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101 форма
configuration, form, format, geometry, matrix, make, model, mold, pan пищ., pattern метал., retainer, shape, structure, tin* * *фо́рма ж.1. form, shapeвыде́рживать фо́рму, напр. при обрабо́тке — keep true to shape, e. g., in machiningфо́рма изде́лия претерпева́ет ре́зкие измене́ния — the product shows discontinuities in shapeиме́ть фо́рму — be (in) the form [shape] of, be shaped as, take the form ofпо фо́рме:выреза́ть запла́ту по фо́рме, напр. ба́ка — form a patch to fit the contour, e. g., of the tankпра́вильной фо́рмы — of a regular shapeпридава́ть фо́рму — shape, formпринима́ть фо́рму сосу́да ( о жидкости) — conform to the shape of the (containing) vesselсде́ланный в фо́рме чего-л. — made to the shape of a …сохраня́ть фо́рму — hold (its) shape2. (вид, тип процесса) mode3. мат. quantic4. ( бланк установленного образца) form, blankзаполня́ть фо́рму № — … execute form No …подава́ть (напр. заявку) по (устано́вленной) фо́рме — execute an application [request] formпо фо́рме № … — on form No …заявле́ние, соста́вленное по фо́рме № … — an application on form No …аналити́ческая фо́рма — analytical formана́логовая фо́рма — analog formбето́нная фо́рма — formразбира́ть или снима́ть (напр. бетонную) фо́рму — remove the form(s)собира́ть (напр. бетонную) фо́рму — erect (the) formsво́гнутая фо́рма ( поверхности бочки валка) метал. — concave camberфо́рма волны́ — wave shape, waveformвы́пуклая фо́рма ( поверхности бочки валка) метал. — convex camberдизъюнкти́вная фо́рма ( в логике) — disjunctive formдизъюнкти́вная, норма́льная фо́рма — disjunctive normal formдискре́тная фо́рма — digital formфо́рма для ва́куумного формова́ния, негати́вная пласт. — female mouldфо́рма для ва́куумного формова́ния, позити́вная пласт. — male formфо́рма для выдува́ния — blow mouldфо́рма для изготовле́ния изде́лий окуна́нием или мака́нием рез. — dipping mouldфо́рма для изготовле́ния ти́глей — mould matrixфо́рма для литья́ в ко́киль — chill mouldфо́рма для литья́ по выплавля́емым моде́лям — investment mouldфо́рма для литья́ под давле́нием — die mould, moulding [pressure casting] dieфо́рма для литья́ под давле́нием, многогнё́здная — multiple-cavity dieфо́рма для литья́ под давле́нием, одногнё́здная — single-cavity dieфо́рма для определе́ния жидкотеку́чести мета́лла, спира́льная — Saeger spiralфо́рма за́писи мат. — notationв опера́торной фо́рме за́писи — in operational notationквадрати́чная фо́рма мат. — quadratic form, quadric quantic, form of degree twoфо́рма ко́мплексного числа́, алгебраи́ческая — rectangular form of a complex numberфо́рма ко́мплексного числа́, тригонометри́ческая — polar form of a complex number, trigonometric form of a complex numberфо́рма конта́кта эл. — (contact) profileвосстана́вливать фо́рму конта́кта напи́льником — file up a contact to restore the profileконъюнкти́вная фо́рма ( в логике) — conjunctive formконъюнкти́вная, норма́льная фо́рма — conjunctive normal formфо́рма крыла́ в пла́не — wing planformфо́рма ку́зова — body shape, appearanceлите́йная фо́рма — mould, casting [foundry] mouldнаноси́ть кра́ску на лите́йную фо́рму — apply the mould wash, wash a mould a parting mixtureотлива́ть в фо́рму — mould, castпокрыва́ть лите́йную, фо́рму сло́ем, напр. графи́та — dust a mould with, e. g., graphiteхорошо́ заполня́ть (лите́йную) фо́рму при литье́ — cast wellлите́йная, безопо́чная