acknowledge, to concede
    3) : to allow, to make room for
    la ley no admite cambios: the law doesn't allow for changes
    * * *
    1. (aceptar) to accept
    2. (reconocer, dejar entrar) to admit [pt. & pp. admitted]

    Spanish-English dictionary > admitir

  • 51 φωνή

    φωνή, ῆς, ἡ (s. prec. entry; Hom.+).
    ① an auditory effect, sound, tone, noise the source of which is added in the gen.: of musical instruments (Pla., Rep. 3, 397a ὀργάνων; Eur., Tro. 127 συρίγγων; Plut., Mor. 713c ψαλτηρίου καὶ αὐλοῦ; Aristoxenus, Fgm. 6; Paus. Attic. α, 169; Ex 19:16, Is 18:3 and PsSol 8:1 σάλπιγγος; cp. ParJer 3:2; Is 24:8 κιθάρας; Aristobul. in Eus., PE 8, 10, 13=p. 144, 94f Holladay) σάλπιγγος Mt 24:31 v.l.; D 16:6. φωναὶ τῆς σάλπιγγος blasts of the trumpet Rv 8:13b; or of those who play them κιθαρῳδῶν 14:2d; 18:22a; cp. 10:7. Of the noise made by a millstone 18:22b. Of a shout produced by a crowd of people φωνὴ ὄχλου πολλοῦ 19:1, 6a (cp. Da 10:6 Theod.; also λαοῦ πολλοῦ PsSol 8:2). Of the sound caused by spoken words (Da 10:9; Just., D. 131, 2 μηδὲ μέχρι φωνῆς) ἡ φωνὴ τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ σου Lk 1:44. φωνὴ ῥημάτων sound of words Hb 12:19. Cp. 1 Cl 27:7 (Ps 18:4). ἔσομαι φωνή I will be just a meaningless sound (in contrast to Ignatius functioning as a λόγος θεοῦ [=meaningful expression of God] if his adherents abstain from pleas in his behalf) IRo 2:1 (s. ἠχώ). Abs. of the sound made by a wail of sorrow (cp. TestJob 40:9; TestIss 1:4) Mt 2:18 (Jer 38:15). μεγάλη φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐν τ. οὐρανῷ GPt 9:35.—Of musical instruments it is said that they φωνὴν διδόναι produce sound (in ref. to mere sonant capability in contrast to distinguishable notes) 1 Cor 14:7f.—In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm? In Ex 19:16 φωναὶ κ. ἀστραπαί are surely thunder and lightning. But in Ex 9:23, 28; 1 Km 12:18 the mng. of φωναί remains unclear. Cp. also Esth 1:1d φωναί, βρονταί).—Freq. in imagery: of wind sound J 3:8; cp. Ac 2:6. Of thunderclap (1 Km 7:10; GrBar 6:13) Rv 6:1; 14:2c; 19:6c. Of roar of water (Ezk 1:24b) 1:15b; 14:2b; 19:6b. Of whirring of wings (Ezk 1:24a) 9:9a. Of the clatter of chariots 9:9 b (cp. Ezk 3:13; 26:10).
    ② the faculty of utterance, voice (Tat. 15:3 προύχει τῶν θηρίων ὁ ἄνθρωπος κατὰ τὴν ἔναρθον φωνήν=humankind excels beasts in articulate utterance)
    ⓐ gener. of sonant aspect: any form of speech or other utterance w. the voice can take place μετὰ φωνῆς μεγάλης Lk 17:15; ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ Rv 5:2; 14:7, 9; mostly φωνῇ μεγάλῃ (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 20f [Stone p. 12]; ParJer 2:2; Achilles Tat. 8, 1, 1; SibOr 3, 669; 5, 63) Mt 27:46, 50; Mk 1:26; 5:7; 15:34; Lk 1:42 v.l. (s. κραυγή 1b); 4:33; 8:28; 19:37; J 11:43; Ac 7:57, 60; 8:7; Rv 6:10; 7:2, 10 al.; IPhld 7:1a. μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῃ (Diod S 1, 70, 5; 8, 23, 3; Lucian, Hist. Conscr. 1, Tim. 9; ParJer 9:8; Jos., Bell. 6, 188) Ac 14:10 v.l. 26:24; ἐν ἰσχυρᾷ φωνῇ Rv 18:2. ἐν φωνῇ μιᾷ IEph 4:2; μιᾷ φ. (Pla., Laws 1, 634e; Diod S 11, 9, 3; 11, 26, 6; 19, 81, 2; Ael. Aristid. 24, 4 K.=44 p. 825 D.; Lucian, Nigr. 14) ApcPt 5:19.—αἴρειν φωνήν (αἴρω 1b) Lk 17:13; πρός τινα Ac 4:24. ἐπαίρειν φωνήν (ParJer 9:14; s. ἐπαίρω 1) Lk 11:27; Ac 2:14; 14:11; 22:22; AcPl Ha 6, 33. ἀκούειν τῆς φωνῆς τινος hear someone speaking or calling (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 10 [Stone p. 62]; TestJob 42:3; TestJos 9:4; ParJer 3:10) J 5:25, 28; 10:3; Hb 3:7, 15; 4:7 (the last three Ps 94:7); w. a neg. and acc. (φωνήν) Mt 12:19 (cp. Is 42:2); J 5:37. The same expr.=listen to someone’s speech or call, follow someone (Gen 3:17) 10:16, 27; 18:37; Rv 3:20; B 8:7; cp. 9:2 (s. Ex 15:26).—(ἡ) φωνὴ (τοῦ) νυμφίου (cp. Jer 25:10) J 3:29 (cp. Arrian, Cyneg. 17, 1 the dogs χαίρουσιν τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ δεσπότου γνωρίζουσαι); Rv 18:23.
    ⓑ voice as it varies from individual to individual or fr. one mood to another (X., An. 2, 6, 9; Gen 27:22; Tat. 5:2) ἐπιγνοῦσα τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ Πέτρου Ac 12:14. Cp. J 10:4f (s. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 320, horses). ἤθελον ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου Gal 4:20 (ἀλλάσσω 1; φωνή=tone: Diod. S 8, 5, 4 πᾶσαν φωνήν=every variation in tone; Artem. 4, 56 p. 235, 15).
    ⓒ that which the voice gives expression to: call, cry, outcry, loud or solemn declaration (Sb 7251, 21 [III/IV A.D.]=order, command) ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀφεὶς φωνὴν μεγάλην Mk 15:37. φωνὴ ἐγένετο μία a single outcry arose Ac 19:34 (cp. Jos., Vi. 133). Cp. 22:14; 24:21. Pl. (Ael. Aristid. 52, 3 K.=28 p. 551 D.: ἦσαν φωναί; Jos., Vi. 231, Ant. 15, 52) φωναὶ μεγάλαι loud cries Lk 23:23a; cp. 23b. ἐλάλησαν αἱ βρονταὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν φωνάς the thunders sounded forth their crashing peals Rv 10:3b. θεοῦ φωνὴ (D φωναί) καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπου (this is) the utterance of a god and not of a mere mortal Ac 12:22 (Just., D. 119, 6 τῇ φωνῇ τοῦ θεοῦ; cp. 21, 1 αἱ φωναὶ αὐτοῦ; Plut., Mor. 567f: a divine φωνή sounds forth fr. a φῶς μέγα that appears suddenly; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 11 D.: Πυθίας φωνή; Epict. 3, 23, 20 ἰδοὺ φωναὶ φιλοσόφου; 3, 22, 50; Biogr. p. 454 people received sayings of Hippocr. ὡς θεοῦ φωνὰς κ. οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνου προελθούσας ἐκ στόματος). φωνὴ ἐνεχθεῖσα αὐτῷ a declaration (was) borne to him 2 Pt 1:17; cp. vs. 18. Also of sayings in scripture αἱ φωναὶ τῶν προφητῶν Ac 13:27 (Ath. 9, 1; cp. Diod S 19, 1, 4 ἡ Σόλωνος φωνή; 20, 30, 2 τῆς τοῦ μάντεως [=τοῦ δαιμονίου] φωνῆς; Diog. L. 8, 14 sayings of Pythagoras). Of apostolic tradition τὰ παρὰ ζώσης φωνῆς καὶ μενούσης Papias (2:4) (s. ζάω, end; on Papias’ ‘living voice’ s. ABaum, NTS 44, ’98, 144–51).
    ⓓ In accordance w. OT and Jewish usage gener. (s. Bousset, Rel.3 315. The Socratic δαιμόνιον [=ὁ θεός Ep. 1, 7] is called ἡ φωνή: Socrat., Ep. 1, 9 [p. 222, 34 Malherbe] τὸ δαιμόνιόν μοι, ἡ φωνή, γέγονεν, cp. Pla., Apol. 31d) ‘the voice’ oft. speaks, though the (heavenly) speaker neither appears nor is mentioned (cp. PGM 3, 119 ἐξορκίζω σε κατὰ τῆς ἑβραικῆς φωνῆς.—In most cases the divine voice is differentiated fr. the divinity: Theopompus [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 69 Jac. [in Diog. L. 1, 115] when Epimenides wishes to build τὸ τῶν Νυμφῶν ἱερόν: ῥαγῆναι φωνὴν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ‘Ἐπιμενίδη, μὴ Νυμφῶν, ἀλλὰ Διός’=[when E. was building] a shrine for the Nymphs: a voice cried out from heaven, “Epimenides! Not for the Nymphs, but for Zeus!”; Plut., Mor. 355e; 775b; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 28, 2 Lycurgus receives the laws ὑπὸ τῆς θεοῦ φωνῆς in Delphi; Artapanus; 726 Fgm. 3, 21 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 27, 21]; Jos., Ant. 1, 185 φ. θεία παρῆν; 3, 90 φ. ὑψόθεν; cp. 2, 267) ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα (on the voice fr. heaven s. the lit. s.v. βαπτίζω 2a; also JKosnetter, D. Taufe Jesu ’36, esp. 140–90, and FDölger, Ac V/3, ’36, 218–23) Mt 3:17; cp. 17:5. ἦλθεν φ. (ἐκ) Mk 9:7 v.l.; J 12:28; 30 v.l. (TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 15 [Stone p. 24] al.; cp. Ps. Callisth, 1, 45, 2f ἦλθεν φωνὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀδύτου the divine saying follows in direct discourse). ἐξῆλθεν φ. Rv 16:17 (ἐκ); 19:5 (ἀπό τοῦ θρόνου). γίνεται (ἐγένετο) φ. (ἐκ: Plut., Agis et Cleom. 807 [28, 3]: φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ γενέσθαι φράζουσαν; Ael. Aristid. 40, 22 K.=5 p. 62 D.: φωνῆς θείας γενομένης … ἐκ τοῦ μητρῴου [=temple of the Mother of the Gods]) Mk 1:11; 9:7; Lk 3:22; 9:35f; J 12:30 (v.l. ἦλθεν; s. above); Ac 10:13, 15 (both πρὸς αὐτόν); MPol 9:1a; GEb 18, 37 (verb of origin understood), cp. ibid. ln. 38; ἐγένετο φ. κυρίου Ac 7:31 (cp. Jos., Vi. 259 ἐγένοντο φωναί). ἀπεκρίθη φ. ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ 11:9; ἦχος φωνῆς μοι ἀπεκρίθη Hv 4, 1, 4. ἀκούειν φωνήν hear a voice (also w. such additions as λέγουσαν, ἐκ w. gen. of place, μεγάλην, gen. of the speaker) Ac 9:4; 22:9; 26:14; Rv 6:6f; 9:13; 10:4, 8; 12:10; 14:2; 18:4; MPol 9:1b; EpilMosq 4; φωνῆς w. the same mng. (w. corresp. additions) Ac 9:7; 11:7; 22:7 (MMeyer, The Light and Voice on the Damascus Road: Forum 2, ’86, 27–35 [Nag Hammadi pp. 30–32]); Rv 11:12; 14:13; 16:1; 21:3; GPt 10:41. Paul speaks διὰ φωνῆς πνεύματος ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 5.
    ⓔ special cases: ἐπέστρεψα βλέπειν τὴν φωνὴν ἥτις ἐλάλει μετʼ ἐμοῦ I turned around to see (to whom) the voice that was speaking to me (belonged) Rv 1, 12 (cp. X., Hell. 5, 1, 22 σκεψόμενοι τίς ἡ κραυγή; Aesop 248b H.=141 P.=146 H-H. ἐπεστράφη πρὸς τὴν φ.). φ. βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ (it is) the voice of one calling out in the wilderness (Is 40:3; cp. En 9:2; Jos., Bell. 6, 301) Mt 3:3; Mk 1:3; Lk 3:4. Referring to Is 40:3, John the Baptist applies its words to himself J 1:23 the voice of one calling out in the wilderness (Ael. Aristid. 49, 5 K.=25 p. 489 D.: φ. λέγοντός του ‘τεθεράπευσαι’; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 1 p. 364a φωνὴ βοῶντός του).—B 9:3.
    ③ a verbal code shared by a community to express ideas and feelings, language (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; Cebes 33, 6; Aelian, VH 12, 48; Herodian 5, 3, 4; Diog. L. 8, 3; SEG VIII, 548, 17 [I B.C.]; PLond I, 77, 13 p. 232 [Christ. VIII A.D.]; PGM 12, 188 πᾶσα γλῶσσα κ. πᾶσα φωνή; Gen 11:1; Dt 28:49; 2 Macc 7:8, 21, 27; 4 Macc 12:7; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1; 50; 73 al.; Just., A I, 31, 1; Tat. 37, 1; Mel., P. 29, 199) 1 Cor 14:10f; 2 Pt 2:16 (an animal w. ἀνθρώπου φ. as Appian, Bell. Civ. 4:4 §14 βοῦς φωνὴν ἀφῆκεν ἀνθρώπου; schol. on Appolon. Rhod. 2, 1146 ὁ κριὸς ἀνθρωπίνῃ χρησάμενος φωνῇ; sim. TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 19 [Stone p. 6]; sim. TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 10 [St. p. 62] a tree; ParJer 7:2 an eagle; Philo, Op. M. 156); Dg 5:1. ὁ λέων εἶπεν μιᾷ φωνῇ AcPlHa 5, 4 (on the probability that μια was misread for θεια s. the editor’s note, p. 41, 4).—B. 1248; 1260. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > φωνή

