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south+bank

  • 1 south bank

    * * *

    južna obala

    English-Croatian dictionary > south bank

  • 2 South Bank

    [,sauθ'bæŋk]
    Са́ут-Банк, Ю́жный бе́рег (район с комплексом преим. общественных зданий на южном берегу р. Темзы в Лондоне; см. Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, Hayward Gallery, National Film Theatre, National Theatre; см. тж. Shell Centre, Festival of Britain)

    English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > South Bank

  • 3 South Bank religion

    [,sauθ,bæŋkrɪ'lɪdʒən]
    разг.
    "рели́гия Ю́жного бе́рега" (течение в англиканской церкви [ Church of England], считающее важным решение проблемы бедноты, безработицы и т.п.; его придерживается духовенство южной части Лондона, особ. Саутуоркского собора [ Southwark Cathedral], находящегося на южном берегу р. Темзы; встречает противодействие со стороны верхушки англиканской церкви; см. тж. South Bank)

    English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > South Bank religion

  • 4 South Bank religion (A journalistic label for the religious activities in the diocese of Southwark)

    Религия: "религия южного берега Темзы"

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > South Bank religion (A journalistic label for the religious activities in the diocese of Southwark)

  • 5 South Bank religion

    Религия: (A journalistic label for the religious activities in the diocese of Southwark) "религия южного берега Темзы"

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > South Bank religion

  • 6 south

    south [saʊθ]
    1 noun
    (a) Geography sud m;
    ∎ in the south au sud, dans le sud;
    ∎ the region to the south of Edinburgh la région au sud d'Édimbourg;
    ∎ two miles to the south trois kilomètres au sud;
    ∎ look towards the south regardez vers le sud;
    ∎ I was born in the south je suis né dans le Sud;
    ∎ in the south of India dans le sud de l'Inde;
    ∎ in the South of France dans le Midi (de la France);
    ∎ the wind is in the south le vent est au sud;
    ∎ the wind is coming from the south le vent vient ou souffle du sud;
    ∎ History the South (of United States) le Sud, les États mpl du Sud
    (b) Cards sud m
    (a) Geography sud (inv), du sud, méridional; (country, state) du Sud; (wall) exposé au sud;
    ∎ the south coast la côte sud;
    ∎ in south London dans le sud de Londres;
    ∎ in South India en Inde du Sud;
    ∎ the South Atlantic/Pacific l'Atlantique m/le Pacifique Sud;
    ∎ the South Seas les mers fpl du Sud;
    ∎ the South Bank = complexe sur la rive sud de la Tamise réunissant des salles de concert, des théâtres et des musées;
    ∎ the South Circular = voie rapide périphérique au sud de Londres
    (b) (wind) de sud, du sud
    au sud; (travel) vers le sud, en direction du sud;
    ∎ the village lies south of York le village est situé au sud de York;
    ∎ the living room faces south la salle de séjour est exposée au sud;
    ∎ the path heads (due) south le chemin va ou mène (droit) vers le sud;
    ∎ walk south until you come to a main road marchez vers le sud jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à une route principale;
    ∎ I drove south for two hours j'ai roulé pendant deux heures en direction du sud;
    ∎ we're going south for our holidays nous allons passer nos vacances dans le Sud;
    ∎ I travelled south je suis allée vers le sud;
    ∎ to sail south naviguer cap sur le sud;
    ∎ it's 20 miles south of Birmingham c'est à 32 kilomètres au sud de Birmingham;
    ∎ they live down south ils habitent dans le Sud;
    ∎ south by east/west sud-quart-sud-est/-ouest;
    ∎ further south plus au sud
    ►► South Africa l'Afrique f du Sud;
    ∎ in South Africa en Afrique du Sud;
    ∎ the Republic of South Africa la République d'Afrique du Sud;
    1 noun
    Sud-Africain(e) m,f
    sud-africain, d'Afrique du Sud;
    South America l'Amérique f du Sud;
    ∎ in South America en Amérique du Sud; South American
    1 noun
    Sud-Américain(e) m,f
    sud-américain, d'Amérique du Sud;
    South Australia l'Australie-Méridionale f;
    ∎ in South Australia en Australie-Méridionale;
    Geography South Carolina la Caroline du Sud;
    ∎ in South Carolina en Caroline du Sud;
    Geography South Dakota le Dakota du Sud;
    ∎ in South Dakota dans le Dakota du Sud;
    South Georgia la Géorgie du Sud;
    Geography South Glamorgan le South Glamorgan, = comté du sud du pays de Galles;
    ∎ in South Glamorgan dans le South Glamorgan;
    South Island l'île f du Sud;
    South Korea la Corée du Sud;
    ∎ in South Korea en Corée du Sud; South Korean
    1 noun
    Sud-Coréen(enne) m,f, Coréen(enne) m,f du Sud
    sud-coréen;
    South Pole le pôle Sud;
    ∎ at the South Pole au pôle Sud;
    South Sea Bubble = krach financier de 1720 en Angleterre;
    South Sea Islands l'Océanie f;
    South Vietnam le Viêt-nam du Sud;
    ∎ in South Vietnam au Viêt-nam du Sud; South Vietnamese
    1 noun
    Sud-Vietnamien(enne) m,f;
    the South Vietnamese les Sud-Vietnamiens mpl
    sud-vietnamien;
    South Wales le sud du pays de Galles;
    South Yemen le Yémen du Sud;
    ∎ in South Yemen au Yémen du Sud;
    Geography South Yorkshire le South Yorkshire, = comté du nord de l'Angleterre;
    ∎ in South Yorkshire dans le South Yorkshire
    ⓘ THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE Ce krach financier eut lieu en 1720, après que la "South Sea Company" eut repris à son compte la dette nationale britannique en échange du monopole du commerce sur les mers du sud. Cette nouvelle provoqua une ruée sur les actions de la compagnie et une spéculation avide, entraînant la chute des cours et la ruine de nombreux investisseurs.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > south

