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41 President
The head of state, under the constitution of the French Fifth Republic (Cinquième république). The French president is elected by direct universal suffrage, for a term of five years in office. Since the 2008 constitutional reform introduced by President Sarkozy, a president may serve no more than two five-year terms in office. Election by universal suffrage was first introduced following a referendum organised by General de Gaulle in 1962. Originally the presidential term in office was seven years, with one president, F. Mitterrand, serving a full two terms. With presidential and legislative elections operating according to different calendars, swings in the popularity of parties and their leaders led in the mid eighties to situations or " Cohabitation", with presidents and parliamentary majorities from different sides of the political spectrum. In 2002, presidential and legislative elections were held within two months of each other, each leading to five year terms in office for those elected; thus president Chirac emerged for a second term in office with a solid parliamentary majority of his own supporters.The president is responsible for choosing his Prime Minister (see Premier Ministre), who proposes a team of government ministers which the president must approve. He is the chief of the executive, who oversees weekly cabinet meetings (see Conseil des ministres), and promulgates new laws. He is also the commander in chief of French forces. He has the power to dissolve theNational Assembly and call legislative elections - a power used rather disastrously in 1997 by Jacques Chirac, who dissolved the Assembly in attempt to give his "presidential majority" a rather less slender majority, only to see the Socialist opposition voted into power.In exceptional cases of national emergency, Article 16 of the Constitutiongives the president the power to rule without the consent of parliament.See also Giscard d'Estaing, PompidouDictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > President
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42 commandant de bord
Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > commandant de bord
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43 chef
chef, chief, chieftain, commander, head, leader -
44 Google Print
En 2004, le moteur de recherche Google met son expertise au service du livre. En octobre 2004, Google lance la première partie de son programme Google Print, établi en partenariat avec les éditeurs pour consulter à l’écran des extraits de livres, puis commander les livres auprès d’une librairie en ligne. La version bêta de Google Print (http://print.google.com/) est mise en ligne en mai 2005. En décembre 2004, Google lance la deuxième partie de son programme Google Print, cette fois-ci à destination des bibliothèques. Il s’agit d’un projet de bibliothèque numérique de 15 millions de livres, qui consisterait à numériser en quelques années les livres de plusieurs grandes bibliothèques. Les premières bibliothèques participantes sont celles des universités du Michigan (dans sa totalité: 7 millions d’ouvrages), de Harvard, de Stanford et d’Oxford, et la New York Public Library. Le coût estimé se situe entre 150 et 200 millions de dollars US (environ 10 dollars par livre) et la durée prévue est de dix ans. En août 2005, ce programme est suspendu pour un temps indéterminé pour cause de conflit avec les éditeurs des livres sous droits. Le programme reprend en août 2006 sous le nouveau nom de Google Book Search (voir la notice précédente).
См. также в других словарях:
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commander — [ kɔmɑ̃de ] v. <conjug. : 1> • 1080; comander « donner en dépôt » Xe; lat. pop. °commandare, de commendare « confier, recommander » I ♦ V. tr. dir. 1 ♦ COMMANDER (qqn) :exercer son autorité sur (qqn) en lui dictant sa conduite. ⇒… … Encyclopédie Universelle
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Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces — or COMUKMARFOR is a senior post in the Royal Navy. The post is the highest sea going command in the Royal Navy and is part of the Fleet Battle Staff based in Portsmouth, part of Commander in Chief Fleet s staff. The commander has the rank of Rear … Wikipedia
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Commander-in-Chief Fleet — (CINCFLEET) is the admiral responsible for the operation, resourcing and training of the ships, submarines and aircraft, and personnel, of the British Royal Navy. CINC is subordinate to the First Sea Lord, the professional head of the Naval… … Wikipedia
Commander in Chief (TV series) — Commander in Chief Title card Format Political drama Created by Rod Lurie … Wikipedia
Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces — Queen Elizabeth II … Wikipedia
