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1 nelequë
"kw" cardinal "thirteen" VT48:21. The spelling "nelekwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be *nelquë with syncope of the middle vowel the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque. Compare nelquëa. On the other hand, "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of *toloquë as observed by the editor; here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs. Thus toloquë could support ?nelequë as the Quenya word but because of the uncertainties, yunquentë may be preferred as the word for 13. -
2 veru
1 noun husband VT49:45. An earlier source gives the word for husband as venno. 2 dual noun "husband and wife, married pair" BES. Obsoleted by \#1 above? Notice that the word veru married pair comes from the same source that has venno rather than veru as the word for husband. -
3 canaquë
"k, kw" cardinal "fourteen" VT48:21.The spelling "kanakwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be *canquë with syncope of the middle vowel the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque rather than **miniquë. On the other hand, in the same source "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of *toloquë as observed by the editor: Here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs. -
4 alda
noun "tree" GALAD, GÁLAD, SA, Nam, RGEO:66, LR:41, SD:302, LT1:249, LT2:340, VT39:7, also name of tengwa \#28 Appendix E. Pl. aldar in Narqelion; gen. pl. aldaron "of trees" in Namárië. Etymology of alda, see Letters:426 and UT:266-7. The latter source states that primitive ¤galadā, whence Quenya alda, originally applied to stouter and more spreading trees such as oaks or beeches, while straighter and more slender trees such as birches were called ¤ornē, Quenya ornë - but this distinction was not always observed in Quenya, and it seems that alda became the general word. According to PE17:25, primitive galada sic referred to a plant large and was a general term. Place-name Aldalómë tree-night or tree-shade-night LotR2:III ch. 4, translated in PE17:82; Aldarion masc. name, *"Son of the Trees" Appendix A, Tar-Aldarion a Númenorean King UT:210. Aldaron a name of Oromë Silm; aldinga "tree-top" VT47:28, aldarembina pl. aldarembinë attested adj. tree-tangled, the cognate of Sindarin galadhremminPM:17:26.Aldúya fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Trees Appendix D. The word seems to include *Aldu, a dual form referring to the Two Trees. The Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa presumably *aldajā, referring to one tree the White only. The dual Aldu seems to occur also in Aldudénië "Lament for the Two Trees" a strange word, since Quenya does not permit intervocalic d as in this word perhaps the Vanyarin dialect of Quenya did Silm -
5 yunquë
"q" cardinal "twelve" VT47:41, VT48:4, 6, 9; VT49:57; also compare the stem yunukw- cited in VT42:24, 31. This word appears already in an early source PE14:82. Some sources point to \#rasta, q.v., as another word for "twelve". However, available post-LotR sources indicate that Tolkien intended yunquë as the regular Quenya word for "twelve". -
6 ta
1 pron. "that, it" TA; compare antaróuta/u "he gave it" FS; see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna thither, talo/tó thence and tás/tassë there are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: *to that, *from that and *in that place, respectively. Compare there as one gloss of ta see \#4. 2 adv. so, like that, also, e.g. ta mára so good VT49:12 3 pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things such as inanimates not by the Eldar regarded as persons" VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52. Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir uta/u "we forgive uthem/u" VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers. However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean that see \#1 above, he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta they, them, introducing variant forms like tai VT49:32 to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te VT49:33, which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate they, them was abandoned and the form te q.v. could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó-. 4 conj., said to be a reducted form of tá then, used before each new item in a series or list; if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important. PE17:70 Hence the use of arta ar ta, and ta for et cetera; in older language ta ta or just ta. 5 adv. there VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or element rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta \#1. -
7 an