  • 7 South Africa

    общ. Южно-Африканская республика, ЮАР (республика; столица — Претория; государственные языки африкаанс, английский, зулусский, кхоса и ряд других языков; национальная валюта — южноафриканский ранд)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > South Africa

  • 8 South African Reserve Bank

    орг.
    эк. Резервный банк Южно-Африканской республики [ЮАР\] (центральный банк ЮАР; создан в 1921 г.)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > South African Reserve Bank

  • 9 South Korea

    сущ.
    сокр. Sth Korea общ. Южная Корея, Республика Корея, Корейская Республика (республика; столица — Сеул; государственный язык корейский; национальная валюта — южнокорейская вона)
    Syn:
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > South Korea

  • 10 Bank of New South Wales

    Австралийский сленг: "Банк оф Нью-Саут-Уэльс" (пионер банковского дела в Австралии; имеет более 1000 филиалов в островной части Тихого океана; основан в 1817)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Bank of New South Wales

  • 11 Bank of New South Wales

    «Банк оф Нью-Саут-Уэльс» (пионер банковского дела в Австралии; имеет более 1000 филиалов в островной части Тихого океана; основан в 1817)

    Australia and New Zealand. English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Bank of New South Wales

  • 12 central bank

    эк. центральный банк (государственный банк, который реализует денежно-кредитную и валютную политику государства, управляет официальными валютными резервами, осуществляет денежную эмиссию, является банкиром правительства и кредитором последней инстанции для других финансовых институтов; также название центрального органа денежно-валютного регулирования для группы стран, использующих общую валюту и координирующих свою денежно-кредитную политику)
    See:
    currency policy, monetary policy, official reserves, open market operations, currency intervention, lender of last resort, bankers' bank, bank of issue, bank of government, Federal Reserve System, European Central Bank, national central bank, European System of Central Banks, Bahrain Monetary Agency, Bangladesh Bank, Bank Al-Maghrib, Bank of Albania, Bank of Algeria, Bank of Botswana, Bank of Canada, Bank of England, Bank of Estonia, Bank of Finland, Bank of Ghana, Bank of Greece, Bank of Guatemala, Bank of Indonesia, Bank of Israel, Bank of Italy, Bank of Jamaica, Bank of Japan, Bank of Korea, Bank of Latvia, Bank of Lebanon, Bank of Lithuania, Bank of Mauritius, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Mongolia, Bank of Mozambique, Bank of Namibia, Bank of Papua New Guinea, Bank of Portugal, Bank of Russia, Bank of Sierra Leone, Bank of Slovenia, Bank of Spain, Bank of Sudan, Bank of Tanzania, Bank of Thailand, Bank of the Netherlands Antilles, Bank of the Republic of Colombia, Bank of the Republic of Haiti, Bank of Uganda, Bank of Zambia, Banque de France, Bermuda Monetary Authority, Bulgarian National Bank, Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, Central Bank of Argentina, Central Bank of Armenia, Central Bank of Aruba, Central Bank of Barbados, Central Bank of Belize, Central Bank of Bolivia, Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Central Bank of Brazil, Central Bank of Central African States, Central Bank of Chile, Central Bank of China, Central Bank of Costa Rica, Central Bank of Cuba, Central Bank of Cyprus, Central Bank of Ecuador, Central Bank of Egypt, Central Bank of Honduras, Central Bank of Iceland, Central Bank of Iran, Central