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81 Finishing
FINISHING (Gloves, knit)The operations used to prepare knitted glove fabric for manufacture and these are usually shrinking, dyeing, drying, sueding and pasting. ———————— The imparting of special characteristics to certain makes of cotton goods to give them a resemblance to linen, wool, or silk. Finishing is an extensive and complicated art; and the various methods of working are modified according to whether white, grey, coloured, or printed goods are under consideration. Many forms of treatment call for the provision of specially constructed machines. The several main operations that are variously called into use may be classified in the following manner, though order of procedure is necessarily dependent on circumstances: - Singeing, raising, shearing, brushing, steaming, starching, calendering (various forms) impregnating, breaking-down, damping, mangling, moireing, embossing, stentering and stretching, doubling, measuring, plaiting, marking, pressing and packing. Many of the single operations are likewise modified according to the quality of the cloth and the nature of the finish desired. For instance, that of calendering takes many forms from the comparatively simple process of exerting pressure on the cloth for giving a slightly smooth surface, to more complicated ones and to " schreinering " for a very high gloss. -
82 Paper Makers' Felt
A fabric of special weave used on paper-making machines to support the sheet of pulp while it is wet.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Paper Makers' Felt
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83 Point To Point Seaming (Linking)
One of the most successful and desirable methods of joining selvedge goods is the point to point method. The articles are made in flat pieces, which are afterwards turned along their centre line and joined together point by point, that is, the stitch in one edge has its counterpart in the other, and each point in the machine holds a pair of loops, which the seaming threads of the machine then unite or join together. Such an operation is required for full-fashioned goods, while the process is termed linking, having special reference to the joining of toes in goods made on the seamless hose producing machines. Such articles are seamless, except that they require to be joined across the upper part of the toes in order to close them.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Point To Point Seaming (Linking)
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84 Holt, Benjamin
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USAd. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA[br]American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.[br]In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.[br]Further ReadingW.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.AP -
85 Laithwaite, Eric Roberts
[br]b. 14 June 1921 Atherton, Lancashire, England[br]English engineer, notable contributor to the development of linear electric motors.[br]Laithwaite's education at Kirkham Grammar School and Regent Street Polytechnic, London, was followed by service in the Royal Air Force. After entering Manchester University in 1946 and graduating in 1949, he joined the university staff and became Secretary to the Inaugural Conference of the Ferranti Mark I computer. In 1964 he moved to Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, and became Professor of Heavy Electrical Engineering. From 1967 to 1976 he also held the post of External Professor of Applied Electricity at the Royal Institution. Research into the use of linear induction motors as shuttle drives in weaving looms was followed by investigations into their application to conveyors in industrial processes and as high-speed propulsion units for railway vehicles. With considerable involvement in a tracked hovercraft project in the 1960s and 1970s, he proposed the concept of transverse flux and the magnetic river high-speed linear induction machine. Linear motors and electromagnetic levitation have been applied to high-speed propulsion in the United States, France and Japan.Laithwaite has written five books and over one hundred papers on the subjects of linear motors and electromagnetic levitation. Two series of Christmas lectures were presented by him at the Royal Institution.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society S.G.Brown Medal 1966. Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Nikola Tesla Award 1986.Bibliography1966, Induction Machines for Special Purposes, London.1970, Propulsion Without Wheels, London (discusses properties and applications of linear induction motors).1977 (ed.), Transport Without Wheels, London (describes the design and applications of linear electric motors).1987, A History of Linear Electric Motors, London (provides a general historical survey).Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London, pp. 261–4 (provides an account of early linear motors).M.Poloujadoff, 1980, The Theory of Linear Induction Motors, Oxford (for a comparison of analytical methods recommended by various investigators).GWBiographical history of technology > Laithwaite, Eric Roberts
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86 Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
