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81 point
point [pwɛ̃]━━━━━━━━━2. compounds━━━━━━━━━1. <a. pointb. ( = endroit) place ; (Astronomy, mathematics) pointc. ( = position) (Aviation, nautical) position• et maintenant, le point sur la grève des transports and now, the latest on the transport striked. ( = marque) (Mus, morse, sur i) dot ; ( = ponctuation) full stop (Brit), period (US) ; ( = petite tache) spot• tu n'iras pas, un point c'est tout you're not going and that's all there is to ite. (sur devoir) markf. [de couture, tricot] stitch• faire le point de la situation ( = examiner) to take stock of the situation ; ( = faire un compte rendu) to sum up the situation► à point [fruit] just ripe ; [fromage] just right for eating ; [viande] medium• le rôti est cuit à point the roast is done to a turn► à point (nommé) [arriver, venir] just at the right moment• est-il possible d'être bête à ce point ! how stupid can you get? (inf)• elles se ressemblent à tel point or à ce point qu'on pourrait les confondre they look so alike that you could easily mistake one for the other► au point [photo] in focus ; [affaire] completely settled ; [technique, machine] perfected• ce n'est pas encore au point it isn't quite up to scratch yet► au point de + infinitif so much that• il aimait le Québec au point d'y passer toutes ses vacances he loved Quebec so much that he spent all his holidays there• il se détestent au point qu'ils ne se parlent plus they hate each other so much that they've stopped speaking► au point où• en être arrivé au point où... to have reached the point where...• on continue ? -- au point où on en est ! shall we go on? -- we've got this far so we might as well!► au plus haut point [détester, admirer] intensely• se méfier au plus haut point de qch to be highly sceptical about sth► mettre au point [+ photo, caméra] to focus ; [+ stratégie, technique] to perfect ; [+ médicament, invention, système] to develop ; [+ projet] to finalize• mettre une affaire au point avec qn to finalize all the details of a matter with sb► mise au point [d'appareil photo, caméra] focusing ; [de stratégie, technique] perfecting ; [de médicament, invention, système] development ; [de moteur] tuning ; [d'affaire, projet] finalizing ; ( = explication, correction) clarification• publier une mise au point to issue a statement (setting the record straight)► en tout point, en tous points in every respect2. <• vous avez un point de chute à Rome ? do you have somewhere to stay in Rome? ► point commun• nous voilà revenus au point de départ so we're back to square one (inf) ► point de distribution [d'eau] supply point ; (Business) distribution outlet• mettre un point d'honneur à faire qch to make it a point of honour to do sth ► point d'interrogation question mark• au point mort [voiture] in neutral ; [de négociations, affaires] at a standstill ► point mousse garter stitch► points de retraite points based on social security contributions that count towards one's pension• quel est votre point de vue sur ce sujet ? what's your point of view on this matter?* * *pwɛ̃
1.
nom masculin1) ( endroit) point2) ( situation) point; Nautisme positionêtre sur le point de faire — to be just about to do, to be on the point of doing
j'en suis toujours au même point (qu'hier/qu'il y a un an) — I'm still exactly where I was (yesterday/last year)
au point où j'en suis, ça n'a pas d'importance! — I've reached the point where it doesn't matter any more!
faire le point — Nautisme to take bearings; fig to take stock of the situation
3) ( degré)‘j'en aurais pleuré’ - ‘ah bon, à ce point?’ — ‘I could have cried’ - ‘really? it was that bad?’
il est têtu à un point! — (colloq) he's so incredibly stubborn!
jusqu'à un certain point — up to a (certain) point, to a certain extent
4) ( question particulière) point; ( dans un ordre du jour) item, pointen tout point, en tous points — in every respect ou way
5) ( marque visible) dot6) Jeux, Sport pointmarquer/perdre des points — lit, fig to score/to lose points
7) ( pour évaluer) mark GB, point USavoir sept points d'avance/de retard — to be seven marks ahead/behind
obtenir or avoir 27 points sur 40 — to get 27 out of 40
être un mauvais point pour quelqu'un/quelque chose — to be a black mark against somebody/something
8) ( dans un système de calcul) pointle permis à points — system whereby driving offender gets penalty points
9) Mathématique point10) Linguistique ( en ponctuation) full stop GB, period USpoint à la ligne — ( dans une dictée) full stop, new paragraph
point final — ( dans une dictée) full stop
mettre un point final à quelque chose — fig to put a stop ou an end to something
je n'irai pas, point final! — (colloq) I'm not going, full stop GB ou period US!
tu vas te coucher un point c'est tout! — (colloq) you're going to bed and that's final!
11) Musique dot12) ( en typographie) point14) (en couture, tricot) stitch
2.
(dated) adverbe not
3.
à point locution adverbiale1) ( en temps voulu) just in time2) Culinaire
4.
au point locutionêtre au point — [système, machine] to be well designed; [spectacle] to be well put together
mettre au point — ( élaborer) to perfect [système]; to work out, to devise [accord, plan]; to develop [vaccin, appareil]; ( régler) to adjust
mise au point — ( de système) perfecting; ( de vaccin) development; ( réglage) adjusting; Photographie focus; fig ( déclaration) clarifying statement
faire la mise au point — Photographie to focus
faire une mise au point — fig to set the record straight ( sur about)
Phrasal Verbs:••* * *pwɛ̃1. nm1) (= marque, signe) dot2) [ponctuation] full stop Grande-Bretagne period USA3) (= moment) pointNous en sommes au même point. — We have reached the same point.
J'étais sur le point de te téléphoner. — I was just about to phone you.
4) (= degré)à ce point abîmé que... — so damaged that...
au point que; à tel point que — so much so that
5) (au score) point6) (= aspect) pointJe ne suis pas d'accord sur ce point. — I don't agree on this point.
