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  • 81 DRAGA

    * * *
    I)
    (dreg; dró, drógum; dreginn), v.
    1) to draw, drag, pull;
    draga heim viðinn, to drag the logs home;
    draga árar, to pull the oars;
    absol., drógu þeir skjótt eptir, they soon pulled up to them;
    draga boga, to draw the bow;
    draga segl, to hoist sails (= draga upp segl);
    draga fisk, to catch, pull up fish with a line;
    draga kvernstein, to turn the millstone, to grind;
    2) to draw, inhale (draga úþefjan með nösum);
    draga nasir af e-u, to smell a thing;
    draga öndina, to breathe, live;
    3) to procure, earn, gain (þegar hann hafði fé dregit sem hann vildi);
    draga e-m e-t, to procure (or get) one a thing (eigi sögðust þeir vita, at hann drœgi Haraldi ríki);
    4) to employ as a measure (draga kvarða við viðmál);
    5) to prolong protract (dvalir þessar drógu tímann);
    6) to delay, put off, defer;
    vil ek þessi svör ekki láta draga fyrir mér lengi, I will not wait long for these answers;
    hann dró um þat engan hlut, he made no subterfuge;
    7) to delineate, draw a picture (var dregit á skjöldinn leo með gulli);
    í þann tíma sem hann dregr klæðaföllin (the folds);
    8) to trim or line garments (treyjan var dregin útan ok innan við rauða silki);
    with dat., hjálmr hans var dreginn leiri (overlaid with clay), er áðr var (dreginn) gulli;
    9) intrans to move, draw;
    drógu þeir þeim svá nær (came so near to them), at;
    10) with preps.:
    draga föt, skóklædi af e-m, to pull off one’s clothes, shoes;
    draga hring af hendi sér, to take off a ring from one’s hand;
    dró hann þá grunninu, he pulled them off the shallow;
    draga e-t af e-u, to draw, derive from a source;
    draga e-t af, to take off (Þ. hafði látit af draga brúna);
    draga e-t af við e-n, to keep back, withhold, from one;
    man héðan af eigi af dregit við oss, henceforth we shall no be neglected, stinted;
    Egill dró at sér skipit, E. pulled the ship close up to himself;
    draga vél at e-m, to draw wiles around one;
    draga spott, skaup, at e-u, to hold a thing up to ridicule;
    draga at lið, föng, to collect troops, stores;
    dró at honum sóttin, the illness drew closer to him, he grew worse;
    impers., dró at mætti hans, dró at um matt hans, his strength declined (fell off);
    til þess er dró at degi, till the day drew near;
    þá er dregr at jólum, when Yule drew near;
    dró at því (the time drew near). at hann væri banvænn;
    tók þá at draga fast at heyjum hans, his stock of hay was rapidly diminishing;
    svá dregr at mér af elli, svengd, þorsta, I am so overcome by old age, hunger, thirst;
    nú þykki mér sem fast dragi at þér, that thou art sinking fast;
    draga hring á hönd sér, to put a ring on one’s hand;
    draga (grun) á e-t, to suspect;
    draga á vetr, to rear through the winter (Hrafnkell dró á vetr kálf ok kið);
    impers., dregr á tunglit, the moon is obscured (= dregr myrkr á tunglit);
    dimmu þykkir draga á ráðit Odds, it looks as if a cloud was drawing over Odds’ affairs;
    dregr á gleði biskups, the bishop’s gladness was obscured;
    draga eptir e-m, to gain on one (Þórarinn sótti ákaft róðrinn ok hans menn, ok drógu skjótt eptir þeim Steinólfi ok Kjallaki);
    draga eptir e-m um e-t, to approach one, to be nearly equal to one, in a thing;
    um margar íþróttir (in many accomplishments) dró hann fast eptir Ólafi konungi;
    draga e-t fram, to produce, bring forward (draga fram athugasamlig dœmi); to further, promote (draga fram hlut e-s);
    draga fram kaupeyri sinn, to make money;
    draga fram skip, to launch a ship;
    impers., dregr frá, (cloud darkness) is drawn off;
    hratt stundum fyrir, en stundum dró frá, (clouds) drew sometimes over, sometimes off;
    dregr fyrir sól, tungl, the sun, moon is obscured by clouds or eclipse (tunglskin var ljóst, en stundum dró fyrir);
    ok er í tók at draga skúrirnar, when showers began to gather;
    draga e-ð saman, to collect, gather (draga lið, her, skip saman);
    impers., saman dró kaupmála með þeim, they struck a bargain;
    saman dró hugi þeirra, their hearts were drawn together;
    dregr þá saman or dregr saman með þeim, the distance between them grows less;
    draga e-t í sundr, to draw asunder, disjoin (vil ek eigi draga í sundr sættir yðrar);
    impers., dregr þá í sundr or dregr í sundr með þeim, the distance between them increases;
    draga e-n til e-s, to move, prompt, induce;
    engi ofkæti dregr mik til þessarar ferðar, it is not from wantonness that I undertake this journey;
    slíkt dregr hann til vinsældar, this furthers his popularity;
    ef hann drógi ekki til, if he was not concerned;
    draga e-t til dœmis um e-t, to adduce as a proof of;
    hann hét at draga allt til sætta (to do everything in his power for reconciliation) með þeim Skota konungi;
    impers., nema til verra dragi, unless matters turn out for the worse;
    with dat., þat samband þeirra, er þeim dregr báðum til bana, which will prove fatal to both of them;
    at hér mundi til mikillar úgiptu draga um kaup þessi, that much mischief would arise from this bargain;
    dró þá enn til sundrþykkju með þeim Svíum, the old feud with the Swedes began all over again;
    svá er þat, segir R., ef ekki dregr til, unless some unforesceen thing happens;
    draga e-t undan e-m, to seek to deprive one of a thing (þeir hafa bundizt í því at draga bœndr undan þér);
    draga e-t undan, to delay (drógu Skotar undan sættina);
    hví dregr þú undan at bjóða mér til þín? why dost thou put off inviting me to come?;
    draga rót undan (tölu), to extract the root;
    draga undan e-m, to escape from one (nú lægir seglin þeirra ok draga þeir undan oss);
    impers., hann (acc.) dró undan sem nauðuligast, he had a narrow escape;
    draga e-t undir sik, to apropriate or take fraudulently to oneself (hafði dregit undir sik finnskattinn);
    impers., dró yðr (acc.) undir hrakningina, en oss (acc.) undan, you came in for hard uasge but we escaped;
    draga upp skip, to drag a ship ashore;
    draga upp segl, to hoist a sail (sails);
    impers., þoku dregr upp, fog is coming on;
    11) refl., dragast.
    f. only in pl. ‘drögur’,
    2) metric term, repetition, anadiplosis (when a stanza begins with the last word of the preceding one).
    * * *
    pret. dró, pl. drógu; part. dreginn; pres. dreg: pret. subj. drægi: [Lat. trahere; Ulf. dragan, but only once or twice, = επισωρεύειν in 2 Tim. iv. 3; Hel. dragan = portare, ferre (freq.); A. S. dragan; Germ. tragen; the Engl. distinguishes between to drag and draw, whence the derived words to draggle, trail, drawl; Swed. draga; the Danes have drage, but nearly obliterated except in the special sense to travel,—otherwise they have trække, formed from the mod. Germ. tragen]:—to draw, drag, carry, pull.
