-
61 Elkington, George Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 October 1801 Birmingham Englandd. 22 September 1865 Pool Park, Denbighshire, England[br]English pioneer in electroplating.[br]He was apprenticed to his uncles, makers of metalware, in 1815 and showed such aptitude for business that he was taken into partnership. On their deaths, Elkington assumed sole ownership of the business. In conjunction with his cousin Henry (1810–52), by unrelenting enterprise, he established an industry for electroplating and electrogilding. Up until c.1840, silver-plated goods were produced by rolling or soldering thin sheets of silver to a base metal, such as copper. Back in 1801, the English chemist William Wollaston had deposited one metal upon another by means of an electric current generated from a voltaic pile or battery. In the 1830s, certain inventors, such as Bessemer used this result to produce plated articles and these efforts in turn induced the Elkingtons to apply the method in their trade. In 1836 and 1837 they took out patents for "mercurial gilding", and one patent of 1838 refers to a separate electric current. In 1840 they bought from John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, his discovery of what proved to be the best electroplating solution: namely, solutions of cyanides of gold and silver in potassium cyanide. They also purchased rights to use the electric machine invented by J.S. Woolrich. Armed with these techniques, the Elkingtons produced in their large new works in Newhall Street a wide range of gold-and silver-plated decorative and artistic ware. Henry was particularly active on the artistic side of the business, as was their employee Alexander Parkes. For some twenty-five years, Britain enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this kind of ware, due largely to the enterprise of the Elkingtons, although by the end of the century rising tariffs had closed many foreign markets and the lead had passed to Germany. George spent all his working life in Birmingham, taking some part in the public life of the city. He was a governor of King Edward's Grammar School and a borough magistrate. He was also a caring employer, setting up houses and schools for his workers.[br]Bibliography1864, Journal of the Royal Society for Arts (29 January).LRDBiographical history of technology > Elkington, George Richard
-
62 Fuller, Richard Buckminster
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 12 July 1895 Milton, Massachusetts, USAd. 1 July 1983 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American engineer, designer and inventor noted particularly for his creation of the geodesic dome.[br]After naval service during the First World War, Fuller worked for some time in the building industry with his father, who was an architect. In 1927 he became interested in trying to solve social problems by providing good, low-cost housing for an expanding population. Utilizing modern techniques applicable in other industries, such as the design of aircraft and ships, he produced his "Dymaxion House", which was transportable and cheap. This was followed in 1946 by his aluminium, stressed-skin, prefabricated house. The geodesic dome is the structural concept for which Fuller is particularly known. It was patented in 1954 and 300,000 were built over a thirty-year period. He had envisaged the dome being utilized on smaller or larger, simple or complex patterns for a wide variety of needs such as enclosing a covered area for a house, a botanical garden, an exhibition pavilion, a factory, a weather station or, indeed, an entire city. A famous example that he designed was that for the US pavilion at Expo '67 in Montreal. A geodesic dome is generally spherical in form, the chief structural elements of which are interconnected in a geodesic pattern, i.e. one in which the lines connecting two points are the shortest possible. The structure is composed of slender, lightweight struts (usually of aluminium) arranged in geometrical patterns, with the metal skeleton covered by a light, plastic material. Inside the dome, all the space is usable and the climate is controllable. Fuller wrote and lectured widely on his patented invention, explaining the importance of structural research particularly in relation to world needs.[br]Bibliography1975, Synergetics: Exploration on the Geometry of Thinking, Macmillan.1973, with R.W.Marks, The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller, New York: Reprint Anchor.Further ReadingM.Pawley, 1990, Buckminster Fuller, Trefoil Books.DYBiographical history of technology > Fuller, Richard Buckminster
-
63 Gatling, Dr Richard Jordan