1 conj. and prep. "for" Nam, RGEO:66, an cé mo quernëfor if one turned VT49:8, also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express one more of the thing concerned: an quetta a word more, PE17:91. The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" SD:290 however seems to denote motion towards the speaker: the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" NĀsup1/sup. The phrase an i falmalīPE17:127 is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar upon the foaming waves Nam, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending and if falmalīis seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case.In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an moreover, furthermore, to proceed VT49:18-19 or properly further, plus, in addition PE17:69, 90. According to one late source ca. 1966 or later, an is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament: An sí Tintallë, etc. = For now the Kindler, etc This is translated by me for, side an is as here often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said. Related is the use of an + noun to express one more; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition. -
8 yondo
noun "son" YŌ/YON, VT43:37; cf. yonya and the patronymic ending -ion. Early "Qenya" has yô, yond-, yondo "son" LT2:342. According to LT2:344, these are poetic words, but yondo seems to be the normal word for "son" in LotR-style Quenya. Yón appears in VT44, 17, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question. In LT2:344, yondo is said to mean "male descendant, usually great grandson", but in Tolkien's later Quenya, yondo means "son", and the word is so glossed in LT2:342. Dative yondon in VT43:36 here the "son" in question is Jesus. See also yonya. At one point, Tolkien rejected the word yondo as very unsuitable for the intended meaning?, but no obvious replacement appeared in his writings PE17:43, unless the ephemeral? form anon q.v. is regarded as such. In one source, yondo is also defined as boy PE17:190. -
9 ar
1 conj. "and" ARsup2/sup, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40. The older form of the conjunction was az PE17:41. Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s PE17:41, 71, but in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases PE17:71. In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar and raiments to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation PE17:175. More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in Old Quenya, the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant PE17:41, 71. An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" VT43:31, cf. VT48:14. In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ara VT45:6. In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and PE17:145; compare ara. 2 noun "day" PE17:148, apparently short for árë,occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant VT45:27. Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë or ré, q.v. -
10 linquë
"q" 1 adj. "wet" LINKWI. In early "Qenya", this word was glossed "water" LT1:262, and "wet" was linqui or liquin, q.v. 2 noun*"grass, reed" J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 199, note 34 3 noun hyacinth plant, not jewel PE17:62. The wording in the source is not altogether clear; it is said that the word lassë leaf would not e.g. be used of leaf of a hyacinth linque. If linquë is not the term for a hyacinth, it must refer to the kind of leaf a hyacinth has. Compare \#2 above. -
11 ambar
1 "a-mbar" noun "oikumenē Greek: the earth as the human habitation, Earth, world" MBAR, stem ambar- PE17:66, related to and associated with mar "home, dwelling" VT45:33; in VT46:13 the latter glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word ambar itself the wording is not clear. The form ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was presumably intended as the genitive singular at the time of writing in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular; in the printed version in LR, the misreading "ambaron" appears see VT45:33. Ambar-metta noun "the end of the world" EO; spelt ambarmetta in VT44:36. The element \#umbar in Tarumbar "King of the World" q.v. would seem to be a variant of ambar, just like ambar \#2 "doom" also alternates with umbar see below. 2 noun "fate, doom" variant of umbar? in Turambar SA:amarth; stem ambart- PE17:66, instrumental ambartanen "by doom" Silm ch. 21, UT:138, PE17:66. The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto LT2:348 3 noun "breast chest, with stem in -s- or -r- QL:30. The form ambar, translated in bosom,occurs in MC:213 this is "Qenya". Note: if this word were to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, we should probably have to read *ambas with stem ambar-; compare olos, olor- dream from a late source. However, the form ambos q.v. is less ambiguous and may be preferred. -
12 indo