7) (= endroit) spot, point, (en géométrie) point8) COUTURE, TRICOT stitchpoint mousse — garter stitch, plain
9) CUISINE"Comment voulez-vous votre steak?" — "À point." — "How would you like your steak?" — "Medium."
faire le point NAVIGATION — to take a bearing, figto take stock
faire le point sur — to review, to take stock of
mettre au point [mécanisme, procédé] — to develop, [appareil-photo] to focus
2. advlit (= pas) notpoint n'est besoin de... — there is no need to...
point de... — no...
3. vbSee:* * *A nm1 ( endroit) point; un point précis du globe/sur une carte a particular point on the earth/on a map; un point de ravitaillement/ralliement a staging/rallying point; un point de rencontre a meeting point; point de vente (sales) outlet; serrure 3 points 3 point lock;2 ( situation) point; Naut position; être sur le point de faire to be just about to do, to be on the point of doing; j'étais sur le point de leur dire/d'abandonner/de partir I was just about to tell them/to give up/to leave, I was on the point of telling them/giving up/leaving; j'en suis toujours au même point (qu'hier/qu'il y a un an) I'm still exactly where I was (yesterday/last year); au point où j'en suis, ça n'a pas d'importance! I've reached the point where it doesn't matter any more!; il en est au point où il allume une cigarette en se levant he's got GB ou gotten US to the stage ou point where he lights a cigarette as soon as he gets up; faire le point Naut to take bearings; fig to take stock of the situation; faire le point sur la situation économique/sur la recherche scientifique fig to take stock of the economic situation/of scientific research; faire le point sur la circulation (routière)/l'actualité to give an up-to-the-minute report on the traffic news/current situation;3 ( degré) il m'agace/m'inquiète au plus haut point he annoys me/worries me intensely; la circulation était à ce point bloquée que j'ai dû laisser ma voiture au bord de la route the traffic was so bad that I had to leave my car on the side of the road; je ne le pensais pas bête/coléreux à ce point I didn't think he was that stupid/quick-tempered; ‘j'en aurais pleuré’-‘ah bon, à ce point?’ ‘I could have cried’-‘really? it was that bad?’; je sais à quel point elle est triste/sensible I know how sad/sensitive she is; si tu savais à quel point il m'agace! if you only knew how much he annoys me!; au point que to the extent that; à tel point que to such an extent that…; douloureux/endommagé à (un) tel or au point que so painful/badly damaged that; la situation s'est aggravée au point qu'ils ont dû appeler la police the situation became so bad that the police had to be called in; le temps s'est rafraîchi au point qu'il a fallu remettre le chauffage the weather got so cold that the heating had to be put back on; il est têtu à un point! he's so incredibly stubborn!; jusqu'à un certain point up to a (certain) point, to a certain extent;4 ( question particulière) point; ( dans un ordre du jour) item, point; un programme en trois points a three-point plan; un point fondamental/de détail (d'un texte) a basic/minor point (in a text); sur ce point on this point; j'aimerais revenir sur ce dernier point I would like to come back to that last point; un point de désaccord/litige a point of disagreement/contention; reprendre un texte point par point to go over a text point by point; en tout point, en tous points in every respect ou way; une politique en tous points désastreuse a policy that is disastrous in every respect; les deux modèles sont semblables en tous points the two models are alike in every respect;5 ( marque visible) gén dot; les villes sont marquées par un point towns are marked by a dot; il y a un point sur le i et le j there's a dot on the i and the j; un point lumineux/rouge dans le lointain a light/a red dot in the distance; bientôt, le navire ne fut qu'un point à l'horizon soon, the ship was a mere dot ou speck on the horizon; un point de colle a spot of glue; un point de rouille a speck of rust; points de graissage lubricating points; ⇒ i;6 Jeux, Sport point; marquer/perdre des points lit, fig to score/lose points; compter les points to keep (the) score; un point partout! one all!; battre son adversaire aux points to beat one's opponent on points; remporter une victoire aux points to win on points;7 ( pour évaluer) mark GB, point US; avoir sept points d'avance to be seven marks ahead; avoir dix points de retard to be ten marks behind; il m'a manqué trois points pour réussir I failed by three marks; enlever un point par faute to take a mark off for each mistake; obtenir or avoir 27 points sur 40 to get 27 out of 40; être un bon point pour to be a plus point for; être un mauvais point pour qn/qch to be a black mark against sb/sth;8 ( dans un système de calcul) point; la livre a perdu trois points the pound lost three points; le taux de chômage a augmenté de 0,8 points the unemployment rate rose by 0.8 points; le permis à points system whereby driving offender gets penalty points; il a perdu sept points dans les sondages he's gone down seven points in the polls;9 Math point; point d'intersection/d'inflexion point of intersection/of inflection;10 Ling ( en ponctuation) full stop GB, period US; mettre un point to put a full stop; point à la ligne ( dans une dictée) full stop, new paragraph; point final ( dans une dictée) full stop; mettre un point final à qch fig to put a stop ou an end to sth; je n'irai pas, point final○! I'm not going, full stop GB ou period US!; tu vas te coucher un point c'est tout○! you're going to bed and that's final!;11 Mus dot;12 Imprim point;13 Méd ( douleur) pain; avoir un point à la poitrine/à l'aine to have a pain in the chest/in the groin;14 (en couture, tricot) stitch; faire un point à qch to put a few stitches in sth; dentelle au point de Venise Venetian lace.B †adv not; tu ne tueras point Bible thou shalt not kill; je n'en ai point I don't have any; ‘tu es fâché?’