[br]b. 12 September 1818 Winston, North Carolina, USAd. 26 February 1903 New York, USA[br]American weapons designer and metallurgist.[br]Gatling first became interested in inventing when helping his father develop more-efficient agricultural machines, and as early as 1839 he developed a screw propeller for ships. Shortly after this he was struck down by smallpox, and it was this that caused him, when he recovered, to study medicine; he did this at the Ohio Medical College, graduating in 1850. The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 triggered an immediate interest in weaponry and he set about designing a rapid-fire weapon, which would both bear his name and be one of the forerunners of the machine gun: he completed his design of the Gatling Gun in 1862. His concept of using several barrels was not unique, with other inventors such as the Belgian Fafschamps and the Frenchman Reffye also employing it. However, Catling's gun was superior to the others in the soundness of its engineering. The rounds were fed through a hopper on top of the gun into the chambers of each barrel, and the barrels themselves were fixed in a cluster. An endless screw operated by a hand crank controlled the operation, opening the breech of each barrel in turn, enabling the round to drop into the chamber through a series of grooves, and then closing the breech and releasing the striker. In the face of fierce competition, the Gatling was adopted by the US Army in 1866, and many other armies followed suit. Although a version powered by an electric motor was introduced in 1893, the Gatling was gradually superseded by the fully automatic machine gun, first developed by Maxim. Even so, such was the excellence of the Gatling's mechanics that the concept was readopted by the Americans in the late 1950s and employed in such systems as the Vulcan air-defence gun and the airborne Minigun. Gatling's inventions did not end with his gun. In 1886 he developed a new steel and aluminium alloy and also experimented with the production of cast-steel cannon.CMBiographical history of technology > Gatling, Dr Richard Jordan
-
64 Hoe, Richard March
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 12 September 1812 New York, USAd. 7 June 1886 Florence, Italy[br]American inventor of the rotary printing press.[br]He was the son of Robert Hoe, a printer who improved the cylinder press invented by David Napier. At the age of 15 he entered his father's business, taking full control of it three years later. Newspaper publishers demanded ever-increasing speeds of output from the printing press, and Hoe was one of those who realized that the speed was limited by the reciprocating action of the flat-bed machine. In 1846 he constructed a rotary press in which a central cylinder carried the type and flat sheets of paper were fed to smaller impression cylinders ranged around it. This kind of press, with four impression cylinders, was first used to print the Philadelphia Public Ledger in 1847, and was able to print 8,000 papers per hour. Such presses reigned supreme for newspaper printing in many countries for twenty-five years: in 1857, for example, The Times had a ten-feeder machine making 20,000 impressions per hour. Even so, the quest for speed, now limited by the single-sheet feed, continued. William Bullock (1813–67) introduced continuous roll or web feed for the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1865, and the next year The Times followed suit with the web-fed Walter press. In 1871 Hoe devised a machine that combined all the advantages of the existing machines, producing a rotary, web, perfecting (printing on both sides of the paper at once) machine, first used in the office of the New York Tribune. Ten years later the Hoe Company devised a folding machine to fold the copies as they came off the press: the modern newspaper printing press had arrived. In addition to his contributions to the printing industry, Hoe was a good employer, arranging free evening classes and other welfare services for his apprentices.[br]Further ReadingR.Hoe, 1902, A Short History of the Printing Press, New York. S.D.Tucker, A History of K.Hoe \& Co. New York.LRD -
65 Maddox, Richard Leach
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1816 Bath, Englandd. 1902 Southampton, England[br]English physician, amateur photographer and photomicrographer, inventor of the first practicable gelatine silver halide emulsion.[br]Maddox studied medicine, but dogged by ill health he travelled widely, eventually settling in Constantinople (now Istanbul), where he married in 1849. After further migrations, Maddox returned to England in the 1870s. He had become interested in photography and was awarded medals for his photomicrographs. Searching for a substitute for collodion to hold the sensitive silver salts, Maddox devised a gelatine bromide emulsion that gave acceptable results, and he published details in 1871. Gelatine had been tried by earlier experimenters, but the results were poor; the plates made by Maddox were slow and lacked density, but they pointed the way to the modern gelatine halide emulsions which continued to form the basis of photographic emulsions in the 1990s.[br]Bibliography1871, British Journal of Photography 8 (September):422–3 (first published details of Mad-dox's emulsion).Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans E. Epstean, New York.H.Gernsheim and A, Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London: Phandon.JW -
