royal+college+of+science

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

Froude was educated at a preparatory school at Buckfastleigh, and then at Westminster School, London, before entering Oriel College, Oxford, to read mathematics and classics. Between 1836 and 1838 he served as a pupil civil engineer, and then he joined the staff of Isambard Kingdom Brunel on various railway engineering projects in southern England, including the South Devon Atmospheric Railway. He retired from professional work in 1846 and lived with his invalid father at Dartington Parsonage. The next twenty years, while apparently unproductive, were important to Froude as he concentrated his mind on difficult mathematical and scientific problems. Froude married in 1839 and had five children, one of whom, Robert Edmund Froude (1846–1924), was to succeed him in later years in his research work for the Admiralty. Following the death of his father, Froude moved to Paignton, and there commenced his studies on the resistance of solid bodies moving through fluids. Initially these were with hulls towed through a house roof storage tank by wires taken over a pulley and attached to falling weights, but the work became more sophisticated and was conducted on ponds and the open water of a creek near Dartmouth. Froude published work on the rolling of ships in the second volume of the Transactions of the then new Institution of Naval Architects and through this became acquainted with Sir Edward Reed. This led in 1870 to the Admiralty's offer of £2,000 towards the cost of an experimental tank for ship models at Torquay. The tank was completed in 1872 and tests were carried out on the model of HMS Greyhound following full-scale towing trials which had commenced on the actual ship the previous year. From this Froude enunciated his Law of Comparisons, which defines the rules concerning the relationship of the power required to move geometrically similar floating bodies across fluids. It enabled naval architects to predict, from a study of a much less expensive and smaller model, the resistance to motion and the power required to move a full-size ship. The work in the tank led Froude to design a model-cutting machine, dynamometers and machinery for the accurate ruling of graph paper. Froude's work, and later that of his son, was prodigious and covered many fields of ship design, including powering, propulsion, rolling, steering and stability. In only six years he had stamped his academic authority on the new science of hydrodynamics, served on many national committees and corresponded with fellow researchers throughout the world. His health suffered and he sailed for South Africa to recuperate, but he contracted dysentery and died at Simonstown. He will be remembered for all time as one of the greatest "fathers" of naval architecture.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

Hunter arrived in England in 1902, the seventh in the succession of New Zealand students nominated for the 1851 Exhibition science research scholarships (the third, in 1894, having been Ernest Rutherford). He intended to study the metallurgy of tellurides at the Royal School of Mines, but owing to the death of the professor concerned, he went instead to University College London, where his research over two years involved the molecular aggregation of liquified gases. In 1904–5 he spent a third year in Göttingen, Paris and Karlsruhe. Hunter then moved to the USA, beginning work in 1906 with the General Electric Company in Schenectady. His experience with titanium came as part of a programme to try to discover satisfactory lamp-filament materials. He and his colleagues achieved more success in producing moderately pure titanium than previous workers had done, but found the metal's melting temperature inadequate. However, his research formed the basis for the "Hunter sodium process", a modern method for producing commercial quantities of titanium. In 1908 he was appointed Assistant Professor of Electrochemistry and Physics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, where he was to remain until his retirement in 1949 as Dean Emeritus. In the 1930s he founded and headed the Institute's Department of Metallurgical Engineering. As a consultant, he was associated with the development of Invar, Managanin and Constantan alloys.

[br]

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) académie

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) académie

3) (a type of senior school.) collège

•

- academic

- academic year

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

Branly received his education at the Lycée de Saint Quentin in the Département de l'Aisne and at the Henri IV College of Paris University, where he became a Fellow of the University, graduating as a Doctor of Physics in 1873. That year he was appointed a professor at the College of Bourges and Director of Physics Instruction at the Sorbonne. Three years later he moved to the Free School in Paris as Professor of Advanced Studies. In addition to these responsibilities, he qualified as an MD in 1882 and practised medicine from 1896 to 1916. Whilst carrying out experiments with Hertzian (radio) waves in 1890, Branly discovered that a tube of iron filings connected to a source of direct voltage only became conductive when the radio waves were present. This early form of rectifier, which he called a coherer and which needed regular tapping to maintain its response, was used to operate a relay when the waves were turned on and off by Morse signals, thus providing the first practical radio communication.

[br]

See also: Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph; Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

After schooling in France and Germany, Krylov returned to St Petersburg (as it then was) and in 1878 entered the Naval College. Upon graduating, he started work with the Naval Hydrographic Department; the combination of his genius and breadth of interest became apparent, and from 1888 until 1890 he undertook simultaneously a two-year university course in mathematics and a naval architecture course at his old college. On completion of his formal studies, Krylov commenced fifty years of service to the academic bodies of St Petersburg, including eight years as Superintendent of the Russian Admiralty Ship Model Experiment Tank. For many years he was Professor of Naval Architecture in the city, reorganizing the methods of teaching of his profession in Russia. It was during this period that he laid the foundations of his remarkable research and published the first of his many books destined to become internationally accepted in the fields of waves, rolling, ship motion and vibration. Practical work was not overlooked: he was responsible for the design of many vessels for the Imperial Russian Navy, including the battleships Sevastopol and Petropavlovsk, and went on, as Director of Naval Construction, to test anti-rolling tanks aboard military vessels in the North Atlantic in 1913. Following the Revolution, Krylov was employed by the Soviet Union to re-establish scientific links with other European countries, and on several occasions he acted as Superintendent in the procurement of important technical material from overseas. In 1919 he was appointed Head of the Marine Academy, and from then on participated in many scientific conferences and commissions, mainly in the shipbuilding field, and served on the Editorial Board of the well-respected Russian periodical Sudostroenie (Shipbuilding). The breadth of his personal research was demonstrated by the notable contributions he made to the Russian development of the gyro compass.