  • 52 abandonar

    v.
    1 to leave (place).
    María abandonó la habitación rápidamente Mary abandoned the room quickly.
    2 to leave (person).
    3 to give up (estudios).
    abandonó la carrera en el tercer año she dropped out of university in her third year, she gave up her studies in her third year
    4 to abandon, to desert, to forsake, to bail out on.
    Pedro abandonó a su familia Peter abandoned his family.
    Silvia abandonó sus sueños por Pedro Silvia abandoned her dreams for Peter.
    5 to quit, to cease trying, to desist, to give up.
    María abandonó Mary quit.
    6 to check out on.
    * * *
    1 (desamparar) to abandon, forsake
    2 (lugar) to leave, quit
    3 (actividad) to give up, withdraw from
    4 (traicionar) to desert
    5 (renunciar) to relinquish, renounce
    6 (descuidar) to neglect
    7 DEPORTE (retirarse) to withdraw from
    1 (descuidarse) to neglect oneself, let oneself go
    2 (entregarse) to give oneself up (a, to)
    3 (ceder) to give in
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dejar abandonado) [+ cónyuge, hijo] to abandon, desert; [+ animal, casa, posesiones] to abandon; [+ obligaciones] to neglect

    la abandonó por otra mujer — he abandoned o deserted her for another woman

    2) (=marcharse de) [+ lugar, organización] to leave
    3) (=renunciar a) [+ estudios, proyecto] to give up, abandon; [+ costumbre, cargo] to give up; [+ privilegio, título] to renounce, relinquish

    hemos abandonado la idea de montar un negocio — we have given up o abandoned the idea of starting a business

    si el tratamiento no da resultado lo abandonaremos — if the treatment doesn't work, we'll abandon it

    4) [buen humor, suerte] to desert
    2. VI
    1) (Atletismo) [antes de la prueba] to pull out, withdraw; [durante la prueba] to pull out, retire
    2) (Boxeo) to concede defeat, throw in the towel * o (EEUU) sponge
    3) (Ajedrez) to resign, concede
    4) (Inform) to quit
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (frml) < lugar> to leave
    b) <familia/bebé> to leave, abandon; <marido/amante> to leave; <coche/barco> to abandon
    2) fuerzas to desert
    3)
    a) <actividad/propósito/esperanza> to give up

    abandonó la lucha — he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle

    abandonar los estudios — to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) <carrera/partido> to retire, pull out
    2.
    abandonar vi (Dep)
    a) (antes de la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull out
    b) (iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; ( en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    3.
    abandonarse v pron

