siciliam+in+sicilia)

rĕ-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, 3 ( fut. apoc. recipie, for recipiam, Cato ap. Fest. p. 138 and 236 Müll.; v. dico init.:

recepso, for recepero,

Cat. 44, 19), v. a. [capio].

To take back, get back, bring back; to retake, regain, recover.

Lit. (very freq. and class.):

dandis recipiendisque meritis,

Cic. Lael. 8, 26:

tu me sequere ad trapezitam... recipe actutum,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 3, 49 (just before, ni argentum refers); cf.:

centum talenta et credidisse eos constat, et non recepisse,

Quint. 5, 10, 111; and (opp. mutuum dare) Mart. 3, 40, 4:

si velit suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 8 fin.:

obsides,

Suet. Aug. 21:

reges,

Liv. 2, 15:

recepto amico,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 27; 4, 2, 47. — Freq. of places, etc., once captured and lost, to retake:

cum Tarento amisso... aliquot post annos Maximus id oppidum recepisset... nunquam ego (Tarentum) recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses,

Cic. de Or. 2, 67, 273; cf. id. Sen. 4, 11:

Lavinium,

Liv. 2, 39;

so of other things: recipere suas res amissas,

Liv. 3, 63:

praeda omnis recepta est,

id. 3, 3:

signa, quae ademerant Parthi,

Suet. Tib. 9:

arma,

Liv. 9, 11; Curt. 4, 12, 17: pectore in adverso totum cui comminus ensem Condidit assurgenti, et multā morte recepit, drew out again, = retraxit, Verg. A. 9, 348; so,

sagittam ab alterā parte,

Cels. 7, 5, 2: suos omnes incolumes receperunt (sc. ex oppido in castra), drew off, withdrew, = reduxerunt, Caes. B. G. 7, 12 fin.; so,

milites defessos,

id. B. C. 1, 45 fin.:

exercitum,

Liv. 10, 42:

equitatum navibus ad se intra munitiones,

Caes. B. C. 3, 58:

illum ego... medio ex hoste recepi,

bore away, rescued, Verg. A. 6, 111.—

With se, to draw back, withdraw from or to any place, to betake one ' s self anywhere; in milit. lang., to retire, retreat:

se ex eo loco,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 8, 10; cf.:

se e fano,

id. Poen. 4, 1, 5:

se ex opere,

id. Men. 5, 3, 7:

se ex hisce locis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 21:

se e Siciliā,

id. Brut. 92, 318:

se ex fugā,

Caes. B. G. 7, 20 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 102:

se inde,

id. B. G. 5, 15:

se hinc,

id. B. C. 1, 45 et saep.:

recipe te,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 8:

se,

Cic. Off. 3, 10, 45 (just before, reverti); Caes. B. C. 3, 45 (coupled with loco excedere); 3, 46; cf.:

sui recipiendi facultas,

id. B. G. 3, 4 fin.; 6, 37;

for which: se recipiendi spatium,

Liv. 10, 28:

recipe te ad erum,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 20:

se ad dominum,

id. ib. 4, 3, 1:

se ad nos,

Cic. Att. 4, 15, 2:

se ad suos,

Caes. B. G. 1, 46; 7, 82; id. B. C. 3, 38; 3, 50; 3, 52 fin.:

se ad Caesarem (Allobroges, legati),

id. B. G. 1, 11; 4, 38:

se ad agmen,

id. ib. 7, 13; id. B. C. 3, 75 fin.:

se penitus ad extremos fines,

id. B. G. 6, 10:

se ad legionem,

id. ib. 7, 50 fin.:

se ad oppidum llerdam,

id. B. C. 1, 45:

se ad ordines suos,

id. ib. 2, 41:

se ad signa,

id. B. G. 5, 34 fin.; id. B. C. 1, 43 fin.:

se a pabulo ad stabulum,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 33:

inde se in currus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin.:

se ex castris in oppidum,

id. B. C. 2, 35:

se in castra,

id. B. G. 2. 11 fin.; 2, 24; 3, 6; 3, 26 fin.;