    A. ACT., with acc.
    I. to drag, carry, pull; hann dró þau öll út, Nj. 131; djöfla þá er yðr munu d. til eilífra kvala, 273; d. heim við, to drag the logs home, 53; d. sauði, to pick sheep out of a fold, Bs. i. 646, Eb. 106; d. skip fram, to launch a ship; d. upp, to draw her up, drag her ashore, Grág. ii. 433; dró Þorgils eptir sér fiskinn, Fs. 129; Egill dró at sér skipit, E. pulled the ship close up to himself, Eg. 221, 306; dró hann þá af grunninu, Fms. vii. 264; hann hafði dregit ( pulled) hött síðan yfir hjálm, Eg. 375, cp. Ad. 3; d. föt, skóklæði af e-m, to draw off clothes, shoes; þá var dregin af ( stripped off) hosa líkinu, Fms. viii. 265; dró hann hana á hönd ser, he pulled it on his hand, Eg. 378; d. hring á hönd sér, to put a ring on one’s hand, 306; (hann) tók gullhring, ok dró ( pulled) á blóðrefilinn, id.: phrases, er við ramman reip at d., ’tis to pull a rope against the strong man, i. e. to cope with the mighty, Fms. ii. 107, Nj. 10,—the metaphor from a game; d. árar, to pull the oars, Fms. ii. 180, Grett. 125 A: absol. to pull, ok drógu skjótt eptir, they soon pulled up to them, Gullþ. 24, Krók. 52: metaph., um margar íþróttir dró hann fast eptir Ólafi, in many accomplishments he pressed hard upon Olave, Fms. iii. 17: d. boga, to draw the bow, x. 362, but more freq. benda ( bend) boga: d., or d. upp segl, to hoist the sails, Eg. 93, Fms. ix. 21, x. 349, Orkn. 260: d. fiska, or simply draga (Luke v. 7), to fish with a hook, to pull up fish with a line (hence fisk-dráttr, dráttr, fishing), Fms. iv. 89, Hým. 21, 23, Fs. 129, Landn. 36, Fas. ii. 31: d. drátt, Luke v. 4; d. net, to fish with a drag-net; also absol., draga á (on or in) á ( a river), to drag a river; hence the metaphor, d. langa nót at e-u, = Lat. longae ambages, Nj. 139: d. steina, to grind in a hand-mill, Sl. 58, Gs. 15: d. bust ór nefi e-m, vide bust: d. anda, to draw breath; d. öndina um barkann, id., (andar-dráttr, drawing breath); d. tönn, to draw a tooth.
    2. phrases mostly metaph.; d. seim, prop. to draw wire, metaph. to read or talk with a drawling tone; d. nasir af e-u, to smell a thing, Ísl. ii. 136; d. dám af e-u, to draw flavour from; draga dæmi af e-u, or d. e-t til dæmis, to draw an example from a thing, Stj. 13, cp. Nj. 65; d. þýðu eðr samræði til e-s, to draw towards, feel sympathy for, Sks. 358; d. grun á e-t, to suspect, Sturl.; d. spott, skaup, gys, etc. at e-u, to hold a thing up to ridicule, Bs. i. 647; d. á sik dul ok dramb, to assume the air of…, 655 xi. 3; d. á sik ofbeldi ok dramb, Fms. vii. 20; d. e-n á talar, to deceive one, metaphor from leading into a trap, 2 Cor. xii. 17; d. vél at e-m, to deceive one, draw a person into wiles, Nj. 280, Skv. i. 33; d. á vetr, to get one’s sheep and cattle through the winter; Hrafnkell dró á vetr kálf ok kið hin firstu misseri, Hrafn. 22, cp. Germ. anbinden, and in mod. Icel. usage setja á vetr; d. nafn af e-m, to draw, derive the name from, Eb. 126 (App.) new Ed.; the phrase, (hann skyldi ekki) fleiri ár yfir höfuð d., more years should not pass over his head, he must die, Þórð.
    II. to draw a picture; kross let hann d. í enni á öllum hjálmum með bleiku, Fms. iv. 96; þá dró Tjörvi líkneski þeirra á kamarsvegg, Landn. 247; var dregit á skjöldinn leo með gulli, Ld. 78, Pr. 428; í þann tíma sem hann dregr ( draws) klæða-föllin (the folds), Mar. (Fr.): d. til stafs (mod.), to draw the letters, of children first trying to write; d. fjöðr yfir e-t, a metaph. phrase, to draw a pen over or through, to hide, cloak a thing: gramm. to mark a vowel with a stroke,—a long vowel opp. to a short one is thus called ‘dreginn;’ hljóðstafir hafa tvenna grein, at þeir sé styttir ( short) eða dregnir (drawn, marked with a stroke), ok er því betr dregit yfir þann staf er seint skal at kveða, e. g. ári Ari, ér er-, mínu minni, Skálda 171: to measure, in the phrases, draga kvarða við vaðmál, Grág. i. 497, 498; draga lérept, N. G. L. i. 323.
    III. to line clothes, etc.; treyja var dregin utan ok innan við rauðu silki, Flov. 19.
    IV. metaph. to delay; dró hann svá sitt mál, at…, Sturl. iii. 13; hann dró um þat engan hlut, he made no subterfuge, Hkr. ii. 157; Halldórr dró þá heldr fyrir þeim, H. then delayed the time, Ld. 322; vil ek ekki lengr d. þetta fyrir þér, 284; vil ek þessi svör eigi láta d. fyrir mér lengr, Eb. 130.
    V. with prepp. af, at, á, fram, frá, saman, sundr, etc., answering to the Lat. attrahere, abstrahere, protrahere, detrahere, distrahere, contrahere, etc.; d. at lið, to collect troops; d. saman her, id., Eg. 172, 269, Nj. 127; d. at föng, to collect stores, 208, 259: metaph., þá dró at honum sóttin, the sickness drew nearer to him, he grew worse, Grett. 119; d. af e-m, to take off, to disparage a person, Fms. vi. 287; d. af við e-n, ok mun héðan af ekki af dregit við oss, we shall not be neglected, stinted, Bjarn. 54: mathem. term, to subtract, Rb. 118: d. fram, to bring forward, promote; d. fram þræla, Fms. x. 421, ix. 254, Eg. 354; skil ek þat, at þat man mína kosti hér fram d. (it will be my greatest help here), at þú átt ekki vald á mér; d. fram kaupeyri, to make money, Fms. vi. 8; d. saman, to draw together, collect, join, Bs. ii. 18, Nj. 65, 76; d. sundr, to draw asunder, disjoin; d. e-t á, to intimate, (á-dráttr) drag eigi á þat, Sturl. iii. 110; d. undan, to escape; kómu segli við ok drógu undan, Fms. iv. 201; nú lægir segl þeirra ok d. þeir nú undan oss, v. 11: metaph. to delay, Uspakr dró þó undan allt til nætr, Nj. 272; hirðin sá þetta at svá mjök var undan dregit, Fms. ix. 251 (undan-dráttr, delay); hví dregr þú undan at bjóða mér til þín, Glúm. 326, Fms. ix. 251, Pass. 16. 13: mathem., d. rót undan, to extract a root, Alg. 366; d. upp, to draw a picture (upp-dráttr, a drawing), to pull up, Edda I; to pull out of the snow, Eg. 546; d. út, to extract, draw out, 655 xxxii. 2; d. undir sik, to draw under oneself, to embezzle, Eg. 61, Fms. vii. 128; d. upp akkeri, to weigh anchor, Jb. 403; d. upp segl, to hoist sail, vide above; ljós brann í stofunni ok var dregit upp, Sturl. i. 142; þar brann ljós ok var dregit upp, en myrkt hit neðra, ii. 230; ok er mönnum var í sæti skipat vóru log upp dregin í stofunni, iii. 182; herbergis sveinarnir drógu upp skriðljósin, Fas. iii. 530, cp. Gísl. 29, 113,—in the old halls the lamps (torches) were hoisted up and down, in order to make the light fainter or stronger; d. e-n til e-s, to draw one towards a thing; mikit dregr mik til þess, Fs. 9; engi ofkæti dregr mik til þessarar ferðar, i. e. it is not by my own choice that I undertake this journey, Fms. ix. 352; slíkt dró hann til vinsældar, this furthered him in popularity, vii. 175, Sks. 443 B; mun hann slíkt til d., it will move, influence him, Nj. 210; ef hann drægi ekki til, if he was not concerned, 224.