    abandonarse a algo — a vicios/placeres to abandon oneself to something

    2) ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    * * *
    = abandon, abort, drop, eschew, give up, quit, relinquish, stop, leave + wandering in, forsake, sweep aside, desert, opt out of, scrap, pull back, ditch, surrender, bail out, bargain away, dump, maroon, flake out, leave by + the wayside, get away, desist, go + cold turkey, walk out on, walk out, jump + ship.
    Ex. The Library of Congress has now reconsidered the position, and abandoned what was known as its compatible headings policy.
    Ex. It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.
    Ex. Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.
    Ex. However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex. If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex. If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.
    Ex. The Library will consider relinquishing them only when there is strong assurance that their transfer would not adversely affect the library community.
    Ex. Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.
    Ex. It is our professional duty to help the reader, leading him from author to author, book to book, with enough sure-footed confidence that he is guided up the literary mountain and not left wandering in the viewless foothills because of one's own incompetence.
    Ex. Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.
    Ex. The development of optical fibres for information transmission has exciting potential here, but there is a very large investment in the present systems which cannot be swept aside overnight.
    Ex. Recently, however, libraries have deserted the individual and have pandered too much to the needs of the general public.
    Ex. The author takes a critical look at the UK government's education policy with regard to schools' ' opting out' of local government control.
    Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex. To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.
    Ex. It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex. Instead the two ecclesiastical disputes which arose from Diocletian's decree to surrender scriptures must be seen as more disastrous to Christian unity than the destruction of libraries.
    Ex. In the article ' Bailing out' 9 of the 10 librarians interviewed admitted that they were trying to get out of librarianship partly due to unrealistic expectations learned in library school.
    Ex. Reduced support is a fact of life, and librarians cannot bargain away their budget pressures.
    Ex. The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.
    Ex. A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.
    Ex. The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.
    Ex. She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.
    Ex. Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.
    Ex. One of them sputtered and gesticulated with sufficient violence to induce us to desist.
    Ex. Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex. There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.
    Ex. At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.
    Ex. A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.
    ----
    * abandonar el barco = abandon + ship.
    * abandonar las armas = put down + weapons.
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.
    * abandonarse = go to + seed.
    * abandonarse a = abandon + Reflexivo + to.
    * abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.
    * abandonar (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * abandonar un hábito = stop + habit.
    * abandonar un lugar = quit + Lugar.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * no abandonar = stick with, stand by.
    * persona que abandona Algo = quitter.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (frml) < lugar> to leave
    b) <familia/bebé> to leave, abandon; <marido/amante> to leave; <coche/barco> to abandon
    2) fuerzas to desert
    3)
    a) <actividad/propósito/esperanza> to give up

    abandonó la lucha — he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle

    abandonar los estudios — to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) <carrera/partido> to retire, pull out
    2.
    abandonar vi (Dep)
    a) (antes de la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull out
    b) (iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; ( en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    3.
    abandonarse v pron

    abandonarse a algo — a vicios/placeres to abandon oneself to something

    2) ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    * * *
    = abandon, abort, drop, eschew, give up, quit, relinquish, stop, leave + wandering in, forsake, sweep aside, desert, opt out of, scrap, pull back, ditch, surrender, bail out, bargain away, dump, maroon, flake out, leave by + the wayside, get away, desist, go + cold turkey, walk out on, walk out, jump + ship.

    Ex: The Library of Congress has now reconsidered the position, and abandoned what was known as its compatible headings policy.

    Ex: It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.
    Ex: Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.
    Ex: However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex: If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex: If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.
    Ex: The Library will consider relinquishing them only when there is strong assurance that their transfer would not adversely affect the library community.
    Ex: Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.
    Ex: It is our professional duty to help the reader, leading him from author to author, book to book, with enough sure-footed confidence that he is guided up the literary mountain and not left wandering in the viewless foothills because of one's own incompetence.
    Ex: Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.
    Ex: The development of optical fibres for information transmission has exciting potential here, but there is a very large investment in the present systems which cannot be swept aside overnight.
    Ex: Recently, however, libraries have deserted the individual and have pandered too much to the needs of the general public.
    Ex: The author takes a critical look at the UK government's education policy with regard to schools' ' opting out' of local government control.
    Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex: To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.
    Ex: It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex: Instead the two ecclesiastical disputes which arose from Diocletian's decree to surrender scriptures must be seen as more disastrous to Christian unity than the destruction of libraries.
    Ex: In the article ' Bailing out' 9 of the 10 librarians interviewed admitted that they were trying to get out of librarianship partly due to unrealistic expectations learned in library school.
    Ex: Reduced support is a fact of life, and librarians cannot bargain away their budget pressures.
    Ex: The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.
    Ex: A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.
    Ex: The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.
    Ex: She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.
    Ex: Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.
    Ex: One of them sputtered and gesticulated with sufficient violence to induce us to desist.
    Ex: Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex: There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.
    Ex: At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.
    Ex: A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.
    * abandonar el barco = abandon + ship.
    * abandonar las armas = put down + weapons.
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.
    * abandonarse = go to + seed.
    * abandonarse a = abandon + Reflexivo + to.
    * abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.
    * abandonar (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * abandonar un hábito = stop + habit.
    * abandonar un lugar = quit + Lugar.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * no abandonar = stick with, stand by.
    * persona que abandona Algo = quitter.

    * * *
    abandonar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ( frml); ‹lugar› to leave
    el público abandonó el teatro the audience left the theater
    se le concedió un plazo de 48 horas para abandonar el país he was given 48 hours to leave the country
    miles de personas abandonan la capital durante el verano thousands of people leave the capital in the summer
    las tropas han comenzado a abandonar el área the troops have started to pull out of o leave the area
    abandonó la reunión en señal de protesta he walked out of the meeting in protest
    2 ‹persona›
    abandonó a su familia he abandoned o deserted his family
    lo abandonó por otro she left him for another man
    abandonó al bebé en la puerta del hospital she abandoned o left the baby at the entrance to the hospital
    abandonar a algn A algo to abandon sb TO sth
    decidió volver, abandonando al grupo a su suerte he decided to turn back, abandoning the group to its fate
    3 ‹coche/barco› to abandon
    B «fuerzas» to desert
    las fuerzas lo abandonaron y cayó al suelo his strength deserted him and he fell to the floor
    la suerte me ha abandonado my luck has run out o deserted me
    nunca lo abandona el buen humor he's always good-humored, his good humor never deserts him
    C ‹actividad/propósito› to give up
    abandonó los estudios she abandoned o gave up her studies
    ¿vas a abandonar el curso cuando te falta tan poco? you're not going to drop out of o give up the course at this late stage, are you?
    abandonó la lucha he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle
    ha abandonado toda pretensión de salir elegido he has given up o abandoned any hopes he had of being elected
    abandonó la terapia he gave up his therapy, he stopped having therapy
    ■ abandonar
    vi
    ( Dep)
    1 (antes de iniciarse la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull out
    2 (una vez iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; (en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat, throw in the towel
    A
    (descuidarse): desde que tuvo hijos se ha abandonado since she had her children she's let herself go
    no te abandones y ve al médico don't neglect your health, go and see the doctor
    B (entregarse) abandonarse A algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself TO sth
    se abandonó al ocio she gave herself up to o abandoned herself to a life of leisure
    se abandonó al sueño he gave in to o succumbed to sleep, he let sleep overcome him, he surrendered to sleep
    * * *

     

    abandonar ( conjugate abandonar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (frml) ‹ lugar› to leave

    b) ‹familia/bebé› to leave, abandon;

    ‹marido/amante› to leave;
    ‹coche/barco› to abandon;

    2 [ fuerzas] to desert
    3
    a) ‹actividad/propósito/esperanza› to give up;

    ◊ abandonar los estudios to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) ‹carrera/partido› to retire from, pull out of