4, 15 et saep.: se in fines,

id. ib. 4, 16:

se in Galliam,

id. ib. 4, 19 fin.:

se in montem,

id. ib. 1, 25: se in antiquas munitiones, id. B. C. 3, 54 fin.:

se in silvas ad suos,

id. B. G. 2, 19:

se in castra ad urbem,

id. B. C. 2, 25; 2, 26; cf.:

se retro in castra,

Liv. 23, 36;

and with this cf.: sese retro in Bruttios,

id. 23, 37;

and so, se, with rursus,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 25; id. Pers. 4, 5, 6; id. Rud. 4, 6, 19; Caes. B. G. 5, 34 fin.; id. B. C. 2, 41 et saep.:

se in novissimos,

Liv. 7, 40:

se intra munitiones,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44; cf.:

se intra montes,

id. B. C. 1, 65:

se per declive,

id. ib. 3, 51:

se sub murum,

id. ib. 2, 14:

se trans Rhenum,

id. B. G. 6, 41:

se Larissam versus,

id. B. C. 3, 97:

se domum ex hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 52:

se domum,

id. ib. 2, 2, 31; id. Capt. 1, 2, 25; id. Aul. 2, 1, 55:

se Adrumetum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 23:

se Hispalim,

id. ib. 2, 20:

se Dyrrhachium ad Pompeium,

id. ib. 3, 9 fin.:

se illuc,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 10; id. Merc. 5, 2, 40; id. Ps. 3, 1, 23 al.; cf.:

se huc esum ad praesepim suam,

id. Curc. 2, 1, 13:

se eo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25 et saep. — In the same meaning, without se: neque sepulcrum, quo recipiat, habeat portum corporis, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 415 Vahl.); cf.

of a military retreat: si quo erat longius prodeundum aut celerius recipiendum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48 fin.; so without se after the verbum finitum several times in Plaut.:

rursum in portum recipimus,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 60:

dum recipis,

id. Rud. 3, 6, 42:

actutum face recipias,

id. Merc. 2, 4, 30. —

Transf.

In business lang., to keep back, retain, reserve (cf. Gell. 17, 6, 6):

posticulum hoc recepit, quom aedis vendidit,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157; so in a sale, Crassus ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 226; Cic. Top. 26, 100; Dig. 19, 1, 53; 8, 4, 10: mulier magnam dotem dat et magnam pecuniam recipit, Cato ap. Gell. 17, 6, 8. — With object-clause, Cato, R. R. 149, 2. — With dat.:

aqua, itinere, actu domini usioni recipitur,

Cato, R. R. 149, 2.—

To restore (late Lat.):

urbem munitissimam,

to fortify anew, Amm. 16, 3, 2. —

Trop., to get back, bring back; to receive again, regain, recover:

ut antiquam frequentiam recipere vastam ac desertam bellis urbem paterentur,

Liv. 24, 3:

jus,

Quint. 5, 10, 118:

et totidem, quot dixit, verba recepit,

got back, Ov. M. 3, 384:

quam (vitam) postquam recepi,

received again, id. ib. 15, 535: anhelitum, to recover one ' s breath, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 21; id. Merc. 3, 4, 16; cf.

spiritum,

Quint. 11, 3, 55:

animam,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 26; Quint. 6, prooem. §

13: a tanto pavore recipere animos,

Liv. 21, 5, 16 Weissenb.:

a pavore animum,

id. 2, 50, 10:

e pavore recepto animo,

id. 44, 10, 1;

for which: animos ex pavore,

id. 21, 5 fin.:

recepto animo,

Curt. 6, 9, 2; 9, 5, 29:

animum vultumque,

Ov. F. 4, 615:

mente receptā,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 104:

(vocem) ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipere,

to bring it back, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251. —

In zeugma (cf. I. A. supra): arma et animos,

Curt. 4, 12, 17.—

With se.

To betake one ' s self, withdraw, retire from or to any place:

ad ingenium vetus versutum te recipis tuum,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 7:

ad frugem bonam,

Cic. Cael. 12, 28:

ad reliquam cogitationem belli,

Caes. B. C. 3, 17 fin.:

se a voluptatibus in otium,

Plin. Pan. 82, 8:

se in principem,

to resume his princely air, id. ib. 76, 5.— More freq.,

To recover, to collect one ' s self:

difficulter se recipiunt,

regain strength, Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 17:

quae cum intuerer stupens, ut me recepi, Quis hic, inquam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18:

nullum spatium respirandi recipiendique se dedit,

Liv. 10, 28:

se ex terrore ac fugā,

Caes. B. G. 2, 12:

se ex timore,

id. ib. 4, 34:

se ex fugā,

id. ib. 4, 27:

nondum totā me mente recepi,

Ov. M. 5, 275.

(Acc. to re, I. b.) To take to one ' s self, admit, accept, receive; constr. with the simple acc., with ad, or in and acc., in and abl., with simple abl., with a local acc.

Lit.