-‘non point!’ ‘are you angry?’-‘not at all’.C à point loc adv venir/arriver à point to come/arrive just in time; venir/arriver or tomber à point nommé to come/arrive just at the right moment; faire cuire à point to cook [sth] medium rare [viande]; bifteck (cuit) à point medium rare steak; le camembert est à point the camembert is ready to eat.D au point loc adv, loc adj être au point [système, méthode, machine] to be well designed; [spectacle, émission] to be well put together; leur système/machine/spectacle n'est pas encore très au point their system/machine/show still needs some working on; le nouveau modèle est très au point the new model is very well designed; le spectacle n'était pas du tout au point the show wasn't up to scratch; le prototype n'est pas encore au point the prototype isn't quite ready yet; ça fait des semaines qu'ils répètent mais leur numéro n'est pas encore au point they've been rehearsing for weeks but they still haven't got GB ou gotten US it quite right; je ne suis pas au point pour les examens I'm not ready for the exams; mettre [qch] au point ( inventer) to perfect [théorie, système, méthode, technique]; to work out, to devise [accord, plan de paix, stratégie]; to develop [vaccin, médicament, appareil]; ( régler) to adjust [machine, mécanisme]; il leur reste deux semaines pour finir de mettre leur spectacle au point they've got two more weeks to put the finishing touches to their show; mettre au point sur qch Phot to focus on sth; mise au point Phot focus; fig ( déclaration) clarifying statement; la mise au point est automatique sur mon appareil my camera has automatic focus; faire la mise au point Phot to focus (sur on); faire une mise au point fig to set the record straight (sur about); mise au point ( invention) (de théorie, système, méthode, technique) perfecting; (de médicament, vaccin) development; ( réglage) (de machine, mécanisme) adjusting; Phot focus.point d'acupuncture Méd acupuncture point; point d'ancrage Aut anchor; fig base; point d'appui Mil base of operations; Phys fulcrum; gén support; les piliers servent de point d'appui à la charpente the roof structure is supported by the pillars; trouver un point d'appui à une échelle to find a support for a ladder; point arrière Cout back stitch; point d'attache base; point de bâti Cout tacking stitch; point blanc whitehead; point de blé ( en tricot) double moss stitch; point de boutonnière Cout buttonhole stitch; point cardinal Phys, Géog compass ou cardinal point; point de chaînette ( en broderie) chain stitch; point de chausson ( en broderie) herringbone stitch; point chaud trouble ou hot spot; les points chauds du globe the world's trouble spots; point de chute fig port of call; point commun mutual interest; nous avons beaucoup de points communs we have a lot in common; ils n'ont aucun point commun they have nothing in common; point de congestion† Méd slight congestion of the lung; point de côtes ( en tricot) rib; point de côté ( douleur) stitch; ( en couture) slip stitch; avoir un point de côté to have a stitch in one's side; point de croix ( en broderie) cross stitch; point de départ lit, fig starting point; nous revoilà à notre point de départ fig we're back to square one; point de devant Cout running stitch; point d'eau ( naturel) watering place; ( robinet) water tap GB ou faucet US; point d'ébullition boiling point; point d'épine ( en broderie) featherstitch; point d'exclamation Ling exclamation mark; point faible weak point; point de feston ( en broderie) blanket stitch; point fort strong point; point de fuite Art, Archit vanishing point; point de fusion melting point; point G G-spot; point d'interrogation Ling question mark; point de jersey ( en tricot) stocking stitch; point du jour daybreak; au point du jour at daybreak; point de liquéfaction liquefaction point; point de mire Mil target; fig focal point; point mousse ( en tricot) garter stitch; point mort Aut neutral; se mettre or passer/être au point mort Aut to put the car into/to be in neutral; être au point mort fig [affaires, consommation] to be at a standstill; [négociations] to be in a state of deadlock; point noir ( comédon) blackhead; ( problème) problem; ( sur la route) blackspot; l'inflation reste le seul point noir inflation is the only problem; point de non-retour point of no return; point d'orgue Mus pause sign; fig culmination; point d'ourlet Cout hemstitch; point de penalty penalty spot; point de piqûre Cout back stitch; point de presse Journ press briefing; point de repère ( spatial) landmark; (temporel, personnel) point of reference; point de reprise Cout darning stitch; point de retraite Prot Soc point which counts towards a retirement pension scheme; point de riz ( en tricot) moss stitch; point de surfil Cout whipstitch; point de suture Méd stitch; point de tige ( en broderie) stem stitch; point de torsade ( en tricot) cable stitch; point de vue ( paysage) viewpoint; ( opinion) point of view; du point de vue de la direction from the management's point of view; du point de vue de l'efficacité/du sens as far as efficiency/meaning is concerned; d'un point de vue économique c'est rentable/intéressant from a financial point of view it's profitable/attractive; points de suspension suspension points.