    verbo intransitivo (Dep)
    a) (en carrera, competición) to pull out


    (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    abandonarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( entregarse) abandonarse a algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself to sth
    2 ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    abandonar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (irse de) to leave, quit: tenemos que vernos hoy, porque mañana abandono Madrid, we've got to see eachother today because I'm leaving Madrid tomorrow
    2 (a una persona, a un animal) to abandon
    abandonar a alguien a su suerte, to leave someone to his fate
    3 (un proyecto, los estudios) to give up
    4 Dep (retirarse de una carrera) to drop out of
    (un deporte) to drop
    II vi (desfallecer) to give up: los resultados no son los esperados, pero no abandones, the results aren't as good as we expected, but don't give up
    ' abandonar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejar
    - botar
    - plantar
    English:
    abandon
    - back away
    - cast aside
    - caution
    - desert
    - drop
    - forsake
    - free
    - give up on
    - habit
    - idea
    - jettison
    - leave
    - quit
    - retire
    - scrap
    - stand by
    - throw in
    - walk out
    - ditch
    - give
    - maroon
    - stick
    - vacate
    - walk
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [lugar] to leave;
    [barco, vehículo] to abandon;
    abandonó la sala tras el discurso she left the hall after the speech;
    abandonó su pueblo para trabajar en la ciudad she left her home town for a job in the city;
    abandonar el barco to abandon ship;
    ¡abandonen el barco! abandon ship!;
    abandonar algo a su suerte o [m5] destino to abandon sth to its fate;
    los cascos azules abandonarán pronto la región the UN peacekeeping troops will soon be pulling out of the region
    2. [persona] to leave;
    [hijo, animal] to abandon;
    abandonó a su hijo she abandoned her son;
    abandonar a alguien a su suerte o [m5] destino to abandon sb to their fate;
    ¡nunca te abandonaré! I'll never leave you!
    3. [estudios] to give up;
    [proyecto] to abandon;
    abandonó la carrera en el tercer año she dropped out of university in her third year, she gave up her studies in her third year;
    han amenazado con abandonar las negociaciones they have threatened to walk out of the negotiations;
    han amenazado con abandonar la liga they have threatened to pull out of the league;
    abandonar la lucha to give up the fight
    4. [sujeto: suerte, buen humor] to desert;
    lo abandonaron las fuerzas y tuvo que retirarse his strength gave out and he had to drop out;
    nunca la abandona su buen humor she never loses her good humour
    ♦ vi
    1. [en carrera, competición] to pull out, to withdraw;
    [en ajedrez] to resign; [en boxeo] to throw in the towel;
    abandonó en el primer asalto his corner threw in the towel in the first round;
    una avería lo obligó a abandonar en la segunda vuelta a mechanical fault forced him to retire on the second lap
    2. [rendirse] to give up;
    no abandones ahora que estás casi al final don't give up now you've almost reached the end
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 lugar leave; a alguien abandon; a esposa, hijos desert; objeto abandon, dump
    2 idea give up, abandon; actividad give up, drop
    II v/i DEP pull out
    * * *
    1) dejar: to abandon, to leave
    2) : to give up, to quit
    abandonaron la búsqueda: they gave up the search
    * * *
    1. (una persona) to abandon / to leave [pt. & pp. left]
    2. (un sitio) to leave
    3. (una actividad) to give up [pt. gave; pp. given]
    4. (una competición) to withdraw [pt. withdraw; pp. withdrawn]

    Spanish-English dictionary > abandonar

  • 53 disparate

    m.
    1 silly thing.
    ¡no digas disparates! don't talk nonsense!
    hacer un disparate to do something crazy
    2 piece of nonsense, act of folly, mistake, absurdity.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: disparatar.
    * * *
    1 (hecho) foolish act, silly thing
    2 (dicho) nonsense
    3 (error) blunder, mistake
    4 familiar (barbaridad) ridiculous amount
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=comentario) foolish remark

    ¡no digas disparates! — don't talk nonsense!

    ¡qué disparate! — what rubbish!, how absurd!

    2) (=acción)
    3) (=error) blunder
    4) *

    reírse un disparate — to laugh o.s. silly

    5) (Arquit) folly
    * * *
    a) (acción insensata, cosa absurda)
    b) (fam) ( cantidad exagerada) ridiculous (o crazy etc) amount
    * * *
    = absurdity, folly.
    Ex. It is true that the newspapers sensationalized some of the Community's absurdities and gave prominence to the unpopular practice of disposing of surplus food at taxpayers' expense.
    Ex. The attempt to train young people in this kind of discrimination seems to me to be a folly, if not a crime.
    ----
    * cometer un disparate = make + a blunder, make + a bloomer, put + Posesivo + foot in it, stick + Posesivo + foot in it, drop + a clanger, drop + a bollock, blunder.
    * decir disparates = shoot off + at the mouth, talk + rubbish, talk + nonsense, talk through + Posesivo + hat.
    * disparates = hogwash.
    * * *
    a) (acción insensata, cosa absurda)
    b) (fam) ( cantidad exagerada) ridiculous (o crazy etc) amount
    * * *
    = absurdity, folly.

    Ex: It is true that the newspapers sensationalized some of the Community's absurdities and gave prominence to the unpopular practice of disposing of surplus food at taxpayers' expense.

    Ex: The attempt to train young people in this kind of discrimination seems to me to be a folly, if not a crime.
    * cometer un disparate = make + a blunder, make + a bloomer, put + Posesivo + foot in it, stick + Posesivo + foot in it, drop + a clanger, drop + a bollock, blunder.
    * decir disparates = shoot off + at the mouth, talk + rubbish, talk + nonsense, talk through + Posesivo + hat.
    * disparates = hogwash.

    * * *
    1
    (acción insensata, cosa absurda): hacer disparates to do stupid ( o silly etc) things
    decir disparates to talk nonsense, to make foolish remarks
    cometió or hizo el disparate de conducir bebido he was stupid enough to drink and drive
    hizo muchos disparates durante su juventud he did a lot of silly things o made a lot of foolish mistakes in his youth
    es un disparate casarse tan joven it's stupid o it's madness o it's absurd to get married so young
    es un disparate que te gastes tanto en ropa you're crazy spending o it's crazy to spend so much on clothes
    está tan deprimido que temo que haga algún disparate he's so depressed that I'm afraid he might do something stupid
    su discurso fue una sarta de disparates his speech was a load of nonsense o drivel o twaddle ( colloq)
    2 ( fam) (cantidad exagerada) ridiculous ( o crazy etc) amount
    3 (palabrota) swearword
    * * *

    Del verbo disparatar: ( conjugate disparatar)

    disparaté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    disparate es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    disparate sustantivo masculino
    a) (acción insensata, cosa absurda):


    decir disparates to make foolish remarks;
    es un disparate casarse tan joven it's crazy to get married so young;
    temo que haga algún disparate I'm afraid he might do something crazy
    b) (fam) ( cantidad exagerada) ridiculous (o crazy etc) amount

    disparate sustantivo masculino
    1 (que se dice) nonsense: sólo sabe decir disparates, she's always talking nonsense
    2 (que se hace) foolish act
    3 (gran cantidad) a lot: este bolso cuesta un disparate, this handbag costs a fortune
    ' disparate' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acuerdo
    - delirio
    - desatino
    - desvarío
    - aberración
    - barbaridad
    - dispar
    - ir
    - macana
    English:
    disparate
    - folly
    * * *
    1. [comentario, acción] silly thing;
    [idea] crazy idea;
    cometer o [m5] hacer un disparate to do something crazy;
    cometió o [m5] hizo el disparate de invertirlo todo she made the crazy mistake of investing it all;
    ¿no irás a cometer o [m5] hacer algún disparate? you're not going to go and do something stupid, are you?;
    ¡no digas disparates! don't talk nonsense!;
    ¿casarme yo? ¡qué disparate! me, get married? don't be ridiculous!;
    es un disparate salir sin paraguas en un día como hoy it's madness to go out without an umbrella on a day like this;
    vivir tan aislado me parece un disparate it seems crazy to me to go and live in such an isolated place
    2. Fam [cantidad exorbitante]
    gastar/costar un disparate to spend/cost a ridiculous amount;
    ¡estos precios son un disparate! these prices are ridiculous!
    * * *
    m fam
    1 piece of nonsense;
    es un disparate hacer eso it’s crazy to do that;
    ¡qué disparate ! what a stupid thing to say/do!
    2
    :
    costar un disparate cost an arm and a leg fam
    * * *
    : silliness, stupidity
    decir disparates: to talk nonsense
    * * *
    1. (hecho estúpido) stupid thing
    2. (cantidad excesiva) ridiculous amount
    ¡el precio de las zapatillas es un disparate! the price of trainers is ridiculous!

    Spanish-English dictionary > disparate

  • 54 incitar

    v.
    1 to incite (a la violencia).
    el hambre le incitó a robar hunger made him steal
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?
    María incitó a la multitud Mary incited the multitude
    2 to abet, to instigate.
    María incitó al policía Mary abetted the cop.
    * * *
    1 to incite (a, to)
    * * *
    verb
    2) urge, encourage
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.
    Ex. The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.
    Ex. This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex. An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex. Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex. The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex. This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex. As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex. For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex. Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    ----
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.

    Ex: The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.

    Ex: This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex: Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex: The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex: This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex: As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex: For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex: Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.