With simple acc.:

quos homines quondam Laurentis terra recepit, Enn. ap. Prisc. p 762 P. (Ann. v. 35 Vahl.): (ego) excludor, ille recipitur,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 79:

aliquem,

Cic. Off. 3, 11, 48:

hic nulla munitio est, quae perterritos recipiat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 39; cf.:

hos tutissimus portus recipiebat,

id. B. C. 3, 27; 1, 15; cf. id. ib. 3, 11 fin.;

3, 35: eum Jugurtha accuratissime recepit,

Sall. J. 16, 3:

neque quisquam aut expulsus invidiosius aut receptus est laetius,

Vell. 2, 45, 3; Quint. 7, 1, 14; 9, 2, 89:

nisi nos vicina Trivici Villa recepisset,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 80 [p. 1533] et saep.:

quisnam istic fluvius est, quem non recipiat mare?

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 86; cf. Caes. B. G. 4, 10; and:

(Peneus) accipit amnem Orcon nec recipit,

i. e. does not take it to itself, does not mingle with it, Plin. 4, 8, 15, § 31:

equus frenum recepit,

received, submitted to, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 36:

necesse erat, ab latere aperto tela recipi,

Caes. B. G. 5, 35. —

With ad:

recipe me ad te,

Plaut. Cist. 3, 9; id. Am. 3, 2, 11; id. Rud. 2, 3, 20; id. Ps. 3, 6, 6; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 6; Suet. Caes. 63:

aliquem ad epulas,

Cic. Top. 5, 25; cf.:

ad lusum,

Suet. Ner. 11. —

With in and acc.:

recipe me in tectum,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 16:

concubinam in aedes,

id. Mil. 4, 3, 3:

nos in custodiam tuam,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 34:

Tarquinium in civitatem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 20, 35; id. Balb. 13, 31; Liv. 2, 5; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 6:

aliquem in ordinem senatorium,

Cic. Phil. 7, 5, 15:

aliquem in fidem,

id. Fam. 13, 19, 2; id. Att. 15, 14, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 15; 4, 22:

aliquem in civitatem,

Cic. Balb. 12, 29:

aliquem in caelum,

id. N. D. 3, 15, 39:

aliquem in deditionem,

Caes. B. G. 3, 21 fin.; Liv. 8, 13; Suet. Calig. 14 al.:

aliquem in jus dicionemque,

Liv. 21, 61:

aliquem in amicitiam,

Sall. J. 14, 5; 5, 4 Kritz N. cr.:

aliquam in matrimonium,

Suet. Caes. 50; Just. 9, 5, 9 et saep. —

With in and abl. (rare and in purely local relations; v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 5, 4):

aliquem in loco,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 3:

loricati in equis recipiuntur, Auct. B. Hisp. 4, 2: sidera in caelo recepta,

Ov. M. 2, 529 (but in Liv. 24, 32, 6, the correct read. is tuto Hexapylo, without in; v. Weissenb. ad h. l.). —

With simple abl. (mostly in purely local relations):

ut tuo recipias tecto servesque nos,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 5, 18; so,

aliquem tecto,

Caes. B. G. 7, 66 fin.:

exercitum tectis ac sedibus suis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 90:

aliquem suis urbibus,

id. Fl. 25, 61:

aliquem civitate,

id. Balb. 14, 32:

aliquem finibus suis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 6; 7, 20 fin.:

aliquem oppido ac portu,

id. B. C. 3, 12; 3, 102 fin.:

aliquem moenibus,

Sall. J. 28, 2:

Romulus caelo receptus,

Quint. 3, 7, 5:

receptus Terra Neptunus,

Hor. A. P. 63 et saep. —

With local acc.:

me Acheruntem recipere Orcus noluit,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 68:

aliquem domum suam,

Cic. Arch. 3, 5; cf.:

aliquem domum ad se hospitio,

Caes. B. C. 2, 20.—

Absol.:

plerosque hi, qui receperant, celant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 76.—

Transf.

