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81 unfinished
1. a незаконченный, незавершённый2. a грубый, необработанный; неотшлифованныйunfinished goods — не окончательно обработанные изделия; полуфабрикаты
Синонимический ряд:1. amateurish (adj.) amateurish; dabbling; dilettante; dilettantish; dilettantist; jackleg; unaccomplished; ungifted; unskilled2. bare (adj.) bare; crude; raw; unadorned; unchanged; uncovered; undecorated; untouched3. incomplete (adj.) deficient; imperfect; in the making; incomplete; not done; postponed; shelved; unfulfilled4. rough (adj.) preliminary; rough; sketchy; tentative; unperfected; unpolished5. rude (adj.) angular; lumpy; roughhewn; rude; undressed; unfashioned; unformed; unhewn; unworked; unwrought -
82 unheeded
a незамеченный, оставленный без вниманияСинонимический ряд:1. ignored (adj.) forgotten; glossed over; ignored; overlooked; put aside; unnoted; unobserved; unseen2. neglected (adj.) depreciated; lapsed; neglected; shelved -
83 unwatched
1. a ненаблюдаемый; неохраняемый2. a тех. необслуживаемый, автоматического действияСинонимический ряд:unheeded (adj.) depreciated; lapsed; neglected; shelved; unattended to; unheeded -
84 waived
Синонимический ряд:1. deferred (verb) adjourned; deferred; delayed; held off; held over; held up; hold off; hold up; intermitted; laid over; lay over; postponed; prorogued; put off; put over; remitted; shelved; stayed; stood over; suspended; tabled2. yielded (verb) abandoned; abdicated; ceded; forwent; gave up/given up; hand over; handed over; laid down; lay down; left; quitclaimed; relinquished; rendered; renounced; resigned; surrendered; yielded -
85 shelve
[ʃelv]1) (to put aside, usually for consideration, completion etc later: The project has been shelved for the moment.) mettre en suspens2) (to put up shelves in.) garnir d'étagères3) ((of land) to slope gradually: The land shelves towards the sea.) aller en pente -
86 shelve
[ʃelv]1) (to put aside, usually for consideration, completion etc later: The project has been shelved for the moment.) pôr de lado, protelar2) (to put up shelves in.) pôr prateleiras3) ((of land) to slope gradually: The land shelves towards the sea.) formar declive -
87 Griffith, Alan Arnold
[br]b. 13 June 1893 London, Englandd. 13 October 1963 Farnborough, England[br]English research engineer responsible for many original ideas, including jet-lift aircraft.[br]Griffith was very much a "boffin", for he was a quiet, thoughtful man who shunned public appearances, yet he produced many revolutionary ideas. During the First World War he worked at the Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough, where he carried out research into structural analysis. Because of his use of soap films in solving torsion problems, he was nicknamed "Soap-bubble".During the 1920s Griffith carried out research into gas-turbine design at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE; as the Royal Aircraft Factory had become). In 1929 he made proposals for a gas turbine driving a propeller (a turboprop), but the idea was shelved. In the 1930s he was head of the Engine Department of the RAE and developed multi-stage axial compressors, which were later used in jet engines. This work attracted the attention of E.W. (later Lord) Hives of Rolls-Royce who persuaded Griffith to join Rolls-Royce in 1939. His first major project was a "contra-flow" jet engine, which was a good idea but a practical failure. However, Griffith's axial-flow compressor experience played an important part in the success of Rolls-Royce jet engines from the Avon onwards. He also proposed the bypass principle used for the Conway.Griffith experimented with suction to control the boundary layer on wings, but his main interest in the 1950s centred on vertical-take-off and -landing aircraft. He developed the remarkable "flying bedstead", which consisted of a framework (the bedstead) in which two jet engines were mounted with their jets pointing downwards, thus lifting the machine vertically. It first flew in 1954 and provided much valuable data. The Short SC1 aircraft followed, with four small jets providing lift for vertical take-off and one conventional jet to provide forward propulsion. This flew successfully in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Griffith proposed an airliner with lifting engines, but the weight of the lifting engines when not in use would have been a serious handicap. He retired in 1960.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCBE 1948. FRS 1941. Royal Aeronautical Society Silver Medal 1955; Blériot Medal 1962.BibliographyGriffith produced many technical papers in his early days; for example: 1926, Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design, Farnborough.Further ReadingD.Eyre, 1966, "Dr A.A.Griffith, CBE, FRS", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (a detailed obituary).F.W.Armstrong, 1976, "The aero engine and its progress: fifty years after Griffith", Aeronautical Journal (December).O.Stewart, 1966, Aviation: The Creative Ideas, London (provides brief descriptions of Griffith's many projects).JDS -
88 Riquet, Pierre Paul
[br]b. 29 June 1604 Béziers, Hérault, Franced. 1 October 1680 buried at Toulouse, France[br]French canal engineer and constructor of the Canal du Midi.[br]Pierre Paul Riquet was the son of a wealthy lawyer whose ancestors came from Italy. In his education at the Jesuit College in Béziers he showed obvious natural ability in science and mathematics, but he received no formal engineering training. With his own and his wife's fortunes he was able to purchase a château at Verfeil, near Toulouse. In 1630 he was appointed a collector of the salt tax in Languedoc and in a short time became Lessee General (Fermier Général) of this tax for the whole province. This entailed constant travel through the district, with the result that he became very familiar with this part of the country. He also became involved in military contracting. He acquired a vast fortune out of both activities. At this time he pondered the possibility of building a canal from Toulouse to the Mediterranean beyond Béziers and, after further investigation as to possible water supplies, he wrote to Colbert in Paris on 16 November 1662 advocating the construction of the canal. Although the idea proved acceptable it was not until 27 May 1665 that Riquet was authorized to direct operations, and on 14 October 1666 he was given authority to construct the first part of the canal, from Toulouse to Trebes. Work started on 1 January 1667. By 1669 he had between 7,000 and 8,000 men employed on the work. Unhappily, Riquet died just over six months before the canal was completed, the official opening beingon 15 May 1681.Although Riquet's fame rightly rests on the Canal du Midi, probably the greatest work of its time in Europe, he was also consulted about and was responsible for other projects. He built an aqueduct on more than 100 arches to lead water into the grounds of the château of his friend the marquis de Castres. The plans for this work, which involved considerable practical difficulties, were finalized in 1670, and water flowed into the château grounds in 1676. Also in 1676, Riquet was commissioned to lead the waters of the river Ourcq into Paris; he drew up plans, but he was too busy to undertake the construction and on his death the work was shelved until Napoleon's time. He was responsible for the creation of the port of Sète on the Mediterranean at the end of the Canal du Midi. He was also consulted on the supply of water to the Palace of Versailles and on a proposed route which later became the Canal de Bourgogne. Riquet was a very remarkable man: when he started the construction of the canal he was well over 60 years old, an age at which most people are retiring, and lived almost to its completion.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1973, From Sea to Sea, London: Allen Lane; rev. ed. 1994, Bridgwater: Internet Ltd.Jean-Denis Bergasse, 1982–7, Le Canal de Midi, 4 vols, Hérault:—Vol. I: Pierre Paul Riquet et le Canal du Midi dans les arts et la littérature; Vol II: Trois Siècles debatellerie et de voyage; Vol. III: Des Siècles d'aventures humaine; Vol. IV: Grands Moments et grands sites.JHB
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