66 Morris, William Richard, Viscount Nuffield
[br]b. 10 October 1877 Worcester, Englandd. 22 August 1963 Nuffield Place, England[br]English industrialist, car manufacturer and philanthropist.[br]Morris was the son of Frederick Morris, then a draper. He was the eldest of a family of seven, all of whom, except for one sister, died in childhood. When he was 3 years old, his father moved to Cowley, near Oxford, where he attended the village school. After a short time with a local bicycle firm he set up on his own at the age of 16 with a capital of £4. He manufactured pedal cycles and by 1902 he had designed a motor cycle and was doing car-repair work. By 1912, at the Motor Show, he was able to announce his first car, the 8.9 hp, two-seater Morris Oxford with its characteristic "bull-nose". It could perform at up to 50 mph (80 km/h) and 50 mpg (5.65 1/100 km). It cost £165.Though untrained, Morris was a born engineer as well as a natural judge of character. This enabled him to build up a reliable team of assistants in his growing business, with an order for four hundred cars at the Motor Show in 1912. Much of his business was built up in the assembly of components manufactured by outside suppliers. In he moved out of his initial premises by New College in Longwall and bought land at Cowley, where he brought out his second model, the 11.9hp Morris Oxford. This was after the First World War, during which car production was reduced to allow the manufacture of tanks and munitions. He was awarded the OBE in 1917 for his war work. Morris Motors Ltd was incorporated in 1919, and within fifteen months sales of cars had reached over 3,000 a year. By 1923 he was producing 20,000 cars a year, and in 1926 50,000, equivalent to about one-third of Britain's output. With the slump, a substantial overdraft, and a large stock of unsold cars, Morris took the bold decision to cut the prices of cars in stock, which then sold out within three weeks. Other makers followed suit, but Morris was ahead of them.Morris was part-founder of the Pressed Steel Company, set up to produce car bodies at Cowley. A clever operation with the shareholding of the Morris Motors Company allowed Morris a substantial overall profit to provide expansion capital. By 1931 his "empire" comprised, in addition to Morris Motors, the MG Car Company, the Wolseley Company, the SU Carburettor Company and Morris Commercial Cars. In 1936, the value of Morris's financial interest in the business was put at some £16 million.William Morris was a frugal man and uncomplicated, having little use for all the money he made except to channel it to charitable purposes. It is said that in all he gave away some £30 million during his lifetime, much of it invested by the recipients to provide long-term benefits. He married Elizabeth Anstey in 1904 and lived for thirty years at Nuffield Place. He lived modestly, and even after retirement, when Honorary President of the British Motor Corporation, the result of a merger between Morris Motors and the Austin Motor Company, he drove himself to work in a modest 10 hp Wolseley. His generosity benefited many hospitals in London, Oxford, Birmingham and elsewhere. Oxford Colleges were another class of beneficiary from his largesse.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsViscount 1938; Baron (Lord Nuffield) 1934; Baronet 1929; OBE 1917; GBE 1941; CH 1958. FRS 1939. He was a doctor of seven universities and an honorary freeman of seven towns.Further ReadingR.Jackson, 1964, The Nuffield Story.P.W.S.Andrews and E.Brunner, The Life of Lord Nuffield.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Morris, William Richard, Viscount Nuffield
-
67 Turner, Richard
[br]b. 1798 probably Dublin, Ireland d. 1881[br]Irish engineer offerrovitreous structures such as glasshouses and roofs of railway terminus buildings. Lime Street Station, Liverpool, erected 1849–50, was a notable example of the latter.