    2. draga til is used absol. or ellipt., denoting the course of fate, and many of the following phrases are almost impers.; nema til verra dragi, unless matters turn out worse, Nj. 175; búð, dragi til þess sem vera vill, Lat. fata evenient, 185; ef honum vill þetta til dauða d., if this draw to his death, prove fatal to him, 103, Grett. 114; þat samband þeirra er þeim dregr báðum til bana, which will be fatal to both of them, Nj. 135; enda varð þat fram at koma sem til dró, Ísl. ii. 263; sagði Kveldúlfr at þá ( then) mundi þar til draga sem honum hafði fyrir boðat, Eg. 75; dró til vanda með þeim Rúti ok Unni, it was the old story over again, Nj. 12; dró til vanda um tal þeirra, 129; at hér mundi til mikillar úgiptu draga um kaup þessi, that mickle mischief would arise from this bargain, 30; dró þá enn til sundrþykkju með þeim Svíum, the old feud with the Swedes began over again, Fms. x. 161; ok er úvíst til hvers um dregr, Fs. 6; svá er þat, segir Runólfr, ef ekki dregr til, unless some unforeseen things happen, Nj. 75; hón kvað eigi úlíkligt at til mikils drægi um, Ísl. ii. 19; þá dró nú til hvárttveggja. Bret.; hence til-drög. n. pl. cause.
    B. IMPERS.
    1. of clouds, shade, darkness, to be drawn before a thing as a veil; dimmu (acc.) þykir á draga ráðit Odds, it looked as if gloom were drawing over Odd’s affairs, Band. 10; ok er í tók at draga skúrirnar (acc.), it began to draw into showers, i. e. clouds began to gather, Fms. iii. 206: often ellipt., hratt stundum fyrir en stundum dró frá, [ clouds] drew sometimes over, sometimes off, of the moon wading through them, Grett. 114; dregr fyrir sól, [ a veil] draws over the sun, he is hid in clouds; ský vónarleysu döpur drjúgum dró fyrir mína gleði-sól, Bb. 2. 9; dregr á gleði biskups, [ clouds] drew over the bishop’s gladness, it was eclipsed, Bs. ii. 79; eclipsis heitir er fyrir dregr sól eðr tungl, it is called an eclipse when [ a veil] draws over the sun or moon, 1812. 4; tunglskin var ljóst, en stundum dró fyrir, the moonshine was clear, and in turn [ a veil] drew over it, Nj. 118; þá sá lítið af tungli ljóst ok dró ymist til eðr frá, Ísl. ii. 463; þat gerðisk, at á dregr tunglit, ok verðr eclipsis, Al. 54.
    2. in various connections; dró yðr (acc.) undir hrakningina, en oss (acc.) undan, you were drawn into a thrashing (i. e. got one), but we escaped, Nj. 141; hann (acc.) dró undan sem nauðuligast, he had a narrow escape, Fms. ix. 392: absol., a noun or personal pronoun in acc. being understood, lítt dró enn undan við þik, there was little power of drawing out of thy reach, i. e. thy blow did its work right well. Nj. 199, 155; hvárki dró sundr né saman með þeim, of two running a dead heat: metaph. phrases, mun annarsstaðar meira slóða (acc.) draga, there will be elsewhere a greater trial left, i. e. the consequences will be still worse elsewhere, 54; saman dró hugi þeirra, their hearts were drawn together, of a loving pair, Bárð. 271; saman dró kaupmála með þeim, they struck a bargain, literally the bargain was drawn tight, Nj. 49; hann hreinsar þat skjótt þóat nokkut im (acc.) hafi á oss dregit af samneyti ( although we have been a little infected by the contact with) annarlegs siðferðis, Fms. ii. 261; allt slafr (acc.) dró af Hafri, i. e. H. became quite mute, Grett. (in a verse): in a temp. sense, til þess er dró at degi, till the day drew nigh, Fms. x. 138; þá er dró at miðri nótt, Grett. 140; þá er dregr at Jólum, Yule drew nigh, Fbr. 138; dregr at hjaldri, the battle-hour draws nigh, Fms. vi. (in a verse); dró at því (the time drew nigh), at hann var banvænn, Eg. 126: of sickness, hunger, or the like, to sink, be overcome by, svá dregr at mér af elli, svengd ok þorsta, at…, Fms. iii. 96; nú þykki mér sem fast dragi at þér, thou art sinking fast, Fas. ii. 221; ok er lokið var kvæðinu dregr at Oddi fast, O. was sinking fast, 321: of other things, tók þá at d. fast at heyjum hans, his stock was very low, Fms. iii. 208; þoku dregr upp, a fog draws on, rises, 97 (in a verse), but ok taki sú poka (nom.) fyrir at d. norðrljósit, Sks. an (better þá þoku, acc.)
    C. REFLEX, to draw oneself, move; ef menn dragask til föruneytis þeirra ( join them) úbeðit, Grág. ii. 270; Sigvaldi dregsk út frá flotanum, S. draws away from the fleet, Fms. xi. 140; ofmjök dragask lendir menn fram, i. e. the barons drew far too forward, vii. 22; hyski drósk á flótta, they drew away to flight, Fms. vi. (in a verse); skeiðr drógusk at vígi, the ships drew on to battle, iii. 4 (in a verse); dragask undir = draga undir sik, to take a thing to oneself, Grág. ii. 150; dragask á hendr e-m, drógusk opt þeir menn á hendr honum er úskilamenn voru, Sturl. i. 136; dragask e-n á hendr, hann kvað þess enga ván, at hann drægisk þá á hendr, ii. 120; dragask aptr á leið, to remain behind, Rb. 108; dragask út, to recede, of the tide, 438; dragask saman, to draw back, draw together, be collected, Fms. i. 25, Bs. i. 134; e-m dragask penningar, Fms. vi. 9; d. undan, to be delayed, x. 251; the phrase, herr, lið dregsk e-m, the troops draw together, of a levy, i. 94, vii. 176, Eg. 277; dragask á legg, to grow up, Hkr. iii. 108; sem aldr hans ok vitsmunir drógusk fram, increased, Fms. vi. 7; þegar honum drósk aldr, when he grew up, Fs. 9; dragask á legg, to grow into a man; dragask við e-t, to become discouraged, Fms. viii. 65; d. vel, illa, to do well, ill, Fs. 146: to be worn out, exhausted, drósk þá liðit mjök af kulda, Sturl. iii. 20; drósk hestr hans, ii. 75: part. dreginn, drawn, pinched, starved, hestar mjök dregnir, Fms. ix. 276; görðisk fénaðr dreginn mjök, drawn, thin, iii. 208; stóð þar í heykleggi einn ok dregit at öllu megin, a tapering hayrick, Háv. 53: of sickness, Herra Andrés lagðisk sjúkr, ok er hann var dreginn mjök, Fms. ix. 276.
    β. recipr., þau drógusk um einn gullhring, they fought, pulled. Fas. iii. 387. From the reflex. probably originates, by dropping the reflex. suffix, the mod. Swed. and Dan. at draga = to go, esp. of troops or a body of men; in old writers the active form hardly ever occurs in this sense (the reading drógu in the verse Fms. iii. 4 is no doubt false); and in mod. usage it is equally unknown in Icel., except maybe in allit. phrases as, e. g. út á djúpið hann Oddr dró, Snot 229 new Ed.; to Icel. ears draga in this sense sounds strange; even the reflex. form is seldom used in a dignified sense; vide the references above.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > DRAGA