Bank of Ireland, Central Bank of Jordan, Central Bank of Kenya, Central Bank of Kuwait, Central Bank of Lesotho, Central Bank of Luxembourg, Central Bank of Madagascar, Central Bank of Malaysia, Central Bank of Malta, Central Bank of Montenegro, Central Bank of Nicaragua, Central Bank of Nigeria, Central Bank of Oman, Central Bank of Paraguay, Central Bank of Samoa, Central Bank of Seychelles, Central Bank of Solomon Islands, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Suriname, Central Bank of Swaziland, Central Bank of the Bahamas, Central Bank of the Dominican Republic, Central Bank of the Philippines, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Bank of Tunisia, Central Bank of Uruguay, Central Bank of Venezuela, Central Bank of West African States, Central Bank of Yemen, Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador, Central Reserve Bank of Peru, Croatian National Bank, Czech National Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Monetary Authority of Macau, Monetary Authority of Singapore, National Bank of Azerbaijan, National Bank of Belgium, National Bank of Denmark, National Bank of Ethiopia, National Bank of Georgia, National Bank of Hungary, National Bank of Kazakhstan, National Bank of Moldova, National Bank of Poland, National Bank of Romania, National Bank of Rwanda, National Bank of Serbia, National Bank of Slovakia, National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic, National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia, National Bank of Ukraine, National Reserve Bank of Tonga, Nepal Rastra Bank, Netherlands Bank, Norges Bank, Oesterreichische Nationalbank, People's Bank of China, Qatar Central Bank, Reserve Bank of Australia, Reserve Bank of Fiji, Reserve Bank of India, Reserve Bank of New Zealand, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan, Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency, South African Reserve Bank, State Bank of Pakistan, State Bank of Vietnam, Sveriges Riksbank, Swiss National Bank, jawbone

    * * *
    центральный банк: 1) государственный банк, который реализует валютную и денежно-кредитную политику государства, осуществляет денежную эмиссию и управляет официальными валютными резервами, является банкиром правительства и всех других кредитных институтов; 2) коммерческий банк, который обслуживает группу небольших банков (кооперативных, сберегательных).
    * * *
    . первичная валютная власть страны; в США Федеральная Резервная Система в США; обычно, несет ответственность за выдачу валюты, управление валютной политикой и банковской системой страны; . Глоссарий финансовых и биржевых терминов .
    * * *
    Банки/Банковские операции
    государственное кредитно-финансовое учреждение, обладающее правом выпуска банкнот, регулирования денежного обращения, кредита и валютного курса, хранения золотовалютных резервов
    -----
    государственный орган регулирования экономики; банк, наделенный правом монопольного выпуска банкнот, регулирования денежного обращения, кредита и валютного курса, хранения официальных золотовалютных резервов

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > central bank

  • 13 Reserve Bank

    а) банк., амер. = Federal Reserve Bank
    б) эк. (в Австралии, Новой Зеландии и ряде других стран: название учреждения, выполняющего функции центрального банка)
    See:

    * * *
    = central bank.
    * * *
    * * *
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Reserve Bank

  • 14 North and South Insurance Corporation v. National Provincial Bank Ltd.