In business lang., to take in, receive as the proceeds of any thing:

dena milia sestertia ex melle,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11:

pecuniam ex novis vectigalibus,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

pecunia, quae recipi potest,

id. ib. 2, 18, 47. —

In gladiator's lang.: recipe ferrum, receive your death-blow, the cry of the people to a vanquished gladiator whom they were not inclined to spare, Cic. Sest. 37, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 17, 41 Kühn.; Sen. Tranq. 11, 1;

for which: totum telum corpore,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 12, 33; and:

ense recepto,

Luc. 2, 194 Corte.—

Milit. t. t., to seize, capture, take possession of, occupy: mittit in Siciliam Curionem pro praetore cum legionibus duo;

eundem, cum Siciliam recepisset, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 1, 30:

Praeneste non vi, sed per deditionem receptum est,

Liv. 6, 29:

Aegyptum sine certamine,

Just. 11, 11, 1:

eo oppido recepto,

Caes. B. G. 7, 13 fin.:

civitatem,

id. ib. 6, 8; 7, 90; id. B. C. 1, 12; 1, 16; 1, 30;

3, 16: Aetoliam,

id. ib. 3, 55:

rempublicam armis,

Sall. C. 11, 4:

Alciden terra recepta vocat,

the subjugated earth, Prop. 5, 9, 38. —

In the later medical lang., of medicines, to receive, i. e. be compounded of various ingredients:

antidotos recipit haec: stoechados, marrubii, etc.,

Scrib. Comp. 106; so id. ib. 27; 28; 37; 52 al. (hence the mod. Lat. receptum, receipt, and recipe).—

Trop.

To take to or upon one ' s self, to assume; to receive, accept, admit, allow, endechomai:

non edepol istaec tua dicta nunc in aures recipio,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 34; cf. Quint. 11, 1, 91:

jusjurandum,

id. 5, 6, 1; 3; cf. id. 7, 1, 24: in semet ipsum religionem recipere, to draw upon one ' s self, Liv. 10, 40:

quae legibus cauta sunt, quae persuasione in mores recepta sunt,

admitted, Quint. 5, 10, 13; cf. id. 10, 7, 15:

antiquitas recepit fabulas... haec aetas autem respuit,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10; cf. Quint. 6, 4, 19:

nec inconstantiam virtus recipit nec varietatem natura patitur,

Cic. Rep. 3, 11, 18; cf. Vell. 2, 130, 3: non recipit istam Conjunctionem honestas, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 119:

assentatio nocere nemini potest, nisi ei, qui eam recipit atque eă delectatur,

id. Lael. 26, 97:

timor misericordiam non recipit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 26:

casus recipere (res),

to admit, be liable to, id. B. C. 1, 78; so,

aliquem casum (res),

id. ib. 3, 51:

re jam non ultra recipiente cunctationem,

Liv. 29, 24; Vell. 2, 52, 3:

sed hoc distinctionem recipit,

Just. Inst. 1, 12 pr.:

si recipiatur poëtica fabulositas,

Plin. 7, 28, 29, § 101:

in hoc genere prorsus recipio hanc brevem annotationem,

Quint. 10, 7, 31; cf. id. 8, 3, 31:

nos necessarios maxime atque in usum receptos (tropos) exequemur,

id. 8, 6, 2; cf. id. 8, 6, 32; 5, 11, 20; 11, 3, 104; so with a subj.-clause, id. 1, 3, 14; 6, 3, 103; Plin. 28, 2, 5, § 24 al.—

Of opinions, etc., to adopt, embrace (late Lat.):

alicujus sententiam,

Sulp. Sev. Chron. 2, 39, 1:

opinionem,

id. Dial. 1, 17, 5.—

In partic.

To take upon one ' s self, undertake, accept the performance of a task consigned or intrusted to one (whereas suscipio denotes, in gen., the voluntary undertaking of any action; cf.:

spondeo, stipulor, polliceor): recepi causam Siciliae... ego tamen hoc onere suscepto et receptā causā Siciliensi amplexus animo sum aliquanto amplius. Suscepi enim causam totius ordinis, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 1:

in hoc judicio mihi Siculorum causam receptam, populi Romani susceptam esse videor,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 26; and:

in quo est illa magna offensio vel neglegentiae susceptis rebus vel perfidiae receptis,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 101; cf. also Quint. 12, 1, 39:

verebamini, ne non id facerem, quod recepissem semel?

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 9:

causam Sex. Roscii,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 1, 2:

mandatum,

id. ib. 38, 112:

officium,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183:

curam ad se,

Suet. Tit. 6.—

To take an obligation upon one ' s self, to pledge one ' s self, pass one ' s word, be surety for a thing, to warrant, promise, engage a thing to any one, = anadechomai (a favorite word of Cic., esp. in his Epistles): Pe. Tute unus si recipere hoc ad te dicis... Pa. Dico et recipio Ad me, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 74; cf.:

ad me recipio: Faciet,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 12:

promitto in meque recipio, fore eum, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 10, 3; cf.:

spondeo in meque recipio eos esse, etc.,

id. ib. 13, 17, 3.—With obj.-clause:

promitto, recipio, spondeo, C. Caesarem talem semper fore civem, qualis hodie sit,