[br]

AK / FMW

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications

[br]

[br]

[br]

Wheatstone's family moved to London when he was 4 years old. He was educated at various schools in London and excelled in physics and mathematics. He qualified for a French prize but forfeited it because he was too shy to recite a speech in French at the prize-giving.

An uncle, also called Charles Wheatstone, has a musical instrument manufacturing business where young Charles went to work. He was fascinated by the science of music, but did not enjoy business life. After the uncle's death, Charles and his brother William took over the business. Charles developed and patented the concertina, which the firm assembled from parts made by "outworkers". He devoted much of his time to studying the physics of sound and mechanism of sound transmission through solids. He sent speech and music over considerable distances through solid rods and stretched wires, and envisaged communication at a distance. He concluded, however, that electrical methods were more promising.

In 1834 Wheatstone was appointed Professor of Experimental Philosophy—a part-time posi-tion—in the new King's College, London, which gave him some research facilities. He conducted experiments with a telegraph system using several miles of wire in the college corridors. Jointly with William Fothergill Cooke, in 1837 he obtained the first patent for a practical electric telegraph, and much of the remainder of his life was devoted to its improvement. In 1843 he gave a paper to the Royal Society surveying the state of electrical measurements and drew attention to a bridge circuit known ever since as the "Wheatstone bridge", although he clearly attributed it to S.H.Christie. Wheatstone devised the "ABC" telegraph, for use on private lines by anyone who could read, and a high-speed automatic telegraph which was adopted by the Post Office and used for many years. He also worked on the French and Belgian telegraph systems; he died when taken ill on a business visit to Paris.

[br]

* * *

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) die Akademie

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) die Akademie (der Wissenschaften)

3) (a type of senior school.) höhere Schule

•

- academic.ru/272/academic">academic

- academic year

* * *

1. (training) Akademie f

military \academy Militärakademie f

police \academy Polizeischule f

2. (scholarly institution) Akademie f

the French A\academy die Französische Akademie

3. esp AM, SCOT (school) [höhere] Schule

* * *

* * *

academy [əˈkædəmı] s

1. Academy Akademie f (Platos Philosophenschule)

2. a) (höhere) Lehranstalt (allgemeiner oder spezieller Art): → military academy 1

b) US oder schott ( besonders private) höhere Schule mit Internat (HIST außer in Eigennamen):

Andover Academy;

3. Hochschule f:

academy of music Musikhochschule

4. Akademie f (der Wissenschaften etc)

acad. abk

1. academic

2. academy

* * *

* * *

Akademie -n f.

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) háskóli; æðri menntastofnun

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) heiðurstofnun vísinda- og listamanna

3) (a type of senior school.) framhaldsskóli (einkaskóli)

•

- academic

- academic year

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) főiskola

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akadémia

3) (a type of senior school.) középiskola

•

- academic

- academic year

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) academia

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) academia

3) (a type of senior school.) colégio

•

- academic

- academic year

* * *

[ək'ædəmi] n academia: 1 universidade, escola superior de artes ou ciências. 2 sociedade de cientistas, literatos ou artistas.

n. akademi, yüksekokul, okul

n. plato'nun kurduğu felsefe okulu

* * *

* * *

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akademi

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akademi

3) (a type of senior school.) akademi, yüksek okul

•

- academic

- academic year

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akademija

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akademija

3) (a type of senior school.) vseučilišče

•

- academic

- academic year

* * *

akademija; Platonova filozofija

* * *

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akatemia

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akatemia

3) (a type of senior school.) koulu

•

- academic

- academic year

1) scol. accademia f.

2) (learned society) accademia f.

* * *

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) accademia

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) accademia

3) (a type of senior school.) scuola secondaria

•

- academic

- academic year

* * *

1 accademia

2 scuola privata ( a carattere aristocratico)

● academy of music, conservatorio □ military academy, accademia militare.

* * *

1) scol. accademia f.

2) (learned society) accademia f.

* * *

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akademia, szkoła wyższa

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akademia

3) (a type of senior school.) uczelnia

•

- academic

- academic year

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akadēmija; augstskola

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akadēmija

3) (a type of senior school.) (vidējā speciālā) mācību iestāde

•

- academic

- academic year

* * *

akadēmija; mācību iestāde

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akademija

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akademija

3) (a type of senior school.) gimnazija, (privati) vidurinė/specialioji mokykla

•

- academic

- academic year

n. akademi, lärt samfund; skola

* * *

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akademi

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) samfund, akademi

3) (a type of senior school.) akademi, skola

•

- academic

- academic year

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akademie

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akademie

3) (a type of senior school.) střední škola

•

- academic

- academic year

* * *

1) (a higher school for special study: Academy of Music.) akadémia

2) (a society to encourage science, art etc: The Royal Academy.) akadémia

3) (a type of senior school.) stredná škola

•

- academic

- academic year

* * *