    фин., юр., брит. ""Норс энд Соус Иншуранс Корпорэйшен" против "Нэшенел Провиншенл Бэнк Лтд""* (судебный прецедент 1936 г.; суд рассматривал проблему отношения к векселю, в котором получатель платежа не указан, т. е. можно ли считать такой документ векселем на предъявителя; суд решил, что да)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > North and South Insurance Corporation v. National Provincial Bank Ltd.

  • 15 Orbit Mining & Trading Co. Ltd. v. Westminster Bank Ltd.

    фин., юр., брит. ""Орбит Мининг энд Трейдинг Ко Лтд" против "Вестминстер Бэнк Лтд""* (судебный прецедент 1963 г.; суд рассматривал дело, аналогичное делу "Коул против Милсома"; суд пришел к выводу, что приказ совершить платеж по финансовому инструменту именно предъявителю должен быть выражен, а не подразумеваем)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Orbit Mining & Trading Co. Ltd. v. Westminster Bank Ltd.

  • 16 Commercial Bank of Australia

    «Коммершиэл бэнк оф Острэлиа» (один из крупнейших банков страны; в результате укрупнения слился в 1980-е гг. с ведущим частным банком Австралии «Бэнк оф Нью-Саут-Уэльс» {Bank of New South Wales} и образовал новый крупный банк «Уэстпэк бэнкинг корпорэйшн» {Westpack Banking Corporation})

    Australia and New Zealand. English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Commercial Bank of Australia

  • 17 First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

    банк., юр., амер. ""Фест Нэшнел Бэнк оф Иден, Соус Дакота" против Управления контролера денежного обращения"* (название судебного прецедента 1978 г.; Контролер денежного обращения вынес определение, что участвующий в деле банк осуществлял небезопасную и неосновательную практику, выплачивая чрезмерную заработную плату и премии исполнительным должностным лицам; суд отказал банку при попытке опровергнуть часть распоряжений Контролера, где требовалось, чтобы банк ограничил в будущем расходы на персонал определенным процентом среднего уровня активов, и требовался возврат суммы, выплаченной в качестве премии; прецедент имеет большое значение, так как была признана правомерность направленности действий Контролера на предотвращение некоторых будущих злоупотреблений и ликвидацию прямых последствий предшествующей практики для финансовой основательности банка)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

  • 18 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 19 Oporto, City of

       Known as Porto in Portuguese, it is the second largest city after Lisbon and a major commercial-industrial center of northern Portugal, as well as the outlet of the port wine industry. The capital of Oporto district, it is also "capital of the north," in effect. The current population of the city is approximately 240,000, with that of Greater Oporto over 2 million. Oporto lies on the right (north) bank of the Douro River, about three kilometers (two miles) from its mouth. Its harbor is Leixões. Several bridges connect the city to the south bank, including the famous Eiffel Bridge, built in the 19th century by the A. Gustave Eiffel, builder of the Eiffel Tower of Paris. Among the notable historic buildings are many churches, a Gothic medieval cathedral, a bishop's palace, and the Tower of the Clérigos. There are also interesting museums and libraries. Oporto's economy has been dominated for three centuries by the port wine shippers and industry; the wine, in fact, is named after the city itself. In recent decades, however, the local economy has become diversified, and industry and manufacturing have begun to surpass port wine in importance.
       The city of Oporto, proud of its hard-working reputation and its preeminence, has an ancient rivalry with the capital, Lisbon. Since 1820, when the first liberal, constitutional movement burst forth in Oporto, the city has often anticipated Lisbon in supporting liberal political causes. Other cases occurred in the 19th century, including the January 1891 republican revolt at Oporto, and in the 20th century, Oporto's fervent support of the presidential candidacy of the ill-fated general Humberto Delgado in 1958. It is noteworthy, too, that one of the most enduring critics of the Estado Novo in its middle and late years (1940s-1960s) was a bishop of Oporto, who was exiled and penalized by the regime.
       Whether it is in soccer ( futebol), liberal causes, hard work, or politics, Oporto and its inhabitants nurse a fierce local pride and claim superiority over Lisbon. In Portuguese tradition, Oporto residents are known as "tripe-eaters" ( tripeiros), as opposed to Lisbon residents, known as "lettuce-eaters" ( alfaçinhas). Despite Lisbon's dominance of the print media, starting in the 19th century, the city of Oporto has supported some of the country's more important daily newspapers.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Oporto, City of