    * * *
    incitar [A1 ]
    vt
    incitar a algn A algo to incite sb TO sth
    incitaron al ejército a la rebelión they incited the army to rebellion o to rebel
    películas que incitan a la violencia films which encourage violence o which incite people to violence
    lo hizo incitado por sus compañeros his friends encouraged him to do it, his friends put him up to it ( colloq)
    incitar a algn CONTRA algn to incite sb AGAINST sb
    los incitaba contra sus superiores he was inciting them against their superiors
    * * *

    incitar ( conjugate incitar) verbo transitivo incitar a algn a algo to incite sb to sth;
    incitar a algn contra algn to incite sb against sb
    incitar verbo transitivo to incite, urge: sus discursos incitaron a la rebelión, his speeches incited them to rebellion
    ' incitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    azuzar
    - desafiar
    - invitar
    - picar
    - tentar
    - empujar
    - empujón
    English:
    egg on
    - incite
    - put up to
    - spur
    - sting
    - tempt
    - egg
    - stir
    - whip
    * * *
    to incite;
    un discurso que incita a la violencia a speech inciting people to violence;
    el hambre lo incitó a robar hunger made him steal;
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?;
    incitar a alguien a la fuga/venganza to urge sb to flee/avenge himself
    * * *
    v/t incite
    * * *
    : to incite, to rouse

    Spanish-English dictionary > incitar

  • 55 red

    f.
    1 net (malla).
    red de deriva drift net
    2 network, system (sistema).
    red ferroviaria rail network
    red viaria road network o system
    4 network (computing).
    red local/neuronal local (area)/neural network
    5 snare, trap, web.
    6 Red.
    * * *
    1 (gen) net
    2 (redecilla) hairnet
    3 (sistema) network, system
    5 INFORMÁTICA network
    \
    caer en la red / caer en las redes figurado to fall into the trap
    echar las redes to cast one's nets
    red barredera dragnet
    red comercial sales network
    red de carreteras road network
    red de supermercados chain of supermarkets
    red ferroviaria rail network, railway network
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) net
    * * *
    SF
    1) [para pescar] net; [de portería] net; [del pelo] hairnet; (=malla) mesh; (=para equipajes) (luggage) rack; (=cerca) fence; (=enrejado) grille

    red de alambre — wire mesh, wire netting

    2) [de cosas relacionadas] network; [de agua, suministro eléctrico] mains, main (EEUU), supply system; [de tiendas] chain

    la Red — (Internet) the Net

    con agua de la red — with mains water, with water from the mains

    red de área local — local network, local area network

    red ferroviaria — railway network, railway system

    red local — (Inform) local network, local area network

    3) (=trampa) snare, trap

    aprisionar a algn en sus redes — to have sb firmly in one's clutches, have sb well and truly snared

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( para pescar) net

    caer en las redes de alguien — to fall into somebody's clutches

    b) (Dep) net
    c) ( para pelo) hairnet
    d) ( en tren) (luggage) rack
    2) (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network; (de espionaje, contrabando) ring
    3) ( de electricidad) power supply, mains; ( de gas) mains
    4)

    la Red — (Inf) the Net

    * * *
    = mesh [meshes, -pl.], network, nexus, dragnet, net, grid.
    Ex. Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.
    Ex. Classification schemes specialise in showing networks of subjects and displaying the relationships between subjects, and thus are particularly suited to achieving the first objective.
    Ex. The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.
    Ex. Now dragnets are being established ostensibly to feed children perceived to be hungry.
    Ex. Prior to releasing the ferret the rabbit holes are covered by nets held in place by stakes.
    Ex. Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.
    ----
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * aprendizaje a través de la red = electronic learning [e-learning].
    * ASTNFO (Red Regional para el Intercambio de Información y Experiencias de la = ASTINFO (Regional Network for the Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and the Pacific).
    * biblioteca en red = network library.
    * conectado a la red = wired.
    * conectado en red = networked.
    * conectar en red = network.
    * conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * cooperación en red = networking.
    * en red = networked.
    * entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.
    * escaparse de la red = fall through + the net.
    * estar accesible en red = go + online.
    * estructura de red = network structure.
    * fichero con estructura de red = networked file.
    * Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).
    * guerra a través de la red = netwar.
    * guerra en red = netwar.
    * hiper-red = metanetwork.
    * inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.
    * interconexión en red = networking.
    * LAN (red local) = LAN (Local Area Network).
    * navegar por la red = surf + the net, surf + the Web.
    * navegar por la red en busca de información = surf for + information.
    * nodo de la red = network node.
    * participación en red = networking.
    * poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.
    * programa de navegación por las redes = network navigator.
    * proveedor de información a través de la red = content provider.
    * recurso de la red = network resource.
    * red arterial de carreteras = road network.
    * red barredera = dragnet.
    * Red Bibliográfica Australiana (ABN) = Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN).
    * red comunitaria = networking community.
    * red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.
    * red de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de alcantarillado = drainage system.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.
    * red de carreteras = road network.
    * red de catalogación = cataloguing network.
    * red de catálogos = catalogue network.
    * red de citación = citation network.
    * red de cocitas = cocitation cluster.
    * red de comunicaciones = communication(s) network.
    * red de comunicaciones europea = EURONET.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * red de contactos personales = referral network.
    * red de contrabando = smuggling ring.
    * red de electricidad = mains electricity.
    * red de electricidad, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de fibra óptica = fibre optic network.
    * red de información = data network, information network.
    * red de intriga = web of intrigue.
    * red de larga distancia = long haul network.
    * red de ordenadores = computer network.
    * red de pescar = fishnet, fishing net.
    * red de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan network.
    * red de recursos distribuidos = distributed environment.
    * red de seguridad = safety net.
    * red de suministro de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de supercomputación = grid computing.
    * red de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications network, trunking network.
    * red de telefonía móvil = mobile network.
    * red de teletexto = viewdata network.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * red de valor añadido (VAN) = VAN (value added network).
    * red de ventas = sales network.
    * red eléctrica = power grid, mains electricity.
    * red eléctrica, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].
    * red en línea = online network.
    * redes sociales = social networking.
    * red inalámbrica = wireless network.
    * red informática = computer network.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * red, la = Net, the.
    * red multibibliotecaria = multi-library network.
    * red neuronal = neural net, neural network.
    * red óptica = optical network.
    * red policial de captura = dragnet.
    * red por cable = cable network.
    * red privada = peer-to-peer network.
    * red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).
    * red semántica = semantic network.
    * red social = network, social network.
    * red telefónica = telephone network, telephone system, phone system.
    * red telefónica conmutada = switched telephone network.
    * red telefónica por conmutación = PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
    * seguridad de las redes = network security.
    * servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * supercomputación en red = grid computing.
    * superred = super network.
    * tecnología de redes = networking technology.
    * teoría de actor-red = actor network theory.
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * utilizar la red = go + online.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( para pescar) net

    caer en las redes de alguien — to fall into somebody's clutches

    b) (Dep) net
    c) ( para pelo) hairnet
    d) ( en tren) (luggage) rack
    2) (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network; (de espionaje, contrabando) ring
    3) ( de electricidad) power supply, mains; ( de gas) mains
    4)

    la Red — (Inf) the Net

    * * *
    la red
    = Net, the

    Ex: New measures aimed at tightening up the control of pornography on the Net could result in the sacrifice of freedom of speech.

    = mesh [meshes, -pl.], network, nexus, dragnet, net, grid.

    Ex: Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.

    Ex: Classification schemes specialise in showing networks of subjects and displaying the relationships between subjects, and thus are particularly suited to achieving the first objective.
    Ex: The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.
    Ex: Now dragnets are being established ostensibly to feed children perceived to be hungry.
    Ex: Prior to releasing the ferret the rabbit holes are covered by nets held in place by stakes.
    Ex: Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * aprendizaje a través de la red = electronic learning [e-learning].
    * ASTNFO (Red Regional para el Intercambio de Información y Experiencias de la = ASTINFO (Regional Network for the Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and the Pacific).
    * biblioteca en red = network library.
    * conectado a la red = wired.
    * conectado en red = networked.
    * conectar en red = network.
    * conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * cooperación en red = networking.
    * en red = networked.
    * entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.
    * escaparse de la red = fall through + the net.
    * estar accesible en red = go + online.
    * estructura de red = network structure.
    * fichero con estructura de red = networked file.
    * Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).
    * guerra a través de la red = netwar.
    * guerra en red = netwar.
    * hiper-red = metanetwork.
    * inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.
    * interconexión en red = networking.
    * LAN (red local) = LAN (Local Area Network).
    * navegar por la red = surf + the net, surf + the Web.
    * navegar por la red en busca de información = surf for + information.
    * nodo de la red = network node.
    * participación en red = networking.
    * poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.
    * programa de navegación por las redes = network navigator.
    * proveedor de información a través de la red = content provider.
    * recurso de la red = network resource.
    * red arterial de carreteras = road network.
    * red barredera = dragnet.
    * Red Bibliográfica Australiana (ABN) = Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN).
    * red comunitaria = networking community.
    * red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.
    * red de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de alcantarillado = drainage system.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.
    * red de carreteras = road network.
    * red de catalogación = cataloguing network.
    * red de catálogos = catalogue network.
    * red de citación = citation network.
    * red de cocitas = cocitation cluster.
    * red de comunicaciones = communication(s) network.
    * red de comunicaciones europea = EURONET.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * red de contactos personales = referral network.
    * red de contrabando = smuggling ring.
    * red de electricidad = mains electricity.
    * red de electricidad, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de fibra óptica = fibre optic network.
    * red de información = data network, information network.
    * red de intriga = web of intrigue.
    * red de larga distancia = long haul network.
    * red de ordenadores = computer network.
    * red de pescar = fishnet, fishing net.
    * red de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan network.
    * red de recursos distribuidos = distributed environment.
    * red de seguridad = safety net.
    * red de suministro de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de supercomputación = grid computing.
    * red de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications network, trunking network.
    * red de telefonía móvil = mobile network.
    * red de teletexto = viewdata network.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * red de valor añadido (VAN) = VAN (value added network).
    * red de ventas = sales network.
    * red eléctrica = power grid, mains electricity.
    * red eléctrica, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].
    * red en línea = online network.
    * redes sociales = social networking.
    * red inalámbrica = wireless network.
    * red informática = computer network.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * red, la = Net, the.
    * red multibibliotecaria = multi-library network.
    * red neuronal = neural net, neural network.
    * red óptica = optical network.
    * red policial de captura = dragnet.
    * red por cable = cable network.
    * red privada = peer-to-peer network.
    * red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).
    * red semántica = semantic network.
    * red social = network, social network.
    * red telefónica = telephone network, telephone system, phone system.
    * red telefónica conmutada = switched telephone network.
    * red telefónica por conmutación = PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
    * seguridad de las redes = network security.
    * servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * supercomputación en red = grid computing.
    * superred = super network.
    * tecnología de redes = networking technology.
    * teoría de actor-red = actor network theory.
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * utilizar la red = go + online.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

