-
81 Madelin, Alain
Born 1946Former minister, Alain Madelin is renowned as the most strident defender of economic liberalism in France, during the early 1990s, at a time when "liberalism" was still the "L" word, even for many French conservatives. A right-wing activist during his student days, virulently anti-Socialist, Madelin later joined Giscard d'Estaing's centre-right UDF party. He held a number of ministerial portfolios, eventually being appointed Minister of Finance and the Economy by prime minister Edouard Balladur in 1995; Balladur however sacked him after three months, judging Madelin too liberal. In reality, Madelin was ahead of his times, and many of his economic ideas - aimed at freeing up the French economy - have since been put in place. In 1997, he became president of the Parti Républicain (PR), which he later renamed Démocratie Libérale(DL): in 2003 DL merged with the mainstream conservative UMP party. Madelin retired from politics in 2007.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Madelin, Alain
-
82 Pastis
Aniseed-flavoured beverages have long been popular in France, particularly since the banning, for health reasons in 1915, of the popular and similar drink Absinthe. To this day, Pastis, of which there are two main brands, Pernod and Ricard, is still a very popular apéritif, particularly in the south of France. Pastis, which is a translucent amber colour when in the bottle, is generally diluted with about five parts of water, before being drunk. On dilution, it becomes a cloudy cream colour.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Pastis
-
83 Quinzaine commerciale
two-week period when shops in a town or shopping centre put on special offers. These special offer periods cannot be called 'Sales', since the wordSoldes, meaning 'sales', can only be used at specific times of the year designated by the government.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Quinzaine commerciale
-
84 TVA
French Value Added Tax, or sales tax. The main rate in 2013 was 19.6%, and the reduced rate 5.5%. As is the custom throughout Europe, prices displayed at retail level, i.e. in shops, restaurants, hotels, domestic e-commerce websites, always include TVA, so there is nothing to be added to the price indicated when the customer comes to pay. On the other hand, prices listed for B-to-B (business to business) sales are normally indicated "hors taxe", i.e. excluding tax, since businesses will pay the tax but then reclaim it (if registered for VAT in France), or else be billed without tax in the case of cross-border sales to companies VAT registered in another European Union country. -
85 UDF
Union pour la Démocratie Française, a centre-right political party founded in 1978 as a party of non-Gaullist conservative supporters of president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Built out of the previous Républicains Indépendants party, the UDF remained the second force on the right of French politics until 1995 when it foundered as members split their loyalties between two presidential hopefuls of the time, Jacques Chirac and Edouard Balladur. Since then, the party lost ground and support, before eventually being wound down by its leader François Bayrou, in order to set up a new centre party, the MoDem or Mouvement Démocratique, in 2007. SeePolitical Parties in France -
86 Vendée Globe Challenge
the most high-profile of yacht-races organised in France, the Vendée Globe is a single-handed non-stop round-the-world yacht race, that takes place every four years. Participants set off from, and return to, the small port of Les Sables d'Olonne, in the Vendée, on France's Atlantic coast. The race is open to monohull yachts up to 60 ft. in length ("Open 60" class). French yachts make up the majority of participants in the race, and the Vendée Globe has always been won by a French yacht; however in 2001 24-year-old British yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur caused a sensation when she came in second, having diverted at one point to go to the assistance of another yacht that was in difficulty. The race starts in November, and yachts that complete the gruelling round-the-world journey arrive back in Les Sables d'Olonne in January or February. Thanks to continually progressing boat technology, the winning times have fallen dramatically since the race was first held in 1989-90. Titouan Lamazou, winner of the first Vendée Globe, completed the voyage in 109 days; Vincent Riou, winner in 2004-5, finished in 87 days; indeed, the first 8 competitors in the 2004-05 Vendee Globe beat Lamazou's winning time of 1990. Competitors in the 2008-2009 Vendée Globe set off from Les Sables d'Olonne on 9th November, straight into heavy seas in the Bay of Biscay.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Vendée Globe Challenge
-
87 Voile, port de la
La Voile, as a issue in modern France, refers to the Muslim veil, or hijab. The question began to become an issue in the late 1980s and early 1990's, when increasing numbers of girls from Muslim families began turning up at school wearing Islamic headscarves. France's state education system is founded on strict principles of laïcité (secularism), but the 1904 law on laïcité did not address the question of the wearing of Islamic headscarves. Consequently, school principals were dealing with the issue on an ad hoc basis, and with contradictory jusgements, some tolerating the veil, others banning it from school. The situation became untenable, and in March 2004, Parliament passed a law banning the wearing of 'ostentation signs of religion' in schools, including Islamic veils, the Jewish kippa and large crosses. Since then, the controversy has died down, and there has been a sharp fall in the number of pupils trying to come to school wearing forbidden items.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Voile, port de la
См. также в других словарях:
since when? — spoken phrase used for showing that you are surprised or annoyed by what someone has said or done, because it does not seem right, fair, or sincere Since when has it been against the rules to have a coffee break? Since when have you ever been… … Useful english dictionary
Since When — Infobox Album | Name = Since When Type = Album Artist = 54•40 Released = June 30, 1998 Recorded = Genre = Alternative Length = Label = Producer = Reviews = Last album = (1997) This album = Since When (1998) Next album = Heavy Mellow (1999) Since… … Wikipedia
since when — for how long have you believed. Since when do you have the right to tell me what to do? But really, since when is $250 too expensive for a nice watch? Usage notes: used in the form of a question when you do not believe a particular attitude or… … New idioms dictionary
since when — adverb a) From what time. Since when do I need your permission? b) (as an interrogative interjection) Used to indicate doubt as to the veracity of a statement. The moon is made of green cheese. Since when? … Wiktionary
since — [ sıns ] function word *** Since can be used in the following ways: as a preposition (followed by a noun): Everything has changed so much since last spring. as an adverb (without a following noun): She left home in 1993 and hasn t been seen since … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
since — W1S1 [sıns] prep, conj, adv [: Old English; Origin: siththan, from sith tham since that ] 1.) [generally used with a perfect tense in the main clause] from a particular time or event in the past until the present, or in that period of time ▪ We… … Dictionary of contemporary English
when — W1S1 [wen] adv, conj, pron [: Old English; Origin: hwanne, hwenne] 1.) at what time ▪ When are we leaving? ▪ When did you first meet Dr Darnall? ▪ When will the work be finished? ▪ I don t know when I ll see her again. when to do sth ▪ I ll tell… … Dictionary of contemporary English
when — [ wen, hwen ] function word *** When can be used in the following ways: as a conjunction (connecting two clauses): When he saw me, he waved. as a question adverb (introducing a direct or indirect question): When should we meet? Do you know when… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
When — When, adv. [OE. when, whan, whenne, whanne, AS. hw[ae]nne, hwanne, hwonne; akin to OS. hwan, OD. wan, OHG. wanne, G. wann when, wenn if, when, Goth. hwan when, and to E. who. ????. See {Who}.] [1913 Webster] 1. At what time; used interrogatively … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
When as — When When, adv. [OE. when, whan, whenne, whanne, AS. hw[ae]nne, hwanne, hwonne; akin to OS. hwan, OD. wan, OHG. wanne, G. wann when, wenn if, when, Goth. hwan when, and to E. who. ????. See {Who}.] [1913 Webster] 1. At what time; used… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
When that — When When, adv. [OE. when, whan, whenne, whanne, AS. hw[ae]nne, hwanne, hwonne; akin to OS. hwan, OD. wan, OHG. wanne, G. wann when, wenn if, when, Goth. hwan when, and to E. who. ????. See {Who}.] [1913 Webster] 1. At what time; used… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