  • 82 как

    I нареч.
    1) (каким образом, в какой степени и т.п.) how

    как он э́то сде́лал? — how did he do it?

    как вам э́то нра́вится? — how do you like it?

    как до́лго? — how long?

    я не зна́ю, как он э́то сде́лал — I don't know how he did it

    вы не зна́ете, как он уста́л — you don't know how tired he is

    как он уста́л! — how tired he is!

    как жа́рко! — how hot it is!

    как (ва́ши / твои́) дела́? — how are you getting on?; how are things? разг.

    как пожива́ете? — how are you?

    как пройти́ (куда́-л)? — can you tell me the way (to)?

    как вы отно́ситесь (к)? — what do you think (of)?

    вот как э́то на́до де́лать — that is the way to do it

    он поступи́л, как вы сказа́ли — he did as [the way] you told him

    2) (при вопросе о названии, содержании и т.п.) what

    как ва́ше и́мя?, как вас зову́т? — what is your name?

    как называ́ется э́та кни́га? — what is the title of that book?

    как вы ду́маете? — what do you think?

    как вы сказа́ли? — what did you say?

    3) (при выражении возмущения, удивления) what

    как, он ушёл? — what, he's gone already?

    как вам не сты́дно! — you ought to be ashamed (of yourself)!; for shame!

    4)

    как (бы) ни — however; no matter how; ( с глаголом) however hard / much; (при кратк. прил.) as ( с инверсией)

    как ни по́здно — however late it is; no matter how late it is

    как ни тру́дно — however difficult it is

    как э́то ни жесто́ко — cruel as it is

    как ни стара́йтесь, как бы вы ни стара́лись — however hard you may try

    как он ни стара́лся — try as he would, however hard he tried

    он не мог э́того сде́лать, как бы он э́того ни жела́л — he couldn't do it, much as he would want / love to

    5) (с сов. в форме буд. вр. со значением прош. вр. при выражении внезапности) suddenly, all of a sudden

    он как вско́чит! — suddenly [all of a sudden] he jumped up

    ••

    как бы не так! — not likely!; nothing of the kind!

    как бы то ни́ было — however that may be, be that as it may

    как сказа́ть — how shall I put it, how shall I say

    как когда́ — it depends

    кому́ как — it's not the same with everybody

    а то как же! — sure enough!, you bet!

    как же! — 1) (в знач. подтверждения) why yes!, of course! 2) (в знач. отрицания) not likely!, indeed!

    как его́ там... — what's-his-name

    как так?, как э́то? — how come?, how's that?

    объясни́ть / рассказа́ть, как и что — explain everything; explain the way things are

    II союз
    1) (при сравнении; в качестве) as; ( подобно) like

    широ́кий как мо́ре — (as) wide as the sea

    Толсто́й как писа́тель — Tolstoy as a writer

    он говори́т по-англи́йски как англича́нин — he speaks English like an Englishman

    бу́дьте как до́ма — make yourself at home

    как наро́чно — as (ill) luck would have it

    как ви́дно — apparently

    2) разг. ( когда) when; ( с тех пор как) since

    как пойдёшь, зайди́ за мной — call in for me when you go

    прошло́ два го́да, как мы познако́мились — it's two years since we first met

    3)

    по́сле того́ как — since

    до того́ как — till, until

    в то вре́мя как (одновременно) — while

    тогда́ как, ме́жду тем как, в то вре́мя как (при противопоставлении) — whereas, while

    прошло́ два го́да по́сле того́ [с тех пор], как он уе́хал — it's two years since he left

    он вошёл в то вре́мя, как они́ чита́ли — he came in while they were reading

    он уе́хал, тогда́ как (ме́жду тем как; в то вре́мя как) она́ оста́лась — he went away whereas / while she remained

    4) (= что) не переводится; придаточное предложение передаётся оборотом с inf

    он ви́дел, как она́ ушла́ — he saw her go

    5) (с сослагат. накл.)

    как бы он не опозда́л! — I hope he is not late!