фо́рма — boxless mouldлите́йная, ги́псовая фо́рма — gypsum mouldлите́йная, гли́няная фо́рма — loam mouldлите́йная, земляна́я фо́рма — loam mouldлите́йная, металли́ческая фо́рма — metal [chill] mouldлите́йная, многокра́тная фо́рма — longlife [permanent] mouldлите́йная, многокра́тно испо́льзуемая фо́рма — long-life [permanent] mouldлите́йная, оболо́чковая фо́рма — shell mouldлите́йная, песча́ная фо́рма — sand mouldлите́йная, песча́ная, за́крытая фо́рма — closed sand mouldлите́йная, песча́ная, откры́тая фо́рма — open sand mouldлите́йная, пове́рхностно подсу́шенная фо́рма — skin-dried mouldлите́йная фо́рма по выплавля́емым моделя́м — investment mouldлите́йная, подсу́шенная фо́рма — partially dried mouldлите́йная, ра́зовая фо́рма — temporary mouldлите́йная, со́бранная фо́рма — complete mouldлите́йная, стержнева́я фо́рма — core mouldлите́йная, суха́я фо́рма — baked [dried] mouldлите́йная, сыра́я фо́рма — green-sand mouldлитьева́я фо́рма пласт. — casting mouldлитьева́я, поршнева́я фо́рма — plunger mouldмылохолоди́льная фо́рма — soap-cooling frameнепра́вильная фо́рма — irregular shapeобтека́емая фо́рма — streamline contour, aerodynamic [streamline] form, streamline shapeпридава́ть обтека́емую фо́рму — streamline, give a streamline formопти́чески акти́вная фо́рма — optically active formотливна́я фо́рма ( наборной машины) — mouldотливна́я, линоти́пная фо́рма — linotype mouldотливна́я, моноти́пная фо́рма — monotype mouldотливна́я, универса́льная фо́рма — universal mould wheelпеча́тная фо́рма — (printing) plateзака́тывать печа́тную фо́рму ( переводной или копировальной краской) — roll up a plateнака́тывать кра́ску на печа́тную фо́рму — roll a formпеча́тная фо́рма для высо́кой печа́ти — relief plateпеча́тная фо́рма для глубо́кой печа́ти — intaglio plateпеча́тная фо́рма для офсе́тной печа́ти — offset plateпеча́тная фо́рма для тисне́ния — embossing plateпеча́тная фо́рма для трафаре́тной печа́ти — screen stencilпеча́тная, контро́льная фо́рма — master plateпеча́тная, ко́нтурная фо́рма — skeleton formпеча́тная, маши́нная фо́рма — plateпеча́тная, оригина́льная фо́рма — original plateпеча́тная, стереоти́пная фо́рма — stereotype plateпеча́тная, текстова́я фо́рма — type formпеча́тная, фототи́пная фо́рма — collotype plateпеча́тная, шрифтова́я фо́рма — type formпеча́тная, этало́нная фо́рма — master plateплу́нжерная фо́рма пласт. — plunger mouldподви́жная фо́рма — slip formполубилине́йная фо́рма мат. — sesquilinear formпра́вильная фо́рма — regular shapeпредварё́нная фо́рма ( в логике) — prenex formприсоединё́нная фо́рма мат. — adjoint form, concomitantразбо́рная фо́рма стр. — collapsible formфо́рма распа́да яд. физ. — decay mode, mode of disintegrationфо́рма с обогрева́емым ли́тником пласт. — hot-runner mouldсоверше́нная фо́рма ( в логике) — expanded formфо́рма с одни́м впускны́м ли́тником пласт. — single gate mouldсокращё́нная фо́рма ( в логике) — contracted formтупико́вая фо́рма ( в логике) — irredundant formфо́рма фа́кела — flame patternфо́рма фа́кела распы́ла то́плива — fuel-injection patternхле́бная фо́рма — loaf mouldчернова́я фо́рма ( в стекольном производстве) — parison mould (glass) -
102 film
Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > film
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103 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN
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