être mal en point to be in a bad way.I[pwɛ̃] adverbe1. [en corrélation avec 'ne']2. [employé seul]du vin il y en avait, mais de champagne point there was wine, but no champagne ou not a drop of champagneil eut beau chercher, point de John he searched in vain, John was nowhere to be foundpoint de démocratie sans liberté de critiquer (there can be) no democracy without the freedom to criticize3. [en réponse négative]point du tout! not at all!, not in the least!II[pwɛ̃] nom masculinpoint lumineux spot ou point of lightpoint de rouille speck ou spot of rustun point de soudure a spot ou blob of solder3. [symbole graphique - en fin de phrase] full stop (UK), period (US) ; [ - sur un i ou un j] dot ; [ - en morse, en musique] dotj'ai dit non, point final ou un point c'est tout! (figuré) I said no and that's that ou that's final ou there's an end to it!mettre un point final à une discussion to terminate a discussion, to bring a discussion to an endpoint estimé/observé estimated/observed positiona. NAUTIQUE to take a bearing, to plot one's positionà 40 ans, on s'arrête et on fait le point when you reach 40, you stand back and take stock of your lifeet maintenant, le point sur la circulation and now, the latest traffic newspoint d'intersection/de tangence intersection/tangential pointen plusieurs points de la planète in different places ou spots on the planet9. [degré] point10. [élément - d'un texte, d'une théorie] point ; [ - d'un raisonnement] point, item ; [ - d'une description] feature, traitvoici un point d'histoire que je souhaiterais éclaircir I'd like to make clear what happened at that particular point in historypoint d'entente/de désaccord point of agreement/of disagreement11. [unité de valeur - dans un sondage, à la Bourse] point ; [ - de retraite] unit ; [ - du salaire de base] (grading) pointsa cote de popularité a gagné/perdu trois points his popularity rating has gone up/down by three pointsbattu aux points [en boxe] beaten on pointsfaire le point [le gagner] to win the pointb. [appréciation] mark (for good behaviour)12. COUTUREfaire un point à to put a stitch ou a few stitches inpoint de couture/crochet/tricot sewing/crochet/knitting stitch13. INFORMATIQUE [unité graphique] dot[emplacement]point d'accès/de retour entry/reentry point————————à ce point, à un tel point locution adverbialeton travail est dur à ce point? is your job so (very) ou that hard?j'en ai tellement assez que je vais démissionner — à ce point? I'm so fed up that I'm going to resign — that bad, is it?————————à ce point que, à (un) tel point que locution conjonctiveso much so that, to such a point thatles choses en étaient arrivées à un tel point que... things had reached such a pitch that...elle est déprimée, à ce point qu'elle ne veut plus voir personne she's so depressed that she won't see anyone anymore————————à point locution adjectivale[steak] medium[rôti] done to a turn[poire] just ou nicely ripeton bonhomme est à point, tu n'as plus qu'à enregistrer ses aveux (familier & figuré) your man's nice and ready now, all you've got to do is get the confession down on tape————————à point locution adverbiale1. CUISINE2. [au bon moment]a. [personne] to come (just) at the right timeb. [arrivée, décision] to be very timely————————à point nommé locution adverbialearriver à point nommé to arrive (just) at the right moment ou when needed, to arrive in the nick of timeau plus haut point locution adverbialeje le déteste au plus haut point I can't tell you how much I hate him, I absolutely loathe him————————au point locution adjectivale[moteur] tuned[machine] in perfect running order[technique] perfected[discours, plaidoyer] finalized[spectacle, artiste] readyton revers n'est pas encore au point your backhand isn't good enough ou up to scratch yetle son/l'image n'est pas au point the sound/the image isn't right————————au point locution adverbialea. [texte à imprimer] to editb. [discours, projet, rapport] to finalize, to put the finishing touches toc. [spectacle] to perfectd. [moteur] to tunee. [appareil photo] to (bring into) focusmettre les choses au point to put ou set the record straightmettons les choses au point: je refuse de travailler le dimanche let's get this ou things straight: I refuse to work Sundaysaprès cette discussion, j'ai tenu à mettre les choses au point following that discussion, I insisted on putting ou setting the record straight————————au point de locution prépositionnelle————————au point du jour locution adverbiale(littéraire) at dawn ou daybreakau point où locution conjonctivenous sommes arrivés au point où... we've reached the point ou stage where...au point où j'en suis, autant que je continue having got this far, I might as well carry onau point où en sont les choses as things stand, the way things are (now)————————au point que locution conjonctiveso much that, so... thatil était très effrayé, au point qu'il a essayé de se sauver he was so frightened that he tried to run awaypoint par point locution adverbialesur le point de locution prépositionnelleêtre sur le point de faire quelque chose to be about to do ou on the point of doing ou on the verge of doing somethingj'étais sur le point de partir I was about to ou going to leavesur le point de pleurer on the verge of tears ou of crying————————point d'ancrage nom masculin————————point d'appui nom masculin1. [d'un levier] fulcrumpoint de chute nom masculin2. (figuré)————————point culminant nom masculinquel est le point culminant des Alpes? what is the highest point ou peak in the Alps?point de départ nom masculin————————point faible nom masculinson point faible, c'est sa susceptibilité his touchiness is his weak spot ou point————————point fort nom masculin[d'une personne, d'une entreprise] strong point[d'un joueur de tennis] best shotles maths n'ont jamais été mon point fort I was never any good at maths, maths was never my strong point————————point mort nom masculin————————point noir nom masculina. [encombré] a heavily congested areab. [dangereux] an accident blackspot————————point sensible nom masculin1. [endroit douloureux] tender ou sore spot2. MILITAIRE key ou strategic target3. (figuré)a. [chez quelqu'un] to touch on a sore spotb. [dans un problème] to touch on a sensitive area -