    бою́сь, как бы он не опозда́л — I am afraid (that) he may be late

    ••

    как..., так и — both... and

    как а́рмия, так и флот — both the army and the navy; the army as well as the navy

    как наприме́р — as for instance; such as

    как раз — just, exactly

    э́ти ту́фли мне как раз — these shoes are just right

    как раз то (что) — exactly / just what; the very thing (that)

    как раз то, что мне ну́жно — just what I want; the very thing I want

    как бу́дто — 1) (словно бы, с виду) as if, as though 2) ( по-видимому) apparently; it looks like

    ты как бу́дто не рад мне — you don't seem to be glad I am here

    как бы — 1) (словно бы, с виду) as if, as though 2) (своего рода, отражает тж. неуверенность говорящего) kind of, sort of

    как бы в шу́тку — as if in jest

    э́то бы́ло как бы отве́том (дт.) — it was, as it were, a reply (to), it was a kind of reply (to)

    я как бы свобо́ден сего́дня — I'm sort of free today

    как таково́й — as such

    как то́лько — as soon as; the moment

    как попа́ло — 1) ( небрежно) anyhow; any old way 2) ( в спешке) helter-skelter

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > как

  • 83 панель


    panel (pnl, p)
    деталь из листового риала e элементами жесткости. — matfr- а portion of a stiffened sheet together with its stiffeners.
    - (бпок) — unit
    - (часть пульта, напр., отдельная панель потолочного пульта) — (overhead panel) module
    - аварийных и предупредительных табло, центральная — master caution/warning panel. the eng/apu status annunciator on the master caution/warning panel should illuminate.
    - автоматики топлива — fuel (auto) control panel
    - автоматического запуска (апд) — engine auto start control unit
    - автоматов защиты сети (аэс или азр) (рис. 88) — circuit breaker panel, cb panel, с/в panel
    - аэс (ру225) — св pnl225, р225
    - бортинженера, верхняя, приборная ment panel — flight engineer's upper instru
    -, бытовая (управления бытoвым оборудованием) — equipment/furnishings control panel
    -, водозаправочная — water servicing control panel
    - выбора режимов системы омега — remote omega control panel with positions: cmptr, onsi, ons2, day-night, mag-true, km-miles.
    - гидросистемы, бортовая — hydraulic servicing (points) panel
    - двигателя, пусковая — engine startling) control panel
    -, декоративная (отделки кабины) — decor panel the cabin interior is finished with decor panels.
    - для временных соединений (посредством соединительных шнуров) — patch board /panel/. а board or panel where circults are terminated in jacks for patch cords.
    - задатчика (опасной) высоты — (alert) altitude select panel

    the test switch is on the altitude select panel, used to activate altitude alert condition signal.
    - заправки водой water — servicing (control) panel
    - заправки и слива топлива — refuel/defuel panel, (external) fueling and defueling panel, refuel/offload panel
    - заправки топливом — fueling control panel
    - запуска двигателей — engine start control panel
    - запуска двигателей, автоматическая — engine auto start control unit (адп) (eng auto start)
    - индивидуального обслужнвания (пассажира) — passenger service panel
    - индикации и управления — control display panel /unit/
    - кондиционирования воздуха — air-conditioning control panel
    - контроля — test /monitoring/ panel
    - контроля (см. пульт) — monitor panel
    - контроля абсу (автоматической бортовой системы управнения) — afcs (automatic flight control system) monitor panel
    - контроля вибрации двигателя — engine vibration monitor panel depress the vibration monitor test switch.
    - контроля дверей и люков — door warning (light) panel the panеl mounts door open annunciator.
    - контроля звуковой сигнализации — aural warning test panel

    used to test following aural warning: а/с ovsp, cab press, unsafe ldg, unsafe takeoff, flaps lrs (load relieving system)
    - контроля напряжения, тока и частоты — voltage, load arid frequency monitoring panel
    - контроля предкрылков — slat monitor panel
    - летчиков (центральная, приборная) — center instrument panel
    -, моноблочная фрезерованная (обшивки) — one-piece construction milled panel
    -, наклонная — sloping panel
    -, облицовочная — covering panel
    -, облицовочная (стенки отсека) — wall panel
    -, облицовочная потолочная — ceiling panel
    - обслуживания (пассажира) — passenger service panel
    на панели установлены: кнопки вызова бортпроводника, лампа индивидуального освещения и вентиляционный насадок. — the passenger service panel carries the cabin attendant call-button, reading light and conditioned air outlet.
    - обслуживания (систем, напр., заправки, слива) — servicing panel
    -, обшивочная (фюзеляжа) — skin panel
    - останова двигателей (выключатели кранов останова на центральном пульте пилотов) — hp fuel shut-off valve control panel
    -, откидная — hinged panel
    - посадочной сигнализации — landing gear (and flap) position (uric) (рис. 69) indicating panel
    -, потолочная (верхний эпектрощиток, состоящий из передней, средней и задней панелей) — overhead switch panel (eonsisting of forward, center and aft panels or modules)
    - (часть) потолочного пульта — overhead panel module
    -, предварительно собранная — prefabricated panel
    - прибора, лицевая — instrument face
    бленкер "глиссады" находится в левой части лицевой панели прибора. — the glideslope flag is located on the left side of the instrument face.
    -, приборная — instrument panel
    - приборной доски — instrument (sub-) panel
    - приборов контроля двигателя — engine instrument panel
    - приборов контроля (работы) двигателей — engine instrument and monitor panel
    на панели расположены приборы и световые табло контроля работы силовой установки.
    - проверки — test panel
    - проверки огнетушителей — fire extinguisher test panel
    на панели проверки огнетушителей нажмите кнопку проверк огнетуш. при этом должны загореться лампы i очередь и 2 очередь. — press the firex test button and all main and altn lights illuminate on fire extinguisher test panel.
    - противопожарной защиты — fire protection (control) panel
    - пульта (т.е. часть пульта) — panel module
    - (штепсельных) разъемов — connector panel
    - световой аварийной сигнализации, объединенная — master warning light panel (of the master warning light sys
    - световой сигнализации (табло) (рис. 69) — annunciator panel (annun panel)
    - световой сигнализации летчика (бортинженера) — pilot's (fit engineer's) annunciator panel
    -, светопроводная (с боковым подсветом) — edgelit panel. the unit front section incorporates an edgelit panel.
    - сигнализации (начала) эвакуации (после аварийной посадки) — emergency evacuation signal panel
    - сигнализации отказов — fault annunciation panel
    - сигнализации (парашютномy) десанту и управления — paratroop warning and cargo drop control panel
    - сигнализации положения шасси (рис. 6) — landing gear position indicating panel
    - системы тушения пожара — tire protection /extinguishing/ control panel
    -, сливная (системы канализации) — (waste) drain control panel
    -, смотровая — inspection panel
    - сотовой конструкции — honeycomb panel
    - спгу (самолетного переговорного громкоговорящего устройства) — audio (station) selector panel
    -, съемная — detachable panel
    - табло, центральная — master annunciator panel