Cic. Phil. 5, 18, 51; so with hoc, id. Fam. 13, 50, 2 (with spondeo); 6, 12, 3; 13, 41, 2 (with confirmo); id. Att. 5, 13, 2; Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4; Liv. 7, 14 Drak.; 33, 13 fin.:

pro Cassio et te, si quid me velitis recipere, recipiam,

Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 4. — With de:

de aestate polliceris vel potius recipis,

Cic. Att. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 40, 35; cf.

also: sed fidem recepisse sibi et ipsum et Appium de me,

had given him a solemn assurance, Cic. Att. 2, 22, 2.— With dat. (after the analogy of promitto, polliceor, spondeo):

ea, quae tibi promitto ac recipio,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 5; cf.: omnia ei et petenti recepi et ultro pollicitus sum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 21, 1; 7, 1:

mihi,

id. ib. 10, 13, 3; Caes. B. C. 3, 82 fin.:

quid sibi is de me recepisset, in memoriam redegit,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 9.—With dat. and obj.-clause:

mihi in Cumano diligentissime se, ut annui essemus, defensurum receperat,

Cic. Att. 5, 17, 5;

so,

id. Fam. 6, 12, 3 Manut. (with confirmare); 13, 72, 1; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; Caes. B. C. 3, 17; Suet. Caes. 23 fin. —

In jurid. lang.: recipere nomen, of the prætor, to receive or entertain a charge against one, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 94; 2, 2, 42, § 102; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2; Val. Max. 3, 7, 9;

for which: recipere reum,

Tac. A. 2, 74 fin.; 4, 21:

aliquem inter reos,

id. ib. 3, 70; 13, 10. —Hence,

rĕceptus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to II. B. 1.), received, usual, current, customary (post-class. and very rare):

auctoritas receptior,

Tert. adv. Marc. 4, 5: scriptores receptissimi, Sol. praef.—

rĕceptum, i, n. subst. (acc. to II. B. 2. b.), an engagement, obligation, guaranty:

satis est factum Siculis, satis promisso nostro ac recepto,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 53, § 139; cf.:

promissum et receptum intervertit,

id. Phil. 2, 32, 79.

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

prōvincĭa, ae (old gen. PROVINCIAI, Inscr. Grut. 376, 6) [etym. dub.; perh. contr. for pro-noventia (cf. nuntius), the charge or government of a legate].

A province, i. e. a territory out of Italy, acquired by the Romans (chiefly by conquest), and brought under Roman government; freq., also, to be rendered provincial administration, employment, etc.:

Sicilia prima omnium provincia est appellata,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2:

defendo provinciam Siciliam,

id. Div. in Caecil. 2, 5:

provincia Syria,

id. Fam. 15, 2, 1:

Asia provincia,

id. Fl. 34, 85:

provincia Gallia,

id. Font. 1, 2:

praeponere, praeficere aliquem provinciae,

id. Fam. 2, 15, 4:

tradere alicui provinciam,

id. ib. 3, 3, 1:

in provinciam cum imperio proficisci,

id. ib. 3, 2, 1:

administrare provinciam,

id. ib. 15, 4, 1:

provinciam consulari imperio obtinere,

id. Fl. 34, 85; cf. id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:

de provinciā decedere,

to retire from the administration of a province, id. Fam. 2, 15, 4:

provinciam Lentulus deposuit,

gave up, resigned, id. Pis. 21, 50: provincia consularis, governed by a former consul (proconsul), id. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34:

praetoria,

governed by a former prœtor, id. Phil. 1, 8, 19.—

In gen., a province, division of a kingdom or empire:

Judaea,

Vulg. 1 Esdr. 5, 8:

Babylonis,

id. Dan. 2, 48.—

Transf., in gen., official duty, office, business, charge, province (class.):

parasitorum,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 14:

hanc tibi impero provinciam,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 23:

abi in tuam provinciam,

id. Cas. 1, 15:

duram capere provinciam,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 22:

sibi provinciam depoposcit, ut me in meo lectulo trucidaret,

Cic. Sull. 18, 52:

qui eam provinciam susceperint, ut in balneas contruderentur,

id. Cael. 26, 63:

Sicinio Volsci, Aquilio Hernici provincia evenit,

i. e. were given into his charge, were assigned to him to be subdued, Liv. 2, 40 fin.:

cum ambo consules Appuliam provinciam haberent,

id. 26, 22.—In plur., Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 15:

ipsi inter se provincias partiuntur,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 35.