[br]Turner's first glasshouse commission was for the Palm House at the Botanic Gardens in Belfast, begun in 1839; this structure was designed by Charles Lanyon, Turner being responsible for the ironwork construction. The Belfast Palm House was followed in 1843 by the Palm House for the Royal Dublin Society, but the structure for which Turner is best known is the famous Palm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew Gardens in London. This was originally designed in 1844 by the architect Decimus Burton, but his concept was rejected and Turner was asked to design a new one. Burton tried again, basing his new design upon that of Turner but also incorporating features that made it more similar to the famous Great Conservatory by Paxton at Chatsworth. Finally, Turner was contracted to build the Palm Stove in collaboration with Burton. Completed in 1848, the Kew Palm House is the finest example of the glasshouses of that era. This remarkable structure is simple but impressive: it is 362 ft (110 m) long and is covered by 45,000 ft2 (4,180 m2) of greenish glass. Inside, in the central taller part, a decorative, cast-iron, spiral staircase gives access to an upper gallery, from where tall plants may be clearly viewed; the roof rises to 62 ft (19 m). The curving, glazed panels, set in ribs of wrought iron, rise from a low masonry wall. The ingenious method of construction of these ribs was patented by Turner in 1846. It consists of wrought-iron tie rods inserted into hollow cast-iron tubes; these can be tightened after the erection of the building is complete, so producing a stable, balanced structure not unlike the concept of a timber-trussed roof. The Palm Stove has only recently undergone extensive adaptation to modern needs.[br]Further ReadingJ.Hix, 1974, The Glass House, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 122–7 (the Palm House at Kew).U.Kulturmann, 1979, Architecture and Urbanism, Tokyo, pp. 76–81 (the Palm House at Kew).DY -
68 ричард
-
69 Ричард
-
70 Ричард
-
71 ריכרד וגנר
Richard Wagner (1813-1883), 19th century German composer -
72 ריצ'רד אטנבורו
Richard Attenborough -
73 ריצ'רד ברטון
Richard Burton -
74 корозиоустойчив бронз
richard's bronzesuper bronzeБългарски-Angleščina политехнически речник > корозиоустойчив бронз
-
75 riquezas
• Richard Roe• richly -
76 Линклейтер Ричард
Richard LinklaterДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > Линклейтер Ричард
-
77 Ричард Линклейтер
Richard LinklaterДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > Ричард Линклейтер
-
78 Ричард Столлман
Richard M. Stallman хакДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > Ричард Столлман
-
79 Столлман Ричард
Richard M. Stallman хакДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > Столлман Ричард
-
80 сериграф системы Ричарда
Русско-английский текстильный словарь > сериграф системы Ричарда
См. также в других словарях:
Richard — ist ein männlicher Vorname, der auch als Nachname Verwendung findet. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Herkunft und Bedeutung 2 Namenstage 3 Namensträger 3.1 Vorname … Deutsch Wikipedia
Richard II — d Angleterre « Richard II » redirige ici. Pour la pièce de théâtre qu’il a inspirée, voir Richard II (Shakespeare). Pour les articles homonymes, voir Richard … Wikipédia en Français
Richard I — ( Richard the Lion Hearted, Richard Coeur de Lion ) 1157 99, king of England 1189 99. * * * known as Richard the Lionheart(ed) French Richard Coeur de Lion born Sept. 8, 1157, Oxford, Eng. died April 6, 1199, Châlus, Duchy of Aquitaine Duke of… … Universalium
Richard I — (Richard Plantagenet) (1157–1199) Although Richard I was born in Oxfordshire, England, on September 8, 1157, and reigned over England from 1189 to 1199, he grew up in Aquitaine, in southern France, spoke native French and very little English,… … Encyclopedia of medieval literature
Richard Ng — Chinese name 吳耀漢 (Traditional) Chinese name 吴耀汉 (Simplified) Pinyin Wú Yào Hàn (Mandarin) Jyutping … Wikipedia
richard — richard, arde [ riʃar, ard ] n. • 1466; de riche ♦ Fam. et péj. Personne riche, qui a de la fortune. Un gros richard. ⇒ nabab. « C est un état que nous ne souhaitons à personne, que celui d être le richard de la famille » (Montherlant ). Une… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Richard X — Имя при рождении Ричард Филипс Годы активности 2001 н.в. Страна Англия Профессии музыкальный продюсер Жанры … Википедия
RICHARD II — (1367 1400) roi d’Angleterre (1377 1399) Monté sur le trône à l’âge de dix ans, Richard II connaît un règne particulièrement troublé qui se termine tragiquement. Longtemps soumis à la tutelle légale, puis à la tutelle de fait de son oncle Jean de … Encyclopédie Universelle
Richard II — may refer to:*Richard II of England (1367 ndash;1400), King of England * Richard II (play), a play by William Shakespeare about the king * Richard II, Part One , an anonymous play of the 1590s, treating events prior to Shakespeare s Richard II… … Wikipedia
Richard — Richard1 [rich′ərd] n. [ME Rycharde < OFr Richard < OHG Richart < Gmc * rik , king (akin to L rex: see RIGHT) + * harthuz, strong: for IE base see HARD] a masculine name: dim. Dick, Rich, Rick; equiv. It. Riccardo, Sp. Ricardo Richard2… … English World dictionary
Richard II. — Richard II. bezeichnet folgende Personen: Richard II. (Normandie) (966–1027), Herzog der Normandie Richard II. (England) (1367–1400), englischer König Richard II. bezeichnet: Richard II. (Drama), ein Drama von William Shakespeare mehrerer… … Deutsch Wikipedia