    fire warning lights (master annunciator panel) illuminate.
    -, типовая — typical panel
    -, угловая (приборной доски) (рис. 88) — gusset panel
    - управления — control panel
    - управления автоматическим запуском двигателей (пда) — auto engine start control unit
    - управления автоматическим запуском двигателей (пда) работает (табло) — auto start on
    - управления выработкой топлива — fuel management panel
    - управления гидросистемой — hydraulic control pane!
    - управления закрылками — flap control panel
    - управления заправкой и сливом топлива — refuel/defuel panel, refuel/off-load panel, (external) fueling and defueling panel
    - управления заправкой топлива (в правом отсеке шасси) — fueling control panel (in right main landing gear well)
    управление сливом топлива осуществляется установкой ручки в положение "слив" на панели управления заправкой. — offloading is effected through the refueling points by selecting оoff-loadп on the (refueling control panel.
    - управления заправкой воды — water servicing control panel
    - управления обогревом лобовых стекол — windshield heat (control) panel
    на панели расположены выключатели включения обогрева лобовых и боковых стекол лев, и прав, летчиков, контроля работы обогревателей и включения вентилятора обдува. — the w/s heat panel carries the capt's and coplt's switches, side window switches, windshield heat test switch, defog fan switch.
    - управления обогревом приемников пвд, ппд, температуры (как часть, например, потолочного пульта) — probe heat control module (of overhead panel)
    - управления освещением — lighting control panel
    - управления предкрылками — slat control panel
    - управления противообледенительной системой (нос) — anti-icing control panel
    - управления противопожарной системой (нпо — fire extinguishing control panel
    - управления самолетным переговорным громкоговорящим устройством (спгу) — audio (station) selector panel
    - управления спойлерами — speller control panel
    - управления топливной системой — fuel control panel
    - управления уборкой/выпуском шасси — landing gear control panel
    - управления эпектрооборудованием — electrical control panel
    - управления эпектроэнергетикой — electrical control panel
    - управления энергетикой переменного (постоянного) тока — ас (do electrical power control panel
    - управления энергосистемой — electrical power control panel
    - централизованного обслуживания гидросистемы (заправка, слив, проверка) — hydraulic service center. а door provides access to the hydraulic service center from outside.
    - централизованного обслуживания радиоэлектронного оборудования — electronic service center
    - центральная, приборная — center instrument panel
    - энергетики — electrical control panel
    - энергетики (переменного и постоянного тока) panel — ас and dc power control
    - энергосистемы — electrical control panel
    - энергосистемы и запуска всу (вспомогат. силовой установки) — electrical and apu start control pang
    открывать (откидывать) п. — swing the panel open
    устанавливать прибор с задней стороны п. — install the instrument from back of the instrument panel

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > панель

  • 84 счетчик ампер-часов,


    integrating amper-hour counter
    интегрирующий (иса)
    - аэрофотоснимков — exposure counter
    -, барабанный — drum counter
    - барометрический высоты (высотомера) — barometric altitude counter
    - барометрической высоты аэродрома (ро) — ground pressure counter
    кремальера на лицевой панели высотомера служит для установки счетчика высоты аэродрома и ввода соответствующей поправки в работу механизма высотомера. — the knob protruding from the altimeter is used to set a ground pressure counter and to apply appropriate correction to the altimeter mechanism.
    - ввода начальных данных (инерциальной навигационной системы) — data display (of ins control display unit)
    - времени (наработки прибора) — (elapsed) time counter
    - (- сигнализатор) высоты (высотомера) — altitude /height/ counter
    - дальности — dme counter, distance display counter, dme readout
    цифровой указатель наклонной дальности до маяка радиодальномера на плановом навигационном приборе (рис. 73). — а digital readout of dme slant range (in nautical miles or kilometers) is given by the readout in the upper left corner of the course indicator.
    - десятков — decade counter
    - единиц — digit counter
    - заданного путевого угла (зпу) — (selected) course (display) counter /readout/
    цифровой указатель курсового луча (зпу) станции vor или курсового радиомаяка (крм) на плановом навигационном приборе (рис. 73). — the course counter in the upper right corner of the course indicator improves the accuracy and speed of course selection by giving a digital readout of the vor radial or localizer course indicated by the course arrow.
    - координат (доплеровский) — coordinate indicator
    - магнитной ленты, цифровой — digital tape counter
    - наработки (блока, прибора) — (elapsed) time counter /indicator/, time totalizing meter
    - наработки и числа запусков (двиг., апу) — elapsed time and starting counter /indicator/
    - наработки режимов (работы двигателя, снр) — engine power /thrust/ setting time counter
    - наработки (блока), цифровой — digital time totalizing meter
    - (остатка) патронов — rounds counter
    - остатка топлива (суммарного расхода) — fuel remaining counter
    - пройденного пути — (air) distance flown counter /indicator/

    shows continuously and automatically the air distance flown.
    - пройденного пути (в милях) — air-mileage indicator
    - расстояния (пути), пройденного ла (пяти-цифровой с пределом измерения до 99,999 км) — (five-digit) distance flown counter (reading up to 99.999 km)
    - суммарного расхода топлива (указателя расходомера) — total fuel consumed counter
    датчик расходомера выдает электрический сигнал, пропорциональный расходу топлива (в кг/час). суммарный расход топлива указывается счетчиками (рис. 74). — the fuel flow transmitter produces an electric signal which is proportional to fuel flow in pounds per hour (or kg per hour). the total fuel consumed is indicated by counters.
    - текущих координат — present-position counter
    - (-) указатель дальности полета — distance flown counter
    - (пяти-) цифровой вводить (к-л. величину) на счетчике — (five-) digit counter enter /set/ (data) to be displayed on /on/ counter

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > счетчик ампер-часов,

  • 85 Barber, John

    [br]
    baptized 22 October 1734 Greasley, Nottinghamshire, England
    d. 6 November 1801 Attleborough, Nuneaton, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the gas turbine and jet propulsion.
    [br]
    He was the son of Francis Barber, coalmaster of Greasley, and Elizabeth Fletcher. In his will of 1765. his uncle, John Fletcher, left the bulk of his property, including collieries and Stainsby House, Horsley Woodhouse, Derbyshire, to John Barber. Another uncle, Robert, bequeathed him property in the next village, Smalley. It is clear that at this time John Barber was a man of considerable means. On a tablet erected by John in 1767, he acknowledges his debt to his uncle John in the words "in remembrance of the man who trained him up from a youth". At this time John Barber was living at Stainsby House and had already been granted his first patent, in 1766. The contents of this patent, which included a reversible water turbine, and his subsequent patents, suggest that he was very familiar with mining equipment, including the Newcomen engine. It comes as rather a surprise that c.1784 he became bankrupt and had to leave Stainsby House, evidently moving to Attleborough. In a strange twist, a descendent of Mr Sitwell, the new owner, bought the prototype Akroyd Stuart oil engine from the Doncaster Show in 1891.
    The second and fifth (final) patents, in 1773 and 1792, were concerned with smelting and the third, in 1776, featured a boiler-mounted impulse steam turbine. The fourth and most important patent, in 1791, describes and engine that could be applied to the "grinding of corn, flints, etc.", "rolling, slitting, forging or battering iron and other metals", "turning of mills for spinning", "turning up coals and other minerals from mines", and "stamping of ores, raising water". Further, and importantly, the directing of the fluid stream into smelting furnaces or at the stern of ships to propel them is mentioned. The engine described comprised two retorts for heating coal or oil to produce an inflammable gas, one to operate while the other was cleansed and recharged. The resultant gas, together with the right amount of air, passed to a beam-operated pump and a water-cooled combustion chamber, and then to a water-cooled nozzle to an impulse gas turbine, which drove the pumps and provided the output. A clear description of the thermodynamic sequence known as the Joule Cycle (Brayton in the USA) is thus given. Further, the method of gas production predates Murdoch's lighting of the Soho foundry by gas.
    It seems unlikely that John Barber was able to get his engine to work; indeed, it was well over a hundred years before a continuous combustion chamber was achieved. However, the details of the specification, for example the use of cooling water jackets and injection, suggest that considerable experimentation had taken place.
    To be active in the taking out of patents over a period of 26 years is remarkable; that the best came after bankruptcy is more so. There is nothing to suggest that the cost of his experiments was the cause of his financial troubles.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.K.Bruce, 1944, "John Barber and the gas turbine", Engineer 29 December: 506–8; 8 March (1946):216, 217.
    C.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Barber, John