    * * *
    A
    caer en las redes de algn to fall into sb's clutches
    2 ( Dep) net
    subir a la red to go up to o go into the net
    3 (para el pelo) hairnet
    4 (en el tren) rack, luggage rack
    Compuesto:
    drift net, trawl net
    B (de comunicaciones, emisoras) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network
    red de carreteras/ferrocarriles network of roads/railways
    red hotelera hotel chain
    una red de espionaje/narcotraficantes a spy ring/drug-trafficking ring
    Compuestos:
    ● red de área extendida or extensa
    ( Inf) wide area network, WAN
    local area network, LAN
    vice ring
    television network
    integrated services digital network, ISDN
    ( Inf) neural network
    C (de electricidad) power supply, mains; (de gas) mains
    todavía no han conectado el barrio a la red the neighborhood has not been connected up to the mains o to the power supply yet
    antes de conectarlo a la red before connecting it to the mains o ( AmE) to the house current
    Compuesto:
    sewage system
    D la Red ( Inf) the Net
    * * *

     

    red sustantivo femenino
    1

    b) (Dep) net



    2 (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network;
    (de comercios, empresas) chain, network;
    (de espionaje, contrabando) ring
    3 ( de electricidad) power supply, mains;
    ( de gas) mains
    4
    ◊ la Red (Inf) the Net

    red sustantivo femenino
    1 (de pesca, etc) net
    (del pelo) hairnet
    (malla) mesh
    2 (de comunicaciones, transporte, distribución, etc) network
    red de espionaje, spy ring
    red de seguridad, safety net
    (eléctrica) mains pl
    3 (comercio, empresa) chain
    red hotelera, hotel chain
    4 fig (trampa) trap
    ♦ Locuciones: (ser engañado) caer en la red, to fall into the trap
    (ser embaucado) caer en las redes de alguien, to fall into sb's clutches
    ' red' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amargada
    - amargado
    - barrio
    - bofetada
    - brasa
    - cadena
    - candente
    - Caperucita Roja
    - capricho
    - cartulina
    - casa
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - conectar
    - cruz
    - cuestación
    - dedo
    - dentro
    - desarticular
    - dos
    - encenderse
    - enchufar
    - enrojecer
    - ser
    - escollo
    - espionaje
    - estancarse
    - expeler
    - flagrante
    - fogón
    - fondo
    - formulismo
    - ir
    - glóbulo
    - hematíe
    - in fraganti
    - infrarroja
    - infrarrojo
    - lombarda
    - mancha
    - mano
    - minio
    - morrón
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - número
    - obnubilarse
    - pelirroja
    - pelirrojo
    - pimentón
    English:
    balding
    - blood
    - blusher
    - cast
    - convertible
    - crash
    - fishing net
    - grid
    - hereditary
    - highlight
    - in
    - infrared
    - infrastructure
    - main
    - net
    - network
    - nickname
    - ours
    - paint
    - pepper
    - poppy
    - probably
    - push
    - radio network
    - rag
    - read
    - readily
    - readiness
    - ready
    - ready-cooked
    - ready-made
    - red
    - red light
    - red light district
    - Red Riding Hood
    - Red Sea
    - red tape
    - red-haired
    - red-handed
    - red-hot
    - redden
    - reddish
    - regiment
    - register
    - registered
    - registrar
    - registration
    - registry
    - ring
    - safety net
    * * *
    red nf
    1. [de pesca, caza] net;
    también Fig
    echar o [m5] tender las redes to cast one's net;
    caer en las redes de alguien to fall into sb's trap
    red de arrastre dragnet;
    red de deriva drift net
    2. [en tenis, voleibol, fútbol] net;
    subir a la red [en tenis] to go into the net
    3. [para cabello] hairnet
    4. [sistema] network, system;
    [de electricidad] esp Br mains [singular], US source; [de agua] esp Br mains [singular], esp US main;
    una red de traficantes a network o ring of traffickers;
    conectar algo a la red to connect sth to the mains
    red de distribución distribution network;
    red eléctrica mains [singular];
    red ferroviaria rail network;
    red hidrográfica river system o network;
    Biol red trófica food chain;
    red viaria road network o system
    5. [organización] [de espionaje] ring;
    [de narcotraficantes] network; [de tiendas, hoteles] chain
    6. Informát network;
    la Red [Internet] the Net;
    lo encontré en la Red I found it on the Net;
    la Red de redes [Internet] the Internet
    red en anillo ring network;
    red de área extensa wide area network;
    red de área local local area network;
    red ciudadana freenet;
    red de datos (data) network;
    red local local (area) network;
    red neuronal neural network;
    red troncal backbone
    * * *
    f
    net;
    echar la red cast the net;
    caer en las redes de fig fall into the clutches of
    2 INFOR, fig
    network;
    la red INFOR the Web;
    red de transportes/comunicaciones transportation/communications network
    * * *
    red nf
    1) : net, mesh
    2) : network, system, chain
    3) : trap, snare
    * * *
    red n
    1. (malla) net
    2. (comunicaciones) network

    Spanish-English dictionary > red

  • 56 classe

    classe [klαs]
    1. feminine noun
       a. ( = catégorie) class
    • classe moyenne inférieure/supérieure lower/upper middle class
    • compartiment de 1ère/2e classe 1st/2nd class compartment
    • voyager en 1ère classe to travel 1st class
    • classe affaires/économique business/economy class
       c. ( = valeur) class
    • elle a de la classe or elle a la classe (inf) she's got class
    • ils sont descendus au Ritz, la classe quoi ! (inf) they stayed at the Ritz: classy, eh? (inf)
       d. ( = élèves) class ; ( = année d'études) year
    • les grandes/petites classes the senior/junior classes
    • il est en classe de 6e ≈ he is in the 1st year (Brit) or 5th grade (US)
    • partir en classe de neige ≈ to go on a school ski trip
       e. ( = cours) class
    • pendant/après la classe or les heures de classe during/after school
    • la classe se termine or les élèves sortent de classe à 16 heures school finishes at 4 o'clock
       f. (School = salle) classroom ; (d'une classe particulière) form room (Brit), homeroom (US)
       g. militaire or soldat de 2e classe (terre) private ; (air) aircraftman (Brit) airman basic (US)
    2. invariable adjective
    [personne, vêtements, voiture] (inf) classy (inf)
    * * *
    klas
    1) École ( groupe d'élèves) class, form GB; ( niveau) year, form GB, grade US
    2) École ( cours) class, lesson
    3) École ( salle) classroom
    4) Sociologie, Politique class
    5) ( catégorie) class (de of)
    6) ( rang) gén class; Administration grade
    7) ( élégance) class

    c'est pas la classe! — (colloq) that's not very stylish!

    billet de première/seconde classe — first-/second-class ou standard GB ticket

    faire ses classes — lit to do one's basic training; fig to start out

    un cinéaste qui a fait ses classes à la télévision — fig a film director who started out in television

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    klɒs nf
    1) (catégorie) class
    2) (= niveau) class

    un soldat de deuxième classe (armée de terre) — private, (armée de l'air) aircraftman Grande-Bretagne airman basic USA

    5) (= local d'enseignement) classroom
    6) (= leçon) class

    On a classe à 10h. — We have a lesson at 10 o'clock.

    7) (= niveau scolaire) year, grade USA
    8) (= élèves) class

    C'est la meilleure élève de la classe. — She's the best pupil in the class.