  • 20 Elder, John

    [br]
    b. 9 March 1824 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 17 September 1869 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer who introduced the compound steam engine to ships and established an important shipbuilding company in Glasgow.
    [br]
    John was the third son of David Elder. The father came from a family of millwrights and moved to Glasgow where he worked for the well-known shipbuilding firm of Napier's and was involved with improving marine engines. John was educated at Glasgow High School and then for a while at the Department of Civil Engineering at Glasgow University, where he showed great aptitude for mathematics and drawing. He spent five years as an apprentice under Robert Napier followed by two short periods of activity as a pattern-maker first and then a draughtsman in England. He returned to Scotland in 1849 to become Chief Draughtsman to Napier, but in 1852 he left to become a partner with the Glasgow general engineering company of Randolph Elliott \& Co. Shortly after his induction (at the age of 28), the engineering firm was renamed Randolph Elder \& Co.; in 1868, when the partnership expired, it became known as John Elder \& Co. From the outset Elder, with his partner, Charles Randolph, approached mechanical (especially heat) engineering in a rigorous manner. Their knowledge and understanding of entropy ensured that engine design was not a hit-and-miss affair, but one governed by recognition of the importance of the new kinetic theory of heat and with it a proper understanding of thermodynamic principles, and by systematic development. In this Elder was joined by W.J.M. Rankine, Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow University, who helped him develop the compound marine engine. Elder and Randolph built up a series of patents, which guaranteed their company's commercial success and enabled them for a while to be the sole suppliers of compound steam reciprocating machinery. Their first such engine at sea was fitted in 1854 on the SS Brandon for the Limerick Steamship Company; the ship showed an improved performance by using a third less coal, which he was able to reduce still further on later designs.
    Elder developed steam jacketing and recognized that, with higher pressures, triple-expansion types would be even more economical. In 1862 he patented a design of quadruple-expansion engine with reheat between cylinders and advocated the importance of balancing reciprocating parts. The effect of his improvements was to greatly reduce fuel consumption so that long sea voyages became an economic reality.
    His yard soon reached dimensions then unequalled on the Clyde where he employed over 4,000 workers; Elder also was always interested in the social welfare of his labour force. In 1860 the engine shops were moved to the Govan Old Shipyard, and again in 1864 to the Fairfield Shipyard, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west on the south bank of the Clyde. At Fairfield, shipbuilding was commenced, and with the patents for compounding secure, much business was placed for many years by shipowners serving long-distance trades such as South America; the Pacific Steam Navigation Company took up his ideas for their ships. In later years the yard became known as the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Ltd, but it remains today as one of Britain's most efficient shipyards and is known now as Kvaerner Govan Ltd.
    In 1869, at the age of only 45, John Elder was unanimously elected President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; however, before taking office and giving his eagerly awaited presidential address, he died in London from liver disease. A large multitude attended his funeral and all the engineering shops were silent as his body, which had been brought back from London to Glasgow, was carried to its resting place. In 1857 Elder had married Isabella Ure, and on his death he left her a considerable fortune, which she used generously for Govan, for Glasgow and especially the University. In 1883 she endowed the world's first Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow, an act which was reciprocated in 1901 when the University awarded her an LLD on the occasion of its 450th anniversary.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1869.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1869, Engineer 28.
    1889, The Dictionary of National Biography, London: Smith Elder \& Co. W.J.Macquorn Rankine, 1871, "Sketch of the life of John Elder" Transactions of the
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
    Maclehose, 1886, Memoirs and Portraits of a Hundred Glasgow Men.
    The Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Works, 1909, London: Offices of Engineering.
    P.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde, A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (covers Elder's contribution to the development of steam engines).
    RLH / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Elder, John

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