  • 86 De Forest, Lee

    [br]
    b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA
    d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.
    [br]
    De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.
    He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.
    Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.
    Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.
    During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.
    In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.
    Bibliography
    1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).
    1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).
    De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.
    Further Reading
    G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).
    I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).
    E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).
    W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.
    V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF / JW

    Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee

  • 87 Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

    [br]
    b. 1837 Langon, Bordeaux, France
    d. 19 August 1920 Agen, France
    [br]
    French scientist and pioneer of colour photography.
    [br]
    The son of a tax collector, Ducos du Hauron began researches into colour photography soon after the publication of Clerk Maxwell's experiment in 1861. In a communication sent in 1862 for presentation at the Académie des Sciences, but which was never read, he outlined a number of methods for photography of colours. Subsequently, in his book Les Couleurs en photographie, published in 1869, he outlined most of the principles of additive and subtractive colour photography that were later actually used. He covered additive processes, developed from Clerk Maxwell's demonstrations, and subtractive processes which could yield prints. At the time, the photographic materials available prevented the processes from being employed effectively. The design of his Chromoscope, in which transparent reflectors could be used to superimpose three additive images, was sound, however, and formed the basis of a number of later devices. He also proposed an additive system based on the use of a screen of fine red, yellow and blue lines, through which the photograph was taken and viewed. The lines blended additively when seen from a certain distance. Many years later, in 1907, Ducos du Hauron was to use this principle in an early commercial screen-plate process, Omnicolore. With his brother Alcide, he published a further work in 1878, Photographie des Couleurs, which described some more-practical subtractive processes. A few prints made at this time still survive and they are remarkably good for the period. In a French patent of 1895 he described yet another method for colour photography. His "polyfolium chromodialytique" involved a multiple-layer package of separate red-, green-and blue-sensitive materials and filters, which with a single exposure would analyse the scene in terms of the three primary colours. The individual layers would be separated for subsequent processing and printing. In a refined form, this is the principle behind modern colour films. In 1891 he patented and demonstrated the anaglyph method of stereoscopy, using superimposed red and green left and right eye images viewed through green and red filters. Ducos du Hauron's remarkable achievement was to propose theories of virtually all the basic methods of colour photography at a time when photographic materials were not adequate for the purpose of proving them correct. For his work on colour photography he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1900, but despite his major contributions to colour photography he remained in poverty for much of his later life.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    B.Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. E.J.Wall, 1925, The History of Three-Colour Photography, Boston. See also Cros, Charles.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

  • 88 Johnson, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1800s England
    d. after 1846
    [br]
    English developer of the sizing and beaming machine, and improver of the hand loom.
    [br]
    Thomas Johnson was an assistant to William Radcliffe c.1802 in his developments of the sizing machine and hand looms. Johnson is described by Edward Baines (1835) as "an ingenious but dissipated young man to whom he [Radcliffe] explained what he wanted, and whose fertile invention suggested a great variety of expedients, so that he obtained the name of the “conjuror” among his fellow-workmen". Johnson's genius, and Radcliffe's judgement and perseverance, at length produced the dressing-machine that was soon applied to power looms and made their use economic. Cotton warps had to be dressed with a starch paste to prevent them from fraying as they were being woven. Up to this time, the paste had had to be applied as the warp was unwound from the back of the loom, which meant that only short lengths could be treated and then left to dry, holding up the weaver. Radcliffe carried out the dressing and beaming in a separate machine so that weaving could proceed without interruption. Work on the dressing-machine was carried out in 1802 and patents were taken out in 1803 and 1804. These were made out in Johnson's name because Radcliffe was afraid that if his own name were used other people, particularly foreigners, would discover his secrets. Two more patents were taken out for improvements to hand looms. The first of these was a take-up motion for the woven cloth that automatically wound the cloth onto a roller as the weaver operated the loom. This was later incorporated by H.Horrocks into his own power loom design.
    Radcliffe and Johnson also developed the "dandy-loom", which was a more compact form of hand loom and later became adapted for weaving by power. Johnson was the inventor of the first circular or revolving temples, which kept the woven cloth at the right width. In the patent specifications there is a patent in 1805 by Thomas Johnson and James Kay for an improved power loom and another in 1807 for a vertical type of power loom. Johnson could have been involved with further patents in the 1830s and 1840s for vertical power looms and dressing-machines, which would put his death after 1846.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1802, British patent no. 2,684 (dressing-machine).
    1803, British patent no. 2,771 (dressing-machine).
    1805, with James Kay, British patent no. 2,876 (power-loom). 1807, British patent no. 6,570 (vertical powerloom).
    Further Reading
    There is no general account of Johnson's life, but references to his work with Radcliffe may be found in A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; and in E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London.
    D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (for the impact of the dressing-machine in America).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Johnson, Thomas

  • 89 Kay, Robert

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. probably before 1747
    d. 1801 Bury, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the drop box, whereby shuttles with different wefts could be stored and selected when needed.
    [br]
    Little is known about the early life of Robert Kay except that he may have moved to France with his father, John Kay of Bury in 1747 but must have returned to England and their home town of Bury soon after. He may have been involved with his father in the production of a machine for making the wire covering for hand cards to prepare cotton for spinning. However, John Aikin, writing in 1795, implies that this was a recent invention. Kay's machine could pierce the holes in the leather backing, cut off a length of wire, bend it and insert it through the holes, row after row, in one operation by a person turning a shaft. The machine preserved in the Science Museum, in London's South Kensington, is more likely to be one of Robert's machine than his father's, for Robert carried on business as a cardmaker in Bury from 1791 until his death in 1801. The flying shuttle, invented by his father, does not seem to have been much used by weavers of cotton until Robert invented the drop box in 1760. Instead of a single box at the end of the sley, Robert usually put two, but sometimes three or four, one above another; the boxes could be raised or lowered. Shuttles with either different colours or different types of weft could be put in the boxes and the weaver could select any one by manipulating levers with the left hand while working the picking stick with the right to drive the appropriate shuttle across the loom. Since the selection could be made without the weaver having to pick up a shuttle and place it in the lath, this invention helped to speed up weaving, especially of multi-coloured checks, which formed a large part of the Lancashire output.
    Between 1760 and 1763 Robert Kay may have written a pamphlet describing the invention of the flying shuttle and the attack on his father, pointing out how much his father had suffered and that there had been no redress. In February 1764 he brought to the notice of the Society of Arts an improvement he had made to the flying shuttle by substituting brass for wood, which enabled a larger spool to be carried.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.P.Wadsworth and J. de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester.
    A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; and R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for details about the drop box).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Kay, Robert

