-
1 immo
same one, self VT49:33, general singular reflexive pronoun covering both the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person sg., except where the subject is impersonal, in which case imma is used instead VT47:37. Hence *tirin immo "I watch myself", *tirilyë immo "you watch yourself", *tiris immo "she watches him/herself" but apparently *tiris imma "it watches itself". -
2 ava-
2 prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" WJ:370 3 prefix "without" ARsup2/sup, AWA. In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" q.v. 4 vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit WJ:370. Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed with the ending -n I in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan ávëan, future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t.aunë in the sense was not, as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkiens the text was revised. -
3 car-
1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a general aorist infinitive in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the simplest aorist infinitive, the same source referring to carië as the general infinitive of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar k "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a simple past passive participle of the form carinwa kari-nwa. Rare past participle active ? cárienwa k *having done PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë war-made, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë hard to make / do, urucarin made with difficulty PE17:154, saucarya evil-doing PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29 -
4 -li
partitive pl. ending simply called a plural suffix in the Etymologies, stem LI. The ending is used to indicate a plural that is neither generic e.g. Eldar the Elves as a race nor definite preceded by article; hence Eldali is used for some Elves a particular group of Elves, when they are first mentioned in a narrative, VT49:8. Sometimes Tolkien also lets -li imply a great number; in PE17:129, the form falmalinnar from Namárië is broken down as falma-uli/u-nnar foam wave-umany/u-towards-pl. ending, and falmali by itself Tolkien translated many waves PE17:73. A distinct accusative in -līseems to occur in the phrase an i falmalīPE17:127, apparently meaning the same as i falmalinnar, but replacing the allative ending with a preposition. Genitive -lion in vanimálion, malinornélion q.v. for reference, allative -linna and -linnar in falmalinnar, q.v. The endings for other cases are only known from the Plotz letter: possessive -líva, dative -lin, locative -lissë or -lissen, ablative -lillo or -lillon, instrumental -línen, "short locative" -lis. When the noun ends in a consonant, r and n is assimilated before l, e.g. Casalli as the partitive pl. of Casar Dwarf WJ:402, or elelli as the partitive pl. of elen star PE17:127. It is unclear whether the same happens in monosyllabic words, or whether a connecting vowel would be slipped in before -li e.g. ?queneli or ?quelli as the partitive pl. of quén, quen- person. -
5 canaquë
"k, kw" cardinal "fourteen" VT48:21.The spelling "kanakwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be *canquë with syncope of the middle vowel the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque rather than **miniquë. On the other hand, in the same source "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of *toloquë as observed by the editor: Here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs. -
6 ita
adv. 2 very, extremely PE17:112. Like \#1 above, this element emerged as part of Tolkiens efforts to explain the initial element of the name Idril Q Itaril, so it is questionable if \#1 and \#2 were ever meant to coexist in the same version of Quenya. 3 pron that which VT49:12, emended from tai \#1, q.v. The form ita is compounded from the relative pronoun i + the pronoun ta that, it. -
7 me
1 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9. This pronoun preserves the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed mé VT49:51. Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21. For me as object, cf. álaumë/u "do not do something to uus/u", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us", áumen/u "do something ufor us/u", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18. Dual exclusive met "we/us two" Nam, VT49:51, "you and me" VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet q.v. as the true inclusive dual form. Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source. See also ménë, ómë. -
8 íta
noun "a flash" PM:363 adv. 2 very, extremely PE17:112. Like \#1 above, this element emerged as part of Tolkiens efforts to explain the initial element of the name Idril Q Itaril, so it is questionable if \#1 and \#2 were ever meant to coexist in the same version of Quenya. -
9 -inqua
adjectival ending, seen in alcarinqua "glorious" WJ:412 from alcar "glory". Etymologically, -inqua means "-full", like "glory-full" in this case. A variant *-unqua is implied in WJ:415 only referred to in archaic form -unkwā. The forms using u were mainly applied to things heavy, clumsy, ugly or bad, whereas -inqua in the same source derived from -inkwā is neutral. -
10 torna
adj. hard, as in tornanga q.v., seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective hard. -
11 tye