[br]b. 26 January 1885 London, Englandd. 18 May 1974 Graffham, Sussex, England[br]English mechanical engineer; researcher, designer and developer of internal combustion engines.[br]Harry Ricardo was the eldest child and only son of Halsey Ricardo (architect) and Catherine Rendel (daughter of Alexander Rendel, senior partner in the firm of consulting civil engineers that later became Rendel, Palmer and Tritton). He was educated at Rugby School and at Cambridge. While still at school, he designed and made a steam engine to drive his bicycle, and by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1903 he was a skilled craftsman. At Cambridge, he made a motor cycle powered by a petrol engine of his own design, and with this he won a fuel-consumption competition by covering almost 40 miles (64 km) on a quart (1.14 1) of petrol. This brought him to the attention of Professor Bertram Hopkinson, who invited him to help with research on turbulence and pre-ignition in internal combustion engines. After leaving Cambridge in 1907, he joined his grandfather's firm and became head of the design department for mechanical equipment used in civil engineering. In 1916 he was asked to help with the problem of loading tanks on to railway trucks. He was then given the task of designing and organizing the manufacture of engines for tanks, and the success of this enterprise encouraged him to set up his own establishment at Shoreham, devoted to research on, and design and development of, internal combustion engines.Leading on from the work with Hopkinson were his discoveries on the suppression of detonation in spark-ignition engines. He noted that the current paraffinic fuels were more prone to detonation than the aromatics, which were being discarded as they did not comply with the existing specifications because of their high specific gravity. He introduced the concepts of "highest useful compression ratio" (HUCR) and "toluene number" for fuel samples burned in a special variable compression-ratio engine. The toluene number was the proportion of toluene in heptane that gave the same HUCR as the fuel sample. Later, toluene was superseded by iso-octane to give the now familiar octane rating. He went on to improve the combustion in side-valve engines by increasing turbulence, shortening the flame path and minimizing the clearance between piston and head by concentrating the combustion space over the valves. By these means, the compression ratio could be increased to that used by overhead-valve engines before detonation intervened. The very hot poppet valve restricted the advancement of all internal combustion engines, so he turned his attention to eliminating it by use of the single sleeve-valve, this being developed with support from the Air Ministry. By the end of the Second World War some 130,000 such aero-engines had been built by Bristol, Napier and Rolls-Royce before the piston aero-engine was superseded by the gas turbine of Whittle. He even contributed to the success of the latter by developing a fuel control system for it.Concurrent with this was work on the diesel engine. He designed and developed the engine that halved the fuel consumption of London buses. He invented and perfected the "Comet" series of combustion chambers for diesel engines, and the Company was consulted by the vast majority of international internal combustion engine manufacturers. He published and lectured widely and fully deserved his many honours; he was elected FRS in 1929, was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1944–5 and was knighted in 1948. This shy and modest, though very determined man was highly regarded by all who came into contact with him. It was said that research into internal combustion engines, his family and boats constituted all that he would wish from life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1948. FRS 1929. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1944–5.Bibliography1968, Memo \& Machines. The Pattern of My Life, London: Constable.Further ReadingSir William Hawthorne, 1976, "Harry Ralph Ricardo", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22.JBBiographical history of technology > Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
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87 outil
m1. инструмент; орудие 2. режущий инструмент; резец □ adoucir l'outil править инструмент; ajuster l'outil устанавливать инструмент; avancer l'outil подавать инструмент; démonter l'outil снимать инструмент; taire tangenter l'outil подводить инструмент к обрабатываемой поверхности; fixer l'outil закреплять инструмент; mettre l'outil au point точно устанавливать инструмент; monter l'outil устанавливать инструмент; monter l'outil droit устанавливать резец по центру режущей кромкой кверху; monter l'outil renversé устанавливать резец по центру режущей кромкой книзу; positionner l'outil устанавливать инструмент в рабочее положение; ramener l'outil отводить инструмент; reculer l'outil отводить инструмент; régler l'outil à hauteur устанавливать инструмент по высоте (см. также outils, outillage)outil à arête pierrée — резец, заправленный точильным брускомoutil auxiliaire — вспомогательный инструмент (напр. зубило)outil bloc — см. outil de découpage suisseoutil à brocher — протяжка; прошивкаoutil calibré — калиброванный [точноразмерный] резецoutil à calibrer les rainures — (строгальный) резец для калибрования канавокoutil de cambrage — инструмент для гибки; гибочный штампoutil claveté — инструмент, посаженный на шпонкуoutil de contre-poupée — инструмент, закрепляемый в задней бабкеoutil coupant — режущий инструмент; резецoutil coupant normal — стандартный режущий инструмент; стандартный резецoutil coupant spécial — специальный режущий инструмент; специальный резец,outil de coupe — режущий инструмент; резецoutil de coupe à diamant taillé — алмазный резец,outil à coupe négative — резец с тупым [отрицательным] углом резанияoutil à coupe positive — резец с острым [положительным] углом резанияoutil à couteau — ножевой штамп; отрезной штампoutil de découpage à contre-plaque et à couteau — вырубной штамп с прижимом и ножом (для обрезки ленты)outil de découpage à contre-plaque et engrenage — вырубной штамп с прижимом и механической подачей (ленты)outil de découpage à pilotage — вырубной штамп с регулируемой [направляемой] подачей (ленты)outil de découpage simple — вырубной штамп простого действия, одно-операционный вырубной штампoutil de découpage suisse — вырубной штамп швейцарского типа (производящий вырубку изделий и пробивку отверстий за один ход пресса)outil de découpage-emboutissage-détou-rage — комбинированный штамп для вырубки, вытяжки и зачисткиoutil de découpage-emboutissage-poinçonnage — комбинированный штамп для вырубки, вытяжки и пробивки отверстийoutil de détourage à bigorne — двурогий [V-образный] зачистной штампoutil à diamants en concrétion — инструмент, шаржированный алмазной крошкойoutil droit — 1. прямой резец 2. резец, установленный режущей кромкой кверхуoutil d'ébarbage — обрубной инструмент; обрезной [обрубной] штампoutil d'emboutissage à double effet — вытяжной штамп двойного действия, двухоперационный вытяжной штампoutil emmanché — инструмент, насаженный на рукояткуoutil d'équerre — угловой гибочный штамп, штамп для угловой гибкиoutil de filetage — резьбонарезной [резьбовой] инструмент; резьбовой резецoutil à fileter — резьбонарезной [резьбо вой] инструмент; резьбовой резецoutil de finition — чистовой [отделочный] резецoutil flexible — упругий инструмент; упругий резецoutil à gorge intérieure demi-ronde — (отогнутый) полукруглый резец для расточки канавок или углублений (в отверстиях)outil à mise fixée par clame — резец с твердосплавной пластинкой, закреплённой накладкойoutil à mise rapportée — резец, оснащённый твердосплавной пластинкойoutil de mortaisage à rainurer — канавочный долбёжный резец, долбёжный резец для шпоночных пазовoutil moyeu — инструмент со ступицей для насадки, насадной инструментoutil non tournant — невращающийся инструмент (напр. протяжка)outil à pastille — резец, оснащённый твердосплавной пластинкойoutil à pastille rapportée — резец, оснащённый твердосплавной пластинкойoutil de perçage — сверлильный инструмент; сверлоoutil à plaquette — (rapportée) резец с вставной пластинкойoutil à plusieurs poinçons — штамп с несколькими пуансонами, многопуансонный штампoutil pointu — заострённый [остроконечный] инструмент; остроконечный резецoutil à profil unique — однопрофильный инструмент (напр. модульная фреза)outil rabouté — составной инструмент; составной резецoutil rapide — быстрорежущий инструмент; быстрорежущий резецoutil renversé — резец, установленный режущей кромкой книзуoutil à serre-flan — (вытяжной) штамп с прижимомoutil de tronçonnage à lame — отрезной резец с напаянной пластинкой; составной отрезной резецoutil à tronçonner — отрезной инструмент; отрезной резецoutil trop bas — резец, установленный ниже диаметра обрабатываемого изделияoutil trop haut — резец, установленный выше диаметра обрабатываемого изделияoutil en V — V-образный гибочный пуансон, гибочная матрица для V-образных деталейoutil vibrant — вибрирующий инструмент (напр. ультразвукового станка) -
88 اختبر (أجرى اختبارا على)
اِخْتَبَرَ (أجْرَى اختبارًا على) \ experiment: to try new ideas (esp. scientific ones): We were experimenting with a special kind of cotton seed. prove: to try (sb.’s ability, worth, courage, etc.). test: to examine (sth. or sb.) so as to see whether it is satisfactory: New machines have to be tested. Examinations test our knowledge. \ See Also فحص (فَحَصَ) -
89 إضافي
إِضَافِيّ \ additional: more; added: If you work additional hours, you earn additional pay. auxiliary: (of armed forces, machines; of verbs like will, etc.) giving help; helping. extra: added; more than usual: You must drive with extra care on a busy road. We earn extra pay for dangerous work. spare: another, as well as that which is in use; kept for use when necessary: spare parts for a machine; the spare wheel of a car. supplementary: added, esp. to supply sth. lacking before: supplementary English course that gives special attention to the needs of business students. -
90 جمعية
جَمْعِيّة \ assembly: a gathering, esp. of law-makers for a special purpose. association: a group with a common purpose: the motor trader’s association. institute: a group formed for some serious purpose (study, the interests of a skilled or learned class, etc.) the group’s offices or building: a workers’ evening institute; the Institute of Electrical Engineers. society: a particular group of people who meet regularly because they have a common interest: We are members of a photographic society. \ See Also رابطة (رابِطة)، مُؤَسَّسَة مَعْهَد \ جَمْعِيّة تَشْرِيعية \ legislature: the law-making group in a state. \ جَمْعِيّة تَعَاوُنِيّة \ co-operative society: a group of people who co-operate in producing goods (e.g. by sharing farm machines) or in selling them direct to buyers, who may have a share in the money gained by the society. -