  • 90 Murray, Matthew

    [br]
    b. 1765 near Newcastle upon Tyne, England
    d. 20 February 1826 Holbeck, Leeds, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer and steam engine, locomotive and machine-tool pioneer.
    [br]
    Matthew Murray was apprenticed at the age of 14 to a blacksmith who probably also did millwrighting work. He then worked as a journeyman mechanic at Stockton-on-Tees, where he had experience with machinery for a flax mill at Darlington. Trade in the Stockton area became slack in 1788 and Murray sought work in Leeds, where he was employed by John Marshall, who owned a flax mill at Adel, located about 5 miles (8 km) from Leeds. He soon became Marshall's chief mechanic, and when in 1790 a new mill was built in the Holbeck district of Leeds by Marshall and his partner Benyon, Murray was responsible for the installation of the machinery. At about this time he took out two patents relating to improvements in textile machinery.
    In 1795 he left Marshall's employment and, in partnership with David Wood (1761– 1820), established a general engineering and millwrighting business at Mill Green, Holbeck. In the following year the firm moved to a larger site at Water Lane, Holbeck, and additional capital was provided by two new partners, James Fenton (1754–1834) and William Lister (1796–1811). Lister was a sleeping partner and the firm was known as Fenton, Murray \& Wood and was organized so that Fenton kept the accounts, Wood was the administrator and took charge of the workshops, while Murray provided the technical expertise. The factory was extended in 1802 by the construction of a fitting shop of circular form, after which the establishment became known as the "Round Foundry".
    In addition to textile machinery, the firm soon began the manufacture of machine tools and steam-engines. In this field it became a serious rival to Boulton \& Watt, who privately acknowledged Murray's superior craftsmanship, particularly in foundry work, and resorted to some industrial espionage to discover details of his techniques. Murray obtained patents for improvements in steam engines in 1799, 1801 and 1802. These included automatic regulation of draught, a mechanical stoker and his short-D slide valve. The patent of 1801 was successfully opposed by Boulton \& Watt. An important contribution of Murray to the development of the steam engine was the use of a bedplate so that the engine became a compact, self-contained unit instead of separate components built into an en-gine-house.
    Murray was one of the first, if not the very first, to build machine tools for sale. However, this was not the case with the planing machine, which he is said to have invented to produce flat surfaces for his slide valves. Rather than being patented, this machine was kept secret, although it was apparently in use before 1814.
    In 1812 Murray was engaged by John Blenkinsop (1783–1831) to build locomotives for his rack railway from Middleton Colliery to Leeds (about 3 1/2 miles or 5.6 km). Murray was responsible for their design and they were fitted with two double-acting cylinders and cranks at right angles, an important step in the development of the steam locomotive. About six of these locomotives were built for the Middleton and other colliery railways and some were in use for over twenty years. Murray also supplied engines for many early steamboats. In addition, he built some hydraulic machinery and in 1814 patented a hydraulic press for baling cloth.
    Murray's son-in-law, Richard Jackson, later became a partner in the firm, which was then styled Fenton, Murray \& Jackson. The firm went out of business in 1843.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Society of Arts Gold Medal 1809 (for machine for hackling flax).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, Great Engineers, London (contains a good short biography).
    E.Kilburn Scott (ed.), 1928, Matthew Murray, Pioneer Engineer, Leeds (a collection of essays and source material).
    Year 1831, London.
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986 (provides information on Murray's machine-tool work).
    Some of Murray's correspondence with Simon Goodrich of the Admiralty has been published in Transactions of the Newcomen Society 3 (1922–3); 6(1925–6); 18(1937– 8); and 32 (1959–60).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Murray, Matthew

  • 91 Wedgwood, Josiah

    [br]
    baptized 12 July 1730 Burslem, Staffordshire, England
    d. 3 January 1795 Etruria Hall, Staffordshire, England
    [br]
    English potter and man of science.
    [br]
    Wedgwood came from prolific farming stock who, in the seventeenth century, had turned to pot-making. At the age of 9 his education was brought to an end by his father's death and he was set to work in one of the family potteries. Two years later an attack of smallpox left him with a weakness in his right knee which prevented him from working the potter's wheel. This forced his attention to other aspects of the process, such as design and modelling. He was apprenticed to his brother Thomas in 1744, and in 1752 was in partnership with Thomas Whieldon, a leading Staffordshire potter, until probably the first half of 1759, when he became a master potter and set up in business on his own account at Ivy House Works in Burslem.
    Wedgwood was then able to exercise to the full his determination to improve the quality of his ware. This he achieved by careful attention to all aspects of the work: artistic judgement of form and decoration; chemical study of the materials; and intelligent management of manufacturing processes. For example, to achieve greater control over firing conditions, he invented a pyrometer, a temperature-measuring device by which the shrinkage of prepared clay cylinders in the furnace gave an indication of the temperature. Wedgwood was the first potter to employ steam power, installing a Boulton \& Watt engine for crushing and other operations in 1782. Beyond the confines of his works, Wedgwood concerned himself in local issues such as improvements to the road and canal systems to facilitate transport of raw materials and products.
    During the first ten years, Wedgwood steadily improved the quality of his cream ware, known as "Queen's ware" after a set of ware was presented to Queen Charlotte in 1762. The business prospered and his reputation grew. In 1766 he was able to purchase an estate on which he built new works, a mansion and a village to which he gave the name Etruria. Four years after the Etruria works were opened in 1769, Wedgwood began experimenting with a barium compound combined in a fine-textured base allied to a true porcelain. The result was Wedgwood's most original and distinctive ware similar to jasper, made in a wide variety of forms.
    Wedgwood had many followers and imitators but the merit of initiating and carrying through a large-scale technical and artistic development of English pottery belongs to Wedgwood.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1783.
    Bibliography
    Wedgwood contributed five papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, two in 1783 and 1790 on chemical subjects and three in 1782, 1784 and 1786 on his pyrometer.
    Further Reading
    Meteyard, 1865, Life of Josiah Wedgwood, London (biography).
    A.Burton, 1976, Josiah Wedgwood: Biography, London: André Deutsch (a very readable account).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Wedgwood, Josiah

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