    * * *
    classe nf
    1 Scol ( groupe d'élèves) class, form GB; ( niveau) year, form GB, grade US; une classe turbulente/studieuse a rowdy/hard-working class ou form GB; les classes primaires/de maternelle primary (school)/nursery classes; les classes du secondaire secondary school classes ou forms GB, ≈ junior high school and high school US; redoubler une classe to repeat a year; passer dans la classe supérieure to go up a year; être le premier/dernier de sa classe to be ou come top/bottom of the class;
    2 Scol ( cours) class, lesson; une classe de dessin a drawing class ou lesson; les élèves de Mme Dupont n'auront pas classe demain Mrs Dupont's class won't be having any lessons tomorrow; parler en classe to talk in class; faire la classe to teach; le soir après la classe in the evening after school;
    3 Scol ( salle) classroom; il s'est fait mettre à la porte de la classe he was sent out of the classroom;
    4 Sociol, Pol class; les classes sociales the social classes; la classe ouvrière/dirigeante the working/ruling class; les classes moyennes the middle classes; une société sans classes a classless society; classe politique political class ou community;
    5 ( catégorie) class (de of); la classe des mammifères the class of mammals; les artistes sont une classe à part artists are a class apart; classe grammaticale Ling grammatical class;
    6 gén class; ( rang) Admin grade; produits/champagne de première classe first-class products/champagne;
    7 ( élégance) class; avoir de la classe to have class; il a beaucoup de classe he has real class; ça, c'est la classe◑! now that's class ou style○!; c'est pas la classe◑! that's not very stylish!; elle est très classe◑ she's really classy○;
    8 Transp class; billet de première/seconde classe first-/second-class ou standard GB ticket; classe touristes/affaires economy ou tourist/business class; voyager en première classe to travel first class;
    9 Mil annual levy ou draft; la classe 1990 the 1990 levy ou draft; faire ses classes lit to do one's basic training; fig to start out; un cinéaste qui a fait ses classes à la télévision fig a film director who started out in television.
    classe d'adaptation special needs class; classe d'âge age group; classe de mer educational schooltrip to the seaside; classe de nature schooltrip to the countryside; classe de neige schooltrip in the mountains; classe de transition Scol remedial class; classe verte = classe de nature; les classes creuses age groups depleted by low birthrate; classes préparatoires (aux grandes écoles) preparatory classes for entrance to Grandes Écoles.
    ⓘ Classe de neige The classe de neige denotes the period of about a week which school classes spend in a mountain area when ski tuition is integrated with normal school work. The classe de nature or classe verte similarly refers to the week-long stay by school pupils in the countryside where nature study is integrated with normal school work.
    [klas] nom féminin
    A.[ÉDUCATION]
    1. [salle] classroom
    2. [groupe] class
    3. [cours] class, lesson
    a. [être enseignant] to teach
    b. [donner un cours] to teach ou to take a class
    4. [niveau] class, form (UK), grade (US)
    dans les grandes/petites classes in the upper/lower forms (UK)
    refaire ou redoubler une classe to repeat a year
    classes préparatoiresschools specializing in preparing pupils to take Grandes Écoles entrance exams
    B.[DANS UNE HIÉRARCHIE]
    1. [espèce] class, kind
    MATHÉMATIQUES & SCIENCES class
    [dans des statistiques] bracket, class, group
    2. [rang] class, rank
    3. POLITIQUE & SOCIOLOGIE class
    les classes moyennes/dirigeantes the middle/ruling classes
    billet de première/deuxième classe first-/second-class ticket
    classe affaires/économique AÉRONAUTIQUE business/economy class
    5. [niveau] quality, class
    6. [distinction] class, style
    avec classe smartly, with elegance
    C.[MILITAIRE] annual contingent
    ————————
    [klas] adjectif
    ————————
    classes nom féminin pluriel
    ————————
    en classe locution adverbiale
    a. [pour la première fois] to start school
    b. [à la rentrée] to go back to school, to start school again
    After the baccalauréat very successful students may choose to attend the classes préparatoires, intensive courses organized in lycées. Students are completely immersed in their subject and do little else than prepare for the competitive grandes écoles entrance exams. If they do not succeed, two years of prépas are considered equivalent to a DEUG, and these students often continue at a university.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > classe

