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1 выдавливание грунта
выдавливание грунта
Нарушение устойчивости грунтового основания, характеризующееся пластическим течением грунта из-под опирающейся на него конструкции
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
Синонимы
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > выдавливание грунта
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2 закисление почвы
закисление почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil acidification
A naturally occurring process in humid climates that has long been the subject of research, whose findings suggest acid precipitation effects. The generally accepted impact of soil acidification on the productivity of terrestrial plants is summarised as follows: as soil becomes more acidic the basic cations (Ca, Mg) on the soil exchange are replaced by hydrogen ions or solubilized metals. The basic cation, now in solution, can be leached through the soil. As time progresses the soil becomes less fertile and more acidic. Resultant decreases in soil pH cause reduced, less-active population of soil microorganisms, which in turn slow decomposition of plant residues and cycling of essential plant nutrients. (Source: PARCOR)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > закисление почвы
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3 водная эрозия
водная эрозия
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
water erosion
The breakdown of solid rock into smaller particles and its removal by water. As weathering, erosion is a natural geological process, but more rapid soil erosion results from poor land-use practices, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil and to the silting of dams, lakes, rivers and harbours. There are three classes of erosion by water. a) Splash erosion occurs when raindrops strike bare soil, causing it to splash, as mud, to flow into spaces in the soil and to turn the upper layer of soil into a structureless, compacted mass that dries with a hard, largely impermeable crust. b) Surface flow occurs when soil is removed with surface run-off during heavy rain. c) Channelized flow occurs when a flowing mixture of water and soil cuts a channel, which is then deepened by further scouring. A minor erosion channel is called a rill, a larger channel a gully. (Source: ALL)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > водная эрозия
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4 режим влажности почвы
режим влажности почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil moisture regime
The water regime of the soil is determined by the physical properties and arrangement of the soil particles. The pores in a soil determine its water-retention characteristics. When all the pores are full of water, the soil is said to be saturated. (Source: DUNSTE)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > режим влажности почвы
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5 влажность почвы
влажность почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil moisture
1) Water stored in soils.
2) One of the most important elements involved in pedological processes and plant growth. There are three basic forms:
a) water adhering in thin films by molecular attraction to the surface of soil particles and not available for plants is termed hygroscopic water.
b) Water forming thicker films and occupying the smaller pore spaces is termed capillary water. Since it is held against the force of gravity it is permanently available for plant growth and it is this type of soil water which contains plant nutrients in solution.
c) Water in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water is termed gravitational water, which is of a transitory nature because it flows away under the influence of gravity. When the excess has drained away the amount of water retained in the soil is termed its field capacity, when some of its pore spaces are still free of water.
(Source: LANDY / DUNSTE)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > влажность почвы
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6 почвенный слой
почвенный слой
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil layer
Distinctive successive layers of soil produced by internal redistribution processes. Conventionally the layers have been divided into A, B and C horizons. The A horizon is the upper layer, containing humus and is leached and/or eluviated of many minerals. The B horizon forms a zone of deposition and is enriched with clay minerals and iron/aluminium oxides from the A layer. The C layer is the parent material for the present soil and may be partially weathered rock, transported glacial or alluvial material or an earlier soil. (Source: ALL)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > почвенный слой
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7 функция почвы
функция почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil function
The main soil function is participation in the material transformation and migrating processes occurring in the natural environment on which the functioning of ecosystems depends. The most active participants in the occurring processes are microorganisms and invertebrates, whose activity, different variety, complex structure, and abundance accurately reflect the soil type and its characteristics: so they are important indicators of ecological stability. The variety of soil organisms determine its self-regulatory and self-cleaning capacity. (Source: NERIS)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > функция почвы
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8 биология почвы
биология почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil biology
The study of the living organisms, mainly microorganisms and microinvertebrates which live within the soil, and which are largely responsible for the decomposition processes vital to soil fertility. (Source: GILP96a)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > биология почвы
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9 почвенный воздух
почвенный воздух
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil air
The air and other gases in spaces in the soil; specifically that which is found within the zone of aeration. Also known as soil atmosphere. (Source: MGH)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > почвенный воздух