1 noun heart, mood ID, state perhaps especially state of mind, given the other glosses VT39:23, mind, region/range of thought, mood PE17:155, 179, inner thought, in fea as exhibited in character or ?personality PE17:189. In another post-LotR source, indo is translated resolve or will, the state of mind leading directly to action VT41:13. Indo is thus the mind in its purposing faculty, the will VT41:17. Indo-ninya,a word occurring in Fíriels Song, translated my heart see ninya. In the compound indemma mind-picture, the first element would seem to be indo. 2 noun house LT2:343, probably obsoleted by \#1 above in Tolkiens later Quenya, the word for house appears as coa. -
13 nassë
1 a person, an individual VT49:30. Also translated true-being pl. nasser is attested, the inner true being of a person. With a pronominal suffix in the form nassentar their true-being PE17:175, cf. -nta \#2, in the source referring to the true spiritual nature of the Valar, as hidden within their visible shapes. The word nassentar would seem to be plural, *their true-beings. Not to be confused with the verb nassë/násë he/she is; see ná \#1. 2 noun "thorn, spike" NAS. Not to be confused with nassë she is, VT49:30 or nassë \# above. Note that in late material, the unambiguous word necel appears for thorn PE17:55. -
14 arya
1 adj. excelling, used as the comparative form of mára good, hence *better PE17:57. The superlative *best is i arya with the article, with genitive to express *the best of Cf. mára. 3 noun "twelve hours, day" ARsup1/sup; compare aurë. In deleted notes this word was also used as an adjective: "of the day, light" VT45:6. Still according to VT45:6, arya is also the name of Tengwa \#26 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call \#26 arda instead indeed arya was changed from arda in the source; Tolkien would later change his mind back again. The abandoned name arya suggests that the letter was to have the value ry rather than rd as in the classical system outlined in LotR Appendix E. Since the word for day daylight period is given as aurë in later sources, and arya is assigned other meanings in late material see \#1, 2 above, the conceptual validity of arya day is questionable.% -
15 nárë
also short nár, noun "flame" NARsup1/sup, Narqelion. Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanáro, Fëanáro where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o, though in the latter name it may also be the genitive ending since Fëa-náruo/u is translated Spirit uof/u Fire. At one point, Tolkien mentioned nār- as the word for fire as an element PE17:183. Cf. ruinë as the word for a fire a concrete instance of fire in the same source. -
16 ninquiraitë
kw noun ?pallor PE17:55. The word is cited as the cognate of Sindarin niphred pallor, fear. The spelling in the source is ninkwiraite, but the word cannot be intended as Old Sindarin since kw had already become p in that language. -
17 -t
1 dual ending, on nouns denoting a pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" VT48:19; see atto, máryat "her pair of hands" Nam, siryat "two rivers" VT47:11, ciriat "2 ships" Letters:427 read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?, maquat "group of ten" from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five" VT47:7, nápat "thumb and index as a pair" VT48:5, also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" Nam, VT47:11. Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" Aldu. The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r elen atta siluvaut/u, two stars shall shine, VT49:45; the verb carit do would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50. 2 "them", pronominal ending; seen in the word laituvalmet "we shall bless them" lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them". According to PE17:110, this -t covers both sg. and dual. Also independent word te pl. and tú dual possibly *tu when unstressed. 3 reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" sg., the long form being -tyë both endings are listed in VT49:48. See heca regarding the example hecat WJ:364. However, in a later source, Tolkien denies that -tyë has any short form VT49:51, 57. The status of the ending -t is therefore doubtful. -
18 nína
gen.pl. nínaron attested noun "woman" VT43:31; this word, as well as some other experimental forms listed in the same source, seem ephemeral: several sources agree that the Quenya word for "woman" is nís, nis q.v. -
19 onórë
noun "sister" of blood-kin THEL/THELES, NŌ; both of these entries in the Etymologies as reproduced in LR have the reading "onóne", but the "Old Noldorin" cognate wanúre listed in the entry THEL/THELES seems to indicate that the Quenya word should be onórë; the letters n and r are easily confused in Tolkien's handwriting. There is no clear evidence for a feminine ending -në in Quenya, but -rë is relatively well attested; cf. for instance ontarë. A later source gives the word for sister as nésa instead. -
20 vénëa
adj. *"maidenly, virginal" VT44:10; the source has véne' alcarë *"virginal glory", the first word possibly representing an adjective *vénëa the final vowel of which has been elided since the next word begins in the same vowel.
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