  • 57 Recht

    Recht n 1. RECHT law (Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen, objektives Recht); 2. RECHT right (to do sth) (das Recht etw. zu tun, subjektives Recht) • alle Rechte vorbehalten RECHT all rights reserved • auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • das Recht haben RECHT have the right to • für Recht erkennen RECHT make a judgment, adjudge • im Recht sein GEN be in the right • in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun GEN give sb the right to do sth • nach deutschem Recht RECHT according to German law • Recht haben RECHT be in the right • Recht übertragen GEN, RECHT alienate • Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen RECHT restore law and order • Recht vorbehalten RECHT reserve a right • Rechte gewährt durch PAT rights afforded by • von einem Recht Gebrauch machen RECHT exercise a right • von Rechts wegen RECHT by law, de jure
    * * *
    n < Recht> 1. Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen law, 2. das Recht etw. zu tun right (to do something) ■ alle Rechte vorbehalten < Recht> all rights reserved ■ auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ im Recht sein < Geschäft> be in the right ■ in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun < Geschäft> give sb the right to do sth ■ nach deutschem Recht < Recht> according to German law ■ Recht übertragen <Geschäft, Recht> alienate ■ Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen < Recht> restore law and order ■ Rechte gewährt durch < Patent> rights afforded by ■ von einem Recht Gebrauch machen < Recht> exercise a right ■ von Rechts wegen < Recht> by law, de jure
    * * *
    Recht
    law, (Anspruch) right, claim, interest, title, (Befugnis) power, authority, (rechtliches Gehör) due process of law, (Gerechtigkeit) justice, (Rechtsstudium) jurisprudence, law, (Vorrecht) privilege;
    • alle Rechte vorbehalten copyright entered at Stationer’s Hall, all rights reserved;
    • aus eigenem Recht in one’s own right;
    • ausschließlich aller Rechte (Wertpapier) ex all;
    • mit gegenwärtigem Recht auf zukünftige Nutzung vested in interest;
    • mit dem Recht des Substanzeingriffs (Pächter) without impeachment of waste;
    • nach englischem Recht under English law;
    • nach materiellem Recht upon the merits;
    • ohne das geringste (jeden Anschein von) Recht without any colo(u)r of right;
    • von Rechts wegen as of right, according to (by operation of) law, in duty bound;
    • abgeleitetes Recht (EU) secondary legislation;
    • abgetretenes Recht assigned right;
    • abtretbares Recht transferable right;
    • älteres Recht (Sachenrecht) paramount title;
    • angeborenes Recht inherent right;
    • angestammtes Recht birthright;
    • nicht mehr angewandtes Recht law fallen into disuse;
    • anwendbares (anzuwendendes) Recht governing (applicable) law;
    • ausländisches Recht foreign law;
    • ausschließliches Recht exclusive right;
    • außerstaatliches Recht external law;
    • bedingtes Recht contingent interest;
    • begründete Rechte vested rights;
    • vertraglich begründetes Recht contractual right;
    • nebeneinander bestehende Rechte concurrent interests;
    • zur Kaufpreissicherung bestelltes Recht purchase-money security interest (US);
    • bindendes Recht binding law;
    • bürgerliches Recht common (civil, private) law;
    • aufschiebend bedingtes dingliches Recht executory interest;
    • einklagbares Recht enforceable right;
    • einzelstaatliches Recht (EU) national law;
    • entgegenstehende Rechte conflicting rights;
    • erworbene Rechte rights accrued, vested rights;
    • formelles Recht law adjective, procedural law;
    • geltendes Recht existing (established) law, law in force;
    • am Ort des Vertragsabschlusses geltendes Recht law of the place where the contract is made;
    • streitig gemachtes Recht threatened right;
    • grundlegendes Recht fundamental right;
    • gültiges Recht law in force;
    • höchstpersönliches Recht right of persons, personal servitude;
    • innerstaatliches (inländisches) Recht internal (domestic, national, municipal) law;
    • internationales Recht international law, law of nations;
    • materielles Recht substantive law;
    • nachgewiesenes Recht proved claim;
    • nachgiebiges Recht flexible law;
    • naturgegebenes Recht inherent right;
    • öffentliches Recht public law;
    • originäres Recht natural right;
    • persönliches Recht private (personal) law;
    • staatsbürgerliche Rechte civil rights;
    • stärkeres Recht title paramount;
    • genau umschriebene Rechte definite rights;
    • unabdingbares Recht inalienable right;
    • unbestrittenes Recht clear title;
    • ungeschriebenes Recht unwritten law;
    • verbriefte Rechte (Verfassung) vested (chartered) rights;
    • verfassungsmäßig verbürgtes Recht constitutional right;
    • vererbliche Rechte incorporeal hereditaments;
    • verjährtes Recht statute-barred right;
    • vertragliches Recht contractual right;
    • vertragsähnliches Recht quasi-contractual right;
    • verwirktes Recht forfeited right;
    • im Rang vorgehendes Recht senior title;
    • wohlerworbene Rechte duly acquired rights, (Verfassung) vested rights (US);
    • Recht des Aberntens [auch nach Beendigung der Pachtzeit] (Pächter) right to emblement;
    • Recht auf Abtretung der Ersatzansprüche right of subrogation;
    • Recht auf Akteneinsicht right to inspect files;
    • Recht auf Arbeit right to work, employment right;
    • Rechte von schwangeren oder stillenden Arbeitnehmerinnen rights for working women who are pregnant or breastfeeding;
    • Recht auf ungestörte Aussicht right of view;
    • Recht zur Banknotenausgabe note-issuing privilege (Br.);
    • Recht auf Beanstandung right to [lodge] complaint;
    • Recht auf vorzugsweise Befriedigung im Konkursverfahren priority (preference) claim;
    • Recht auf Beibehaltung des Arbeitsplatzes bei Entlassungen bumping right;
    • Rechte Dritter third-party rights;
    • Recht am geistiges Eigentum intellectual property right;
    • handelsbezogene Rechte am geistigen Eigentum trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS);
    • Recht auf Einsichtnahme right to inspect;
    • Recht auf Einsichtnahme in die Geschäftsbücher right of access to the books;
    • individuelles Recht auf Elternurlaub individual right to parental leave;
    • Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work;
    • Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher bzw. gleichwertiger Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work or work of equal value;
    • Recht auf Entnahme right of withdrawal;
    • Rechte gutgläubiger Erwerber rights of innocent purchasers;
    • ausschließliches Recht zur Fernsehwerbung exclusive right to broadcast television advertising;
    • gleiche Rechte für Frauen und Männer (EU)equal rights and opportunities for women and men;
    • Rechte und Freiheiten der ideologischen und philosophischen Minderheiten rights and liberties of ideological and philosophical minorities;
    • Recht auf Freizügigkeit right to free movement;
    • Recht auf Gegendarstellung right of reply;
    • Recht auf Gegenseitigkeit law of reciprocity;
    • Rechte an einem Grundstück legal interests in land, chattels real;
    • Recht der Handelsvertreter agency law;
    • Recht der unerlaubten Handlungen law of torts;
    • sachenrechtsähnliches Recht an Immobilien equitable state;
    • Recht im Internet cyberlaw;
    • Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften company law (Br.);
    • Recht des Kaufvertrags law of sales;
    • Rechte der Mehrheit majority rights;
    • Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung freedom of speech, right to speak;
    • Rechte der Minderheit minority rights;
    • Recht auf Nachlassbeschränkung (Erbe) benefit of inventory;
    • Recht der Niederlassung right of settlement;
    • Rechte einer juristischen Person corporate rights;
    • Rechte und Pflichten rights and liabilities;
    • Recht der Produkthaftung product liability law;
    • Recht auf Rückkehr an den gleichen oder einen gleichwertigen Arbeitsplatz right to return to the same or an equivalent job;
    • Rechte an Sachen right of things;
    • Recht an beweglichen Sachen chattel interest;
    • Recht des Schadenersatzes law of damages;
    • Recht auf Schutz der Intimsphäre right of privacy;
    • Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung self-determination right in information;
    • Recht auf Selbstverteidigung inherent right of self-defence;
    • Recht auf Stellvertretung law of agency;
    • Recht der Vereinigungsfreiheit right of freedom of association;
    • Rechte und Verpflichtungen aus einem Vertrag rights and obligations arising under a contract;
    • Rechte des Wechselinhabers holder’s right;
    • Recht auf Wiederinbesitznahme right of reentry;
    • Rechte von Wöchnerinnen rights for working women who have recently given birth;
    • jem. ein Recht aberkennen to divest s. o. of a right;
    • Recht abtreten to assign (cede) a right;
    • sich jds. Rechte anmaßen to usurp s. one’s rights;
    • über die Rechte in anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten aufklären to inform of the rights in other EU countries;
    • Recht ausüben to exercise a right;
    • Recht auf den Bezug junger Aktien ausüben to exercise the right to subscribe for new shares (stocks, US);
    • Recht beanspruchen to vindicate a claim;
    • jds. Rechte beeinträchtigen to prejudice (encroach upon) s. one’s rights;
    • sich eines Rechtes begeben to abandon (surrender) a right;
    • auf seinem Recht bestehen to insist on one’s right, to exact one’s pound of flesh;
    • zu Recht bestehen to be good in law;
    • Recht beugen to stretch law, to pervert the course of justice;
    • seine Rechte gerichtlich durchsetzen to enforce one’s rights;
    • in vertragliche Rechte eingreifen to impair the obligations of a contract;
    • in jds. Rechte eintreten to succeed to s. one’s rights;
    • für Recht erkennen to hold, to adjudicate, to find;
    • Recht ersitzen to prescribe to a right;
    • Recht auf Selbstbestimmung garantieren to guarantee (safeguard) the right of self-determination;
    • eines Rechtes verlustig gehen to forfeit a right;
    • Recht genießen (haben) to enjoy a right;
    • Recht auf seiner Seite haben to have a strong case;
    • Recht erlöschen (verfallen) lassen to allow a right to lapse;
    • von seinem guten Recht Gebrauch machen to exercise one’s perfectly valid right;
    • jem. ein Recht streitig machen to contest s. one’s right;
    • seine Rechte missbrauchen to exceed (act in excess of) one’s rights;
    • sein Recht in Anspruch nehmen to push one’s demands;
    • jds. Rechte schmälern to curtail (entrench, restrain) s. one’s rights;
    • im Recht sein to have the law on one’s side;
    • unvereinbar mit dem Recht der Europäischen Union sein to be inconsistent with European Community law;
    • Recht sprechen to dispense (administer) justice, to judge;
    • j. im Genuss seiner Rechte stören to disturb s. o. in the lawful enjoyment of rights;
    • Recht mit Füßen treten to fly in the face of the law;
    • Recht übertragen to assign (transfer) a right;
    • Recht verdrehen to pervert the course of justice, to twist the law;
    • jem. ein Recht verleihen to confer a right upon s. o.;
    • Recht verletzen to infringe a right;
    • jds. Rechte verletzen to trespass on s. one’s rights;
    • auf ein Recht verzichten to relinquish (disclaim) a right;
    • sich ein Recht vorbehalten to reserve a right for o. s.;
    • Recht wahren to safeguard a right;
    • Recht auf Freizügigkeit wahrnehmen to take advantage of the right to free movement;
    • nach dem Recht des Wohnsitzes beurteilt werden to be governed by the law of domicile;
    • den Arbeitern ein verbrieftes Recht auf Grundkapitalbeteiligung zugestehen to give workers a recognized right to a bit of the equity.

    Business german-english dictionary > Recht

  • 58 jumuia

    [Swahili Word] jumuia
    [Swahili Plural] jumuia
    [English Word] community
    [English Plural] communities
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > jumuia

  • 59 liwali

    [Swahili Word] liwali
    [Swahili Plural] maliwali
    [English Word] administrative official or headman in the colonial era (generally an Arab appointed by the governmnet to handle relations with the Moslem community)
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > liwali

  • 60 luwali

    [Swahili Word] luwali
    [Swahili Plural] maluwali
    [English Word] administrative official or headman in the colonial era (generally an Arab appointed by the governmnet to handle relations with the Moslem community)
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > luwali

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Speech community — is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves.Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon, distinct… …   Wikipedia

  • speech community — n. all the people speaking a particular language or dialect, whether in a single geographical area or dispersed throughout various regions …   English World dictionary

  • speech community — noun people sharing a given language or dialect • Hypernyms: ↑community * * * ˈspeech community 8 [speech community] noun all the people who speak a particular language or variety of a language • the Kodava speech community in India …   Useful english dictionary

  • speech community — UK / US noun [countable] Word forms speech community : singular speech community plural speech communities all the people who speak a particular language, even if they live in many different parts of the world …   English dictionary

  • speech community — speech com,munity noun count all the people who speak a particular language, even if they live in many different parts of the world …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • speech community — speech′ commu nity n. ling. the aggregate of all the people who use a given language or dialect • Etymology: 1930–35 …   From formal English to slang

  • speech community — /ˈspitʃ kəmjunəti/ (say speech kuhmyoohnuhtee) noun 1. the aggregate of all the people who use a given language or dialect. 2. a group of people geographically distributed so that there is no break in intelligibility from place to place …  

  • speech community — noun Date: 1894 a group of people sharing characteristic patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • speech community — Ling. 1. the aggregate of all the people who use a given language or dialect. 2. a group of people geographically distributed so that there is no break in intelligibility from place to place. [1930 35] * * * …   Universalium

  • speech community — noun A group of people sharing a language, or a particular way of using that language …   Wiktionary

  • speech community — noun a group of people sharing a common language or dialect …   English new terms dictionary

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