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10 сельскохозяйственные машины
сельскохозяйственные машины
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
agricultural machinery
Machines utilized for tillage, planting, cultivation and harvesting of crops. Despite its benefits in increasing yields, mechanisation has clearly had some adverse environmental effects: deep ploughing exposes more soil to wind and water erosion; crop residues can be removed as opposed to ploughing back into the soil; removal of residues can lead to a serious loss of organic content in the soil, which may increase the risk of soil erosion. (Source: MGH / DOBRIS)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > сельскохозяйственные машины
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11 улучшение почвы
улучшение почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil improvement
Process of protecting the soil from excessive erosion and making soil more fertile and productive. (Source: LANDY)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > улучшение почвы
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12 ущерб, нанесенный почве
ущерб, нанесенный почве
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil damage
Soil impaired as a consequence of human activity. A study financed by UNEP, reporting in 1992, found that about 10,5% of the world's vegetative surface had been seriously damaged by human activity since 1945. The study found that much of the damage had been masked by a general rise in global agricultural productivity resulting from expanded irrigation, better plant varieties, and greater use of production inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides. More than 1/3 of the damaged land was in Asia, almost 1/3 in Africa, and 1/4 in Central America. Some land had been damaged beyond restoration. The greatest sources of soil degradation were overgrazing, unsuitable agricultural practices, and deforestation. (Source: GILP96)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ущерб, нанесенный почве
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13 формирование почвы
формирование почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil formation
The combination of natural processes by which soils are formed. It is also known as pedogenesis. The most important soil-forming factors are parent material, terrain, climate, aspect, vegetation cover, microorganisms in the soil and the age of the land surface. Some pedologists would add to this list the influence of human activities. All the factors exhibit varying degrees of interrelationship and some are more important than others, with climate often being singled out as the most important. (Source: WHIT)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > формирование почвы
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14 вещество, загрязняющее почву
вещество, загрязняющее почву
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil pollutant
Solid, liquid and gaseous substances that detrimentally alter the natural condition of the soil.
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вещество, загрязняющее почву
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15 вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
slash and burn culture
A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
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16 загрязненная почва
загрязненная почва
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
contaminated soil
Soil which because of its previous or current use has substances under, on or in it which, depending upon their concentration and/or quantity, may represent a direct potential or indirect hazard to man or to the environment. (Source: GRAHAW)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > загрязненная почва
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17 использование почвы
использование почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil use
Functional utilization of soil for agriculture, industry, or residential building purposes. (Source: GREMES)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > использование почвы
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18 минералогия почвы
минералогия почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil mineralogy
Study of the formation, occurrence, properties, composition, and classification of the minerals present in the soil. (Source: BJGEOa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > минералогия почвы
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19 нагрузка на землю
нагрузка на землю
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil loading
In soil mechanics and civil engineering the term is used to denote the increased weight brought to bear on the ground surface. (Source: WHIT)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > нагрузка на землю
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20 почвенная механика
почвенная механика
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil mechanics
The study of the physical properties of soil, especially those properties that affect its ability to bear weight such as water content, density, strength, etc. (Source: CED)
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > почвенная механика
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Soil — Soil, n. [OF. soil, souil, F. souille, from OF. soillier, F. souiller. See {Soil} to make dirty.] A marshy or miry place to which a hunted boar resorts for refuge; hence, a wet place, stream, or tract of water, sought for by other game, as deer.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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Soil — Soil, n. [See {Soil} to make dirty, {Soil} a miry place.] That which soils or pollutes; a soiled place; spot; stain. [1913 Webster] A lady s honor . . . will not bear a soil. Dryden. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Soil — (soil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Soiled} (soild); p. pr. & vb. n. {Soiling}.] [OF. saoler, saouler, to satiate, F. so[^u]ler, L. satullare, fr. satullus, dim. of satur sated. See {Satire}.] To feed, as cattle or horses, in the barn or an inclosure,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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