82 progresser
progresser [pʀɔgʀese]➭ TABLE 1 intransitive verba. ( = s'améliorer) [élève] to make progressb. ( = augmenter) [prix, ventes, production, chômage] to rise ; [criminalité, délinquance] to be on the increasec. ( = avancer) [ennemi, recherches, science, sauveteurs] to advance ; [maladie] to progress* * *pʀɔgʀeseverbe intransitif1) ( atteindre un niveau supérieur) [taux, résultat, salaires, chômage] to rise; [pouvoir d'achat, budget] to increase; [économie] to improve; [entreprise] to make progress; [homme politique] to make gainsprogresser de 3% — [production] to rise by 3%; [candidat, parti] to gain 3%
l'euro a progressé de 3% par rapport à la livre — the euro has risen by 3% against the pound
2) ( dans son développement) [relations] to improve; [pays, enquête, négociations] to make progress; [science] to progress; [connaissances] to increase3) ( gagner du terrain) [marcheur] to make progress; [armée] to move forward4) ( se propager) [maladie] to spread; [idéologie] to gain ground; [criminalité, toxicomanie] to be on the increase5) ( s'améliorer) to make progress* * *pʀɔɡʀese vi1) [élève] to progress2) [troupes] to make headway, to make progress* * *progresser verb table: aimer vi1 ( atteindre un niveau supérieur) [taux, indice, bénéfice, résultat, inflation, salaires] to rise, to go up; [emploi, chômage] to rise; [pouvoir d'achat, budget] to increase; [économie, marché, Bourse] to improve; [entreprise] to make progress; [homme politique] to make gains; nos ventes ont bien progressé ce mois-ci there has been a marked increase in our sales this month; la mortalité infantile ne progresse plus infant mortality is no longer rising; progresser de 3%/3 points [exportations, production, nombre, taux] to rise by 3%/3 points; [candidat, parti] to gain 3%/3 points; l’euro a progressé de 3% par rapport à la livre the euro has risen by 3% against the pound;2 ( dans son développement) [enquête, affaire, négociations] to make progress ou headway; [relations] to improve; [réformes, analyse, pays, ville] to make progress, to develop; [science, technologie] to progress; [connaissances] to increase; le dossier des otages progresse progress is being made in the hostage issue; l'enquête ne progresse plus the inquiry is no longer making progress;3 ( gagner du terrain) [marcheur, alpiniste, anticyclone, dépression] to make progress; [ennemi, adversaire, armée] to move forward; progresser de 200 m/3 km [personne, véhicule] to advance by 200 m/3 km; son livre continue de progresser dans les ventes his/her book continues to move up the best seller list; progresser dans sa carrière [personne] to progress in one's career;4 ( se propager) [maladie, épidémie] to spread; [idéologie] to gain ground; [criminalité, délinquance, toxicomanie] to be on the increase;5 ( s'améliorer) [élève, sportif, équipe] to make progress, to improve; l'équipe a beaucoup progressé the team has made a lot of progress; progresser dans un domaine to make progress in a field.[prɔgrese] verbe intransitifje progresse lentement dans ma lecture I'm getting on ou progressing slowly in my reading ; [ - maladie] to progress ; [ - inflation] to creep up, to risenos bénéfices ont progressé de 2% l'année dernière our profits rose by 2% last yearla recherche scientifique progresse de jour en jour/à grands pas scientific research is making progress every day/is advancing by leaps and bounds -
83 błą|dzić
impf vi 1. (szukając drogi) to wander about a. around, to wander around a. go round in circles- błądzić po lesie to wander around in the forest- błądzić uliczkami nieznanego miasta to wander around lost in the backstreets of a strange town- błądził, nie mogąc trafić do hotelu he wandered around in circles, unable to find the hotel- błądziła w ciemnościach, szukając kontaktu she stumbled around in the dark, looking for the light switch ⇒ zabłądzić2. (chodzić bez celu) to wander, to roam- lubił błądzić pustymi ulicami he loved to wander a. wandering the empty streets- mucha błądziła po suficie a fly wandered (all) over the ceiling3. przen. (robić coś bezmyślnie) to wander, to roam- błądzić gdzieś myślami to let one’s thoughts wander- błądzić wokół tematu to skirt around the subject a. issue- uśmiech błądził mu po twarzy a smile played on his face- błądziła oczami a. wzrokiem po twarzach zebranych her eyes wandered a. roamed over the faces of the guests4. (mylić się) to go astray, to be mistaken- błądził w swym rozumowaniu he was mistaken in his reasoning- błądził w swych dociekaniach he went astray in his research a. investigation- w młodości błądziła she went astray a. lost her way in her youth- błądzić jest rzeczą ludzką to err is human ⇒ zbłądzićThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > błą|dzić
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84 предмет
м.1) ( материальный объект) object2) ( вещь) article, itemпредме́ты широ́кого потребле́ния — consumer goods
предме́ты ли́чного потребле́ния — articles of personal consumption
предме́ты пе́рвой необходи́мости — first-necessity items
3) ( тема) subject, topic, themeпредме́т нау́чного иссле́дования — subject of scientific research
предме́т спо́ра — the point at issue
4) ( учебная дисциплина) subject, discipline5) ( объект какого-л отношения) objectпредме́т за́висти — object of envy
предме́т обожа́ния — object of smb's admiration
предме́т насме́шек — laughingstock
6) разг. шутл. ( возлюбленный) object of smb's affections7)ме́стный предме́т воен. — (ground) feature
••мне ну́жно поговори́ть с ним. - На како́й предме́т? — I need to talk to him. - About what? [On what subject?]