91 مصنع
مَصْنَع \ factory: a building where things are made, esp. with machines. mill: a factory for certain kinds of work: a cotton mill; a steel mill. plant: heavy machinery and equipment for a special purpose; a building that encloses them. work: (pl. but often treated as sg. with an attrib. noun) a factory; a place where sth. is produced: The steel works are closed for the weekend. -
92 additional
إِضَافِيّ \ additional: more; added: If you work additional hours, you earn additional pay. auxiliary: (of armed forces, machines; of verbs like will, etc.) giving help; helping. extra: added; more than usual: You must drive with extra care on a busy road. We earn extra pay for dangerous work. spare: another, as well as that which is in use; kept for use when necessary: spare parts for a machine; the spare wheel of a car. supplementary: added, esp. to supply sth. lacking before: supplementary English course that gives special attention to the needs of business students. -
93 auxiliary
إِضَافِيّ \ additional: more; added: If you work additional hours, you earn additional pay. auxiliary: (of armed forces, machines; of verbs like will, etc.) giving help; helping. extra: added; more than usual: You must drive with extra care on a busy road. We earn extra pay for dangerous work. spare: another, as well as that which is in use; kept for use when necessary: spare parts for a machine; the spare wheel of a car. supplementary: added, esp. to supply sth. lacking before: supplementary English course that gives special attention to the needs of business students. -
94 extra
إِضَافِيّ \ additional: more; added: If you work additional hours, you earn additional pay. auxiliary: (of armed forces, machines; of verbs like will, etc.) giving help; helping. extra: added; more than usual: You must drive with extra care on a busy road. We earn extra pay for dangerous work. spare: another, as well as that which is in use; kept for use when necessary: spare parts for a machine; the spare wheel of a car. supplementary: added, esp. to supply sth. lacking before: supplementary English course that gives special attention to the needs of business students. -
95 spare
إِضَافِيّ \ additional: more; added: If you work additional hours, you earn additional pay. auxiliary: (of armed forces, machines; of verbs like will, etc.) giving help; helping. extra: added; more than usual: You must drive with extra care on a busy road. We earn extra pay for dangerous work. spare: another, as well as that which is in use; kept for use when necessary: spare parts for a machine; the spare wheel of a car. supplementary: added, esp. to supply sth. lacking before: supplementary English course that gives special attention to the needs of business students. -
96 supplementary
إِضَافِيّ \ additional: more; added: If you work additional hours, you earn additional pay. auxiliary: (of armed forces, machines; of verbs like will, etc.) giving help; helping. extra: added; more than usual: You must drive with extra care on a busy road. We earn extra pay for dangerous work. spare: another, as well as that which is in use; kept for use when necessary: spare parts for a machine; the spare wheel of a car. supplementary: added, esp. to supply sth. lacking before: supplementary English course that gives special attention to the needs of business students. -
97 experiment
اِخْتَبَرَ (أجْرَى اختبارًا على) \ experiment: to try new ideas (esp. scientific ones): We were experimenting with a special kind of cotton seed. prove: to try (sb.’s ability, worth, courage, etc.). test: to examine (sth. or sb.) so as to see whether it is satisfactory: New machines have to be tested. Examinations test our knowledge. \ See Also فحص (فَحَصَ) -
98 prove
اِخْتَبَرَ (أجْرَى اختبارًا على) \ experiment: to try new ideas (esp. scientific ones): We were experimenting with a special kind of cotton seed. prove: to try (sb.’s ability, worth, courage, etc.). test: to examine (sth. or sb.) so as to see whether it is satisfactory: New machines have to be tested. Examinations test our knowledge. \ See Also فحص (فَحَصَ) -
99 test
اِخْتَبَرَ (أجْرَى اختبارًا على) \ experiment: to try new ideas (esp. scientific ones): We were experimenting with a special kind of cotton seed. prove: to try (sb.’s ability, worth, courage, etc.). test: to examine (sth. or sb.) so as to see whether it is satisfactory: New machines have to be tested. Examinations test our knowledge. \ See Also فحص (فَحَصَ) -
100 factory
مَصْنَع \ factory: a building where things are made, esp. with machines. mill: a factory for certain kinds of work: a cotton mill; a steel mill. plant: heavy machinery and equipment for a special purpose; a building that encloses them. work: (pl. but often treated as sg. with an attrib. noun) a factory; a place where sth. is produced: The steel works are closed for the weekend.
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