pron. you, thou, thee, 2nd person intimate/familar LR:61, 70, Arct, VT49:36, 55, corresponding to formal/politelye. According to VT49:51, tye was used as an endearment especially between lovers, and grandparents and children also used it to address one another to use the adult lye was more stern. Tyenya my tye, used = dear kinsman VT49:51. The pronoun tye is derived from kie, sc. an original stem ki with an added -e VT49:50. Stressed tyé; dual tyet *the two of you VT49:51 another note reproduced on the same page however states that tye has no dual form, and VT49:52 likewise states that the 2nd person familiar never deleloped dual or plural forms. Compare the reflexive pronoun intyë *"yourself". Possibly related to the pronominal stem KE 2nd person sg., if tye represents earlier *kye. -
12 maril
noun "glass, crystal" VT46:13; if this is to be the same word as the second element of Silmaril, the stem-form would be marill-, cf. pl. Silmarilli -
13 lelya-
1 vb. "go, proceed in any direction, travel", pa.t. lendë / elendë WJ:363, VT14:5, PE17:139At one point Tolkien assigned a more specific meaning to the underlying root LED: go away from the speaker or the point in mind, depart PE17:52, which would make lelya- a near synonym of auta-. The same source denies that the derivatives of LED were used simply for go, move, travel, but elsewhere Tolkien assigns precisely that meaning to lelya-. 3 vb. appear, of beautiful things, hence attract, enchant with dative, pa.t. lélinë PE17:151 -
14 tú
pron. they, them, 3rd person dual the two of them, both personal and neuter the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike. VT49:51 Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source VT49:56, but this form was apparently abandoned. -
15 tul-
vb. "come" WJ:368, 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" TUL, 3rd pers. sg. tulis she comes VT49:19, perfect utúlië "has come" utúlien "I am come", EO, utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come". Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" VT44:32/34, literally apparently *"thy kingdom, be-it-that it will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" LT1:114, 270, VT49:57 and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"LT1:114, 270. Read probably *utúlieltë, *Eldar utúlier in LotR-style Quenya. -
16 lerta-
vb."can" in the sense "be free to do", being under no restraint physical or other. Lertan quetë "I can speak because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty". Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, this verb can be used in much the same sense as pol- VT41:6 -
17 ar-
1 prefix "outside" ARsup2/sup, element meaning "beside" VT42:17, by PE17:169; in the same source the glosses near, by, beside were rejected. Cf. ara. 2, also ari-, prefix for superlative compare arya \#1, 2, hence arcalima brightest, arimelda *dearest PE17:56-57. In the grammar described in the source, this prefix was to express superlative as the highest degree in actual comparison, whereas the alternative prefix an- rather expressed very or exceedingly with a more purely augmentative or adverbial force, but these distinctions do not seem to have been clearly present at all stages of Tolkiens work. See an- \#2, am- \#2. a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" PM:344. In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername amilessë, q.v. of Fingolfin PM:360, cf. 344, Arafinwë "Finarfin" MR:230 -
18 ná
1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná it is cold VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted where the meaning is clear without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection yes or it is so VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai be it that see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë I am, nalyë or natyë you sg. are polite and familiar, respectively, nás it is, násë she is, nalmë we are VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be aorist, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *she is is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né was, pl. náner/nér and dual nét were VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né was cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë he was is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen I was, anel you were, anes she/it was VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan I will be there VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië has been VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë being, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am". -
19 quet-
vb. "say, speak" SA:quen-/quet-, LT2:348, sg. aorist quetë in VT41:11 and VT49:19 spelt qete in the latter source, not to be confused with the infinitival aorist stem in the example polin quetë I can speak VT41:6; pl. aorist quetir in VT49:10-11, present tense quéta in VT41:13, pa.t. quentë in PM:401, 404, apparent gerund quetië in VT49:28 by Tolkien translated as words, but more literally evidently *speaking. Imperative in the command queta Quenya! speak Quenya! PE17:138, see Quenya regarding the meaning of this phrase. The same verb is translated "tell" in the sentence órenya quetë nin "my heart tells me" VT41:15. Cf. also \#maquet- -
20 enel
prep. "between" = "at the central position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied to the case of three persons" VT47:11. This preposition refers to the position of a thing between others of the same kind; compare imbë.
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