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85 предмет
м1) вещь object, article, itemнеодушевлённый предме́т — inanimate object
предме́т оде́жды — article/item of clothing
предме́ты дома́шнего обихо́да — household goods, domestic utensils
предме́ты пе́рвой необходи́мости — necessities (of life)
предме́ты наро́дного потребле́ния — consumer goods
предме́т насме́шек — object of ridicule, butt of/for sb's jokes, laughing-stock
предме́т спо́ра — point at issue
предме́т иссле́дования — the subject of sb's research
предме́т разгово́ра — topic/subject of the conversation
3) в преподавании subjectуспева́ть по всем предме́там — to get on/to do well in all subjects
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86 Camacho, Manuel Brito
(1862-1934)A leading political figure of the First Republic, leader-founder of a principal pre-1919 party and high commissioner of Portuguese East Africa in the l920s. Brito Camacho was trained as a medical doctor, but became noteworthy first as the editor of a fighting republican newspaper, A Luta (The Struggle), which played a role in the republican propaganda era in the years before the 5 October 1910 republican revolution. Camacho became one of the principal republican leaders during 1906-12 and, when he dissented from the radical line of the Portuguese Republican Party (PRP), he split from that party and formed his own Republican Union (UR) party, which lasted from 1912 to 1918.A major policy issue for Camacho and his UR followers was opposition to Portugal's active intervention in World War I on the Allied side. When Portugal did enter the war in March 1916, Camacho lent his political influence through his newspaper and his following to opposition to the PRP's policy of war intervention. Camacho played an important role in the preparation of political and military support for Sidônio Pais's December 1917 coup, which succeeded in overthrowing the PRP and ousting Afonso Costa. After the assassination of Sidónio Pais and the brief civil war of early 1919, Brito Camacho withdrew from domestic politics and sought rest and escape abroad. In a brief but important period (1921-23), Camacho served as the republic's high commissioner in Mozambique. He spent much of the remainder of his life in research and writing. -
87 главным образом
нареч.1. mainly; 2. chiefly; 3. largely; 4. primarily; 5. principally; 6. essentially; 7. mostly; 8. above all; 9. first and foremostРусское главным образом может относиться к разного рода ситуациям, независимо от степени важности, первоочередности, предпочтительности выделяемого действия, события, предмета и т. п. В отличие от русского, его английские соответствия различают все эти аспекты ситуаций.1. mainly — главным образом, в основном, большей частью (подчеркивает и выделяет наиболее важное лицо, событие, причину): History lessons in his youth, he said, had been mainly a question of reciting dates and the names of kings. — Он говорил, что в его время уроки истории состояли в основном из заучивания дат и имен королей. It is good mainly because it means I can get what 1 want. — Это все хорошо главным образом потому, что я могу получить то, что мне надо. Her illness is caused mainly by worry and stress. — Ее болезнь вызвана большей частью беспокойством и стрессовой ситуацией.2. chiefly — большей частью, в основном, главным образом (выделяет основную часть, главную причину, указывает на наличие и других важных составляющих ситуации): His work consists chiefly of interviewing people in the street. — Его работа состоит по большей части в интервьюировании людей на улице/ Его работа состоит в основном в том, что он берет интервью у людей на улице. I lived abroad for years, chiefly in Italy. — Я годами жил за границей, главным образом в Италии. How quickly you recover from the operation chiefly depends on your general state of health. — Как быстро вы поправитесь после операции, зависит главным образом от общего состояния вашего здоровья.3. largely — главным образом, особенно, по большей части (выделяет особый характер утверждения, особенную причину, указывает на справедливость утверждения): His success is largely due to his hard work. — Своим успехом он обязан в основном своему упорному труду./Своим успехом он обязан по большей части своему упорному труду./Своим успехом он обязан главным образом своему упорному труду. This part of the country is largely a desert. — Эта часть страны по большей части пустыня. Most of the obstacles to women's equality have been largely removed. — Большая часть препятствий на пути женского равноправия уже снята/ Основная часть препятствий на пути женского равноправия устранена. They have stayed together largely because of the children. — Они не развелись в основном из-за детей.4. primarily — главным образом, в первую очередь, в основном ( подчеркивает важность и первоочередность чего-либо): Foreign aid is intended primarily for children victims of the earthquake. — Иностранная помощь предназначается в первую очередь детям, пострадавшим от землетрясения./Иностранная помощь предназначается главным образом для детей пострадавших от землетрясения.5. principally — главным образом, особенно, в основном (выделяет одну причину или ситуацию из ряда других, как наиболее важную): Men can usually run faster than women primarily because they have greater muscular strength. — Мужчины часто бегают быстрее женщин главным образом потому, что обладают большей мускульной силой./Мужчины часто бегают быстрее женщин в основном потому, что сильнее физически. Most linguists would say they were concerned primarily with the structure of languages. — Большинство лингвистов могло бы сказать, что они занимаются главным образом структурой языков./Большинство лингвистов могло бы сказать, что они в основном занимаются структурой языков. Although research is important, the university exists primarily for the students. — Хотя исследования и важны, университет существует в основном ради студентов./Хотя исследовательская работа и важна, университет существует главным образом ради студентов. The issue was not primarily a political one but essentially moral. — Этот вопрос носил в основном моральный, а не политический характер./Этот вопрос был главным образом моральный, а не политический./Этот вопрос был по сути моральный, а не политический.6. essentially — главным образом, в сущности, по сути (указывает на и выделяет самые важные, сущностные, существенные аспекты ситуации, определяемого действия, события, объекта; может стоять в начале предложения и относиться ко всему предложению, в таких случаях оно отделяется запятой): Eisenhower was essentially moderate in politics. — Эйзенхауэр по сути был умеренным в политике. Essentially, the plan is worthwhile, but some changes will have to be made. — По сути своей план хорош, но некоторые изменения все же надо внести./ В основном план хорош, но некоторые изменения все же надо внести./В основе своей план хорош, но некоторые изменения все же надо внести.7. mostly — главным образом, в основном, в большинстве случаев (определяет наиболее частые, типичные аспекты ситуации): I mostly worked as a researcher, writer and a teacher. — Я работал в основном как научный работник, писатель и учитель. More immigrants arrived, mostly Europeans. — Среди прибывших иммигрантов в основном европейцы./Среди прибывших иммигрантов больше европейцев./Среди прибывших иммигрантов главным образом европейцы.8. above all — главным образом, более всего, кроме всего прочего, помимо всего прочего (выделяет одну причину, обстоятельство или объект, как наиболее важные среди остальных): We must, above all, pay attention to the problem of homeless. — Самой важной проблемой, на которую мы должны обратить внимание, является проблема бездомных. Above all, the government did not want a high rate of inflation. — Более всего правительство пыталось избежать быстрого роста/высокой степени инфляции.9. first and foremost — гнуть, гнуться, сгибаться, сгибать, изгибаться, наклонять, наклоняться (глагол to bend дает общее название действия, без уточнения того, как оно произведено; направление сгибания передается сочетаниями с наречиями и предлогами): to bend smth — согнуть/гнугь что-либо; to bend the wire into a ring — согнуть проволоку в кольцо; to bend down — нагнуться; to bend over smb. smth — склониться над кем-либо, чем-либо; to bend one's head — наклонить голову I can't bend easily. — Мне трудно наклоняться. Can you bend down and touch your toes without bending your knees. — Ты можешь нагнуться и дотронуться до пальцев ног, не сгибая колен? The road bends to the right. — Дорога поворачивает направо. His back bent with years. — Он ссутулился/сгорбился с годами. Can you bend the wire under the board? — Ты можешь загнуть проволоку за доску? Не bend under the burden. — Он согнулся под тяжестью ноши.2. to fold — складывать, сгибать (под углом), загибать, складываться: to fold (down) the corner of a page — загнуть угол страницы; to fold one's arms on/upon the chest — сложить руки на груди; to fold a letter (a shirt, a newspaper) — сложить письмо (рубашку, газету); to fold clothes — складывать одежду The bed folds away conveniently for storage. — Кровать удобно складывается для хранения.3. to twist — сгибать, сгибаться ( поворачиваясь), скручивать, крутить, выкручивать, извиваться, виться ( змейкой): to twist one's ankle — подвернуть ногу; to twist a thread (rope) — скрутить нитку (веревку); to twist one's handkerchief— крутить носовой платок/скручивать носовой платок; to twist smb's arm — выкручивать кому-либо руку; to twist linen — выжимать белье/выкручивать белье; to twist a piece of wire into a loop — согнуть кусок проволоки в петлю Smb's belt has twisted. — Ремень перекрутился. She twisted her handkerchief nervously. — Она нервно скручивала платочек. The pig's tail was twisted into a corkscrew. — Хвостик свиньи был закручен штопором. The road twists a good deal. — Дорога сильно петляет.4. to stoop — пригибаться, пригнуться, сутулиться, нагнуться, горбиться (особенно для того, чтобы что-либо поднять или сделать что-либо, чему мешает большой рост): to stoop to pick up a handkerchief — нагнуться, чтобы поднять платок Не had to stoop to get into the саг. — Ему пришлось пригнуться, чтобы сесть в машину. Don't stoop, sit straight. — He горбись, сиди прямо. She stooped and patted the little dog. — Она наклонилась и потрепала собачку.5. to crouch — пригнуться, присесть ( на корточки), припасть К земле, присесть (описывает такое положение согнутого тела, которое позволяет спрятаться, или казаться меньше ростом, или быть готовым к прыжку): a tiger crouching for a spring — тигр, сжавшийся перед прыжком/тигр, припавший к земле перед прыжком There were six people crouching round the camp fire. — Вокруг костра на корточках сидели шесть человек. The old lady crouched before the fireplace. — Старушка присела у камина./Старушка присела у очага.6. to curl up — загибать, свернуться комочком, свернуться калачиком, согнуться, скручивать, скручиваться (сидя или лежа, прижав согнутые в локтях и коленях руки и ноги так, чтобы почувствовать тепло, уют, комфорт): to curl up the comers of a book — загибать уголки книги She curled up in the armchair. — Она свернулась калачиком в кресле. I was so tired all I wanted to do was to curl up in the armchair and watch TV. — Я так устал, что хотел только устроиться уютно в кресле и смотреть телевизор. The cat curled up on the carpet. — Кот свернулся клубочком на ковре. The frost made the leaves curl up. — Листья свернулись от мороза.7. to flex — сгибать, гнуть, сгибать и разгибать (взад и вперед, особенно в тех случаях, когда чувствуешь онемение какого-либо органа тела): to flex one's muscles — разминаться (перед работой) Не stood up flexed his powerful shoulders and pulled on his coat. — Он встал, распрямил свои могучие плечи и надел пиджак. The babies' natural position is with two arms bent in the elbows and their legs flexed. — Естественное положение младенца — согнутые ручки и ножки.8. to warp — гнуть, гнуться, коробиться, прогнуться, деформироваться, искривляться (в отличие от вышеприведенных глаголов, глагол to warp относится только к неодушевленным предметам, обозначает потерю формы под влиянием высокой температуры или нажима): Seasoned timber does not warp. — Выдержанное дерево не коробится. The door is warped and it won't close properly. — Дверь покоробилась и плохо закрывается. The sun warped the boards. — Солнце покоробило доски. As the planks dry they warp slightly. — Когда доски высыхают, они слегка коробятся. The covers of the book are warped. — Переплет покоробился.9. to bow/to make a bow — поклониться, нагнуться в поклоне, отвесить поклон, кланяться (поклон или сгибание тела до пояса или наклон головы вперед в знак благодарности, согласия или разрешения): to bow smb into the room — с поклоном ввести кого-либо в комнату: to bow one's thanks — поклониться в знак благодарности; to bow one's assent — кивнуть в знак согласия Не stood up, bowed and left the room, — Он встал, поклонился и вышел из комнаты. Не bowed to us as he passed. — Проходя мимо, он поклонился нам. -
88 book-building
Finthe research done among potential institutional investors to determine the optimum offering price for a new issue of stock -
89 Keller, Arthur
[br]b. 18 August 1901 New York City, New York, USA d. 1983[br]American engineer and developer of telephone switching equipment who was instrumental in the development of electromechanical recording and stereo techniques.[br]He obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, in 1923 and an MSc from Yale University, and he did postgraduate work at Columbia University. Most of the time he was also on the staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The Bell Laboratories and its predecessors had a long tradition in research in speech and hearing, and in a team of researchers under H.C. Harrison, Keller developed a number of definite improvements in electrical pick-ups, gold-sputtering for matrix work and electrical disc recording equipment. From 1931 onwards the team at Bell Labs developed disc recording for moving pictures and entered into collaboration with Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra concerning transmission and recording of high-fidelity sound over wires, and stereo techniques. Keller developed a stereo recording system for disc records independently of A.D. Blumlein that was used experimentally in the Bell Labs during the 1930s. During the Second World War Keller was in a team developing sonar (sound navigation and ranging) for the US Navy. After the war he concentrated on switching equipment for telephone exchanges and developed a miniature relay. In 1966 he retired from the Bell Laboratories, where he had been Director of several departments, ending as Director of the Switching Apparatus Laboratory. After retirement he was a consultant internationally, concerning electromechanical devices in particular. When, in 1980, the Bell Laboratories decided to issue LP re-recordings of a number of the experimental records made during the 1930s, Keller was brought in from retirement to supervise the project and decide on the selections.[br]BibliographyKeller was inventor or co-inventor of forty patents, including: US patent no. 2,114,471 (the principles of stereo disc recording); US patent no. 2,612,586 (tape guides with air lubrication); US patent no. 3,366,901 (a miniature crossbar switch).Apart from a large number of highly technical papers, Keller also wrote the article "Phonograph" in the 1950 and 1957 editions of Encyclopaedia Britannica.1986, Reflections of a Stereo Pioneer, San Francisco: San Francisco Press (an honest, personal account).GB-N -
90 Lithgow, James
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 27 January 1883 Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire, Scotlandd. 23 February 1952 Langbank, Renfrewshire, Scotland[br]Scottish shipbuilder; creator of one of the twentieth century's leading industrial organizations.[br]Lithgow attended Glasgow Academy and then spent a year in Paris. In 1901 he commenced a shipyard apprenticeship with Russell \& Co., where his father, William Lithgow, was sole proprietor. For years Russell's had topped the Clyde tonnage output and more than once had been the world's leading yard. Along with his brother Henry, Lithgow in 1908 was appointed a director, and in a few years he was Chairman and the yard was renamed Lithgows Ltd. By the outbreak of the First World War the Lithgow brothers were recognized as good shipbuilders and astute businessmen. In 1914 he joined the Royal Artillery; he rose to the rank of major and served with distinction, but his skills in administration were recognized and he was recalled home to become Director of Merchant Shipbuilding when British shipping losses due to submarine attack became critical. This appointment set a pattern, with public duties becoming predominant and the day-to-day shipyard business being organized by his brother. During the interwar years, Lithgow served on many councils designed to generate work and expand British commercial interests. His public appointments were legion, but none was as controversial as his directorship of National Shipbuilders Security Ltd, formed to purchase and "sterilize" inefficient shipyards that were hindering recovery from the Depression. To this day opinions are divided on this issue, but it is beyond doubt that Lithgow believed in the task in hand and served unstintingly. During the Second World War he was Controller of Merchant Shipbuilding and Repairs and was one of the few civilians to be on the Board of Admiralty. On the cessation of hostilities, Lithgow devoted time to research boards and to the expansion of the Lithgow Group, which now included the massive Fairfield Shipyard as well as steel, marine engineering and other companies.Throughout his life Lithgow worked for the Territorial Army, but he was also a devoted member of the Church of Scotland. He gave practical support to the lona Community, no doubt influenced by unbounded love of the West Highlands and Islands of Scotland.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMilitary Cross and mentioned in dispatches during the First World War. Baronet 1925. Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire 1945. Commander of the Order of the Orange-Nassau (the Netherlands). CB 1947. Served as the employers' representative on the League of Nations International Labour Conference in the 1930s. President, British Iron and Steel Cofederation 1943.Further ReadingJ.M.Reid, 1964, James Lithgow, Master of Work, London: Hutchinson.FMW
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Research of Down syndrome-related genes — is based on studying the genes located on chromosome 21. In general, this leads to an overexpression of the genes. [cite journal |author=Mao R, Zielke CL, Zielke HR, Pevsner J |title=Global up regulation of chromosome 21 gene expression in the… … Wikipedia
Research — This article is about the search for knowledge. For the suburb of Melbourne, Australia, see Research, Victoria. For the Wikipedia policy, see Wikipedia:Original research. For information on using Wikipedia for research, see Wikipedia:Researching… … Wikipedia
research and development — Introduction abbreviation R and D, or R & D, in industry, two intimately related processes by which new products and new forms of old products are brought into being through technological innovation. Introduction and definitions … Universalium
Research Machines 380Z — infobox computer Name = Research Machines 380Z Photo = Caption = Type = Personal computer Developer = Research Machines Limited Released = 1978 Discontinued = 1985 Processor = Z80 at 4 MHz Memory = 64 KB maximum (56 KB usable) Media = 5¼ inch or… … Wikipedia
Research and Analysis Wing — Infobox Government agency agency name = Research and Analysis Wing nativename = nativename a = nativename r = logo = logo width = logo caption = seal width = 125 px seal caption = धर्मो रक्षति रक्षित: formed = 21 Sept 1968 preceding1 = preceding2 … Wikipedia
Research on meditation — Scenes of Inner Taksang, temple hall, built just above the cave where Padmasambhava meditated Research on the processes and effects of meditation is a growing subfield of neurological research.[1] … Wikipedia
Research Triangle Institute — The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) is a non profit research organization based in the Research Triangle Park (RTP) of North Carolina. RTI is the oldest tenant of this major research park, and the sister organization to the Research Triangle… … Wikipedia
Research exemption — In patent law, the research exemption or safe harbour exemption is an exemption to the rights conferred by patents, which is especially relevant to drugs. According to this exemption, despite the patent rights, performing research and tests for… … Wikipedia
McGovern Institute for Brain Research — The McGovern Institute for Brain Research is a research institute within MIT. Its mission is to understand how the brain works and to discover new ways to prevent or treat brain disorders. The institute was founded in 2000 by Patrick McGovern and … Wikipedia
Media violence research — Research into the media and violence examines whether links between consuming media violence and subsequent aggressive and violent behavior exists. Although some social scientists support this link,[1] methodological and theoretical problems with … Wikipedia
Suppressed research in the Soviet Union — Research in the Soviet Union in science and humanities was placed from the very beginning under a strict ideological scrutiny. All research had to be founded on the philosophical base of dialectical materialism. All humanities and social sciences … Wikipedia