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61 nouveau
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adjectivea. newb. ( = autre, supplémentaire) another2. masculine nouna. ( = homme) new man ; ( = élève) new boyb. ( = nouveauté) y a-t-il du nouveau à ce sujet ? is there anything new on this?3. feminine nouna. ( = femme) new woman ; ( = élève) new girl• ce n'est pas une nouvelle ! that's nothing new!• vous connaissez la nouvelle ? have you heard the news?• première nouvelle ! that's the first I've heard about it!c. ( = court récit) short story4. plural feminine noun• quelles nouvelles ? what's new?• aux dernières nouvelles, il était à Paris the last I (or we etc) heard he was in Paris• avez-vous de ses nouvelles ? have you heard from him? ; (par un tiers) have you had any news of him?• il aura de mes nouvelles ! (inf) I'll give him a piece of my mind!5. compounds* * *
1.
1) (qui remplace, succède) [modèle, locataire] new; ( qui s'ajoute) [attentat, tentative] freshse faire faire un nouveau costume — ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another suit made
faire une nouvelle tentative — to make another ou a fresh attempt
2) ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new3) ( original) [ligne, méthode] new, original4) ( novice)
2.
nom masculin, féminin ( à l'école) new student; ( dans une entreprise) new employee; ( à l'armée) new recruitje ne sais pas, je suis nouveau — I don't know, I'm new here
3.
nom masculin1) ( rebondissement)2) ( nouveauté)
4.
à nouveau, de nouveau locution adverbiale (once) againPhrasal Verbs:••* * *nuvo, nuvɛl (nouvelle) nouvel (devant un nom masculin commençant par une voyelle ou un h muet) nouveaux mpl1. adj1) (remplacé) newIl me faut un nouveau pantalon. — I need some new trousers.
Elle a une nouvelle voiture. — She's got a new car.
2) (en plus) anotherIl y eu un nouvel accident au carrefour. — There's been another accident at the crossroads.
3) (élève) newIl y a un nouvel élève dans ma classe. — There's a new boy in my class.
4) (récent) newC'est nouveau, essayez-le. — It's new, try it.
5) (= original) (idée, solution) novel2. nm/f1) (élève) new pupil2) (étudiant) new student3) (employé) new employeeIl y a plusieurs nouveaux dans la classe. — There are several new children in the class.
3. nmIl y a du nouveau. — There's something new., There's a new development.
Il pleut de nouveau. — It's raining again.
4. nf1) (= information) piece of news, news sgC'est une nouvelle intéressante. — That's interesting news.
être sans nouvelles de qn; Je suis sans nouvelles de lui. — I haven't heard from him.
2) LITTÉRATURE short story5. nouvelles nfplPRESSE, TV news* * *A adj1 (qui remplace, succède, s'ajoute) new; le nouveau modèle/système/locataire the new model/system/tenant; où se trouve la nouvelle entrée? where's the new entrance?; c'est le nouveau Nijinsky he's the new ou a second Nijinsky; se faire faire un nouveau costume ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another ou a new suit made; il a subi une nouvelle opération he's had another ou a new operation; il y a eu un nouvel incident there's been another ou a new ou a fresh incident; faire une nouvelle tentative to make another ou a new ou a fresh attempt; ces nouveaux attentats these new ou fresh atta!cks; procéder à de nouvelles arrestations to make further arrests; nous avons de nouvelles preuves de leur culpabilité we have further evidence of their guilt; une nouvelle fois once again;2 ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new; tiens, tu fumes! c'est nouveau? you're smoking! is this a new habit?; c'est nouveau ce manteau? is this a new coat?; ce genre de travail est nouveau pour moi this sort of work is new to me, I'm new to this sort of work; tout nouveau brand-new; les nouveaux élus the newly-elected members; les nouveaux mariés the newlyweds; la nouvelle venue the newcomer; les nouveaux venus the newcomers; ⇒ pauvre C;3 ( original) [ligne, conception, méthode] new, original; voir qch sous un jour nouveau to see sth in a new light; c'est une façon très nouvelle d'aborder le problème it's a very novel approach to the problem; ce n'est pas nouveau this is nothing new; il n'y a rien de nouveau there's nothing new;4 ( novice) être nouveau dans le métier/en affaires to be new to the job/in business.B nm,f1 ( à l'école) new student; tu as vu la nouvelle? have you seen the new student?;2 ( dans une entreprise) new employee; il y a trois nouveaux dans le bureau there are three new people in the office; je ne sais pas, je suis nouveau I don't know, I'm new here;3 ( à l'armée) new recruit.C nm1 ( rebondissement) il y a du nouveau ( dans un processus) there's been a new development; ( dans une situation) there' s been a change; téléphone-moi s'il y a du nouveau give me a ring GB ou call if there is anything new (to report); j'ai du nouveau pour toi I've got some news for you;2 ( nouveauté) il nous faut du nouveau we want something new.D nouvelle nf1 ( annonce d'un événement) news ¢; une nouvelle gén a piece of news; Presse, TV, Radio a news item; une bonne/mauvaise nouvelle some good/bad news; j'ai une grande nouvelle (à t'annoncer) I've got some exciting news (for you); j'ai appris deux bonnes nouvelles I've heard two pieces of good news; tu connais la nouvelle? have you heard the news?; première nouvelle○! that's news to me!, that's the first I've heard of it!; la nouvelle de qch the news of [décès, arrestation, mariage]; la nouvel!le de sa mort nous a beaucoup peinés we were very sa!d to hear about his/her death; ⇒ faux;2 Littérat short story; un recueil de nouvelles a collection of short stories.F nouvelles nfpl1 ( renseignements) news (sg); recevoir des nouvelles de qn ( par la personne elle-même) to hear from sb; ( par un intermédiaire) to hear news of sb; il y a un mois que je suis sans nouvelles de lui I haven't heard from him for a month; on est sans nouvelles des prisonniers we've had no news of the prisoners; je prendrai de tes nouvelles I'll hear how you're getting on; donne-moi de tes nouvelles let me know how you're getting on; il m'a demandé de tes nouvelles he asked after you; faire prendre des nouvelles d'un malade to send for news of a patient; je viens aux nouvelles○ ( de ce qui s'est passé) I've come to see what's happened; ( de ce qui se passe) I've come to see what's happening; aux dernières nouvelles, il se porte bien○ the last I heard he was doing fine; il aura de mes nouvelles○! he'll be hearing from me!; goûte ce petit vin, tu m'en diras des nouvelles○ have a taste of this wine, it's really good!;2 Presse, Radio, TV les nouvelles the news (sg); les nouvelles sont mauvaises the news is bad; les nouvelles du front news from the front.nouveau franc new franc; nouveau philosophe Philos member of a French school of philosophy developed in the 70's; nouveau riche nouveau riche; nouveau roman nouveau roman; Nouveau Monde New World; Nouveau Réalisme New Realism; Nouveau Testament New Testament; Nouveaux pays industrialisés, NPI newly industrialized countries, NIC; Nouvel An New Year; fêter le Nouvel An to celebrate the New Year; pour le Nouvel An for the New Year; le Nouvel An chinois/juif the Chinese/Jewish New Year; nouvelle année = Nouvel An; nouvelle cuisine Culin nouvelle cuisine; Nouvelle Vague Cin New Wave.tout nouveau tout beau the novelty will soon wear off; pas de nouvelles, bonnes nouvelles! Prov no news is good news![nuvo] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet nouvel [nuvɛl]) ( féminin nouvelle [nuvɛl], pluriel masculin nouveaux [nuvo], pluriel féminin nouvelles [nuvɛl]) adjectifc'est tout nouveau, ça vient de sortira. it's new, it's just come outnouveaux mariés newlyweds, newly married couplenouveaux élus [députés] new ou newly-elected deputiesnouvel an, nouvelle année New Yearle bail est reconduit pour une nouvelle période de trois ans the lease is renewed for a further three years ou another three-year periodun esprit/un son nouveau est né a new spirit/sound is bornune conception nouvelle a novel ou fresh approachporter un regard nouveau sur quelqu'un/quelque chose to take a fresh look at somebody/something5. [inhabituel] newce dossier est nouveau pour moi this case is new to me, I'm new to this case6. [novateur]les Nouveaux philosophesgroup of left-wing, post-Marxist thinkers including André Glucksmann and Bernard-Henri Lévy who came to prominence in the late 1970snouveau roman nouveau roman (term applied to the work, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, of a number of novelists who rejected the assumptions of the traditional novel)nouveau nom masculinrien de nouveau depuis la dernière fois nothing new ou special since last time————————à nouveau locution adverbiale————————de nouveau locution adverbiale————————nouvelle vague nom féminin————————nouvelle vague locution adjectivale invariablenew-generation (modificateur)————————Nouvelle Vague nom fémininThis expression refers to a group of French filmmakers, including François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard, who broke away from conventional style and methods in the late 1950s and produced some of the most influential films of the period using simple techniques and everyday settings. -
62 protest
̘. ̈n.ˈprəutest
1. сущ.
1) а) апелляция, опротестование, протест to cause, draw, spark амер., spark off брит., trigger a protest ≈ вызывать волну протеста to dismiss, reject a protest ≈ отклонять протест/апелляцию to express, voice a protest ≈ выразить протест против чего-л. strong, vigorous ≈ сильный/яростный протест We lodged a strong protest with their government. ≈ Мы предъявили серьезные обвинения их правительству. weak protest ≈ слабый протест The court rejected their protest that due process had not been observed. ≈ Суд отвел их протест о том, что не был соблюден полагающийся порядок. Syn: remonstrance б) несогласие, разногласие( с общепринятыми социальными, моральными и т.д. нормами)
2) фин. опротестование, протест (векселя)
3) юр. торжественное заявление Syn: affirmation;
asseveration
2. гл.
1) а) протестовать, возражать;
заявлять протест (against) I protest against being blamed for something that I haven't done. ≈ Я протестую, нельзя обвинять меня в том, чего я не совершал. If it's protested against by all the people, the government can hardly refuse to take notice. ≈ Если вся нация запротестует, правительство не будет иметь права игнорировать это. б) выразить несогласие (с чем-л.) ;
опротестовывать( что-л.) to protest a decision ≈ опротестовать решение
2) фин. опротестовывать (вексель)
3) а) юр. торжественно заявлять, делать торжественное заявление Syn: affirm, asseverate б) уст. говорить, уверять;
клятвенно заверять протест, возражение - * vote (американизм) (политика) голос, поданный на выборах за кандидата, не имеющего шансов быть избранным (в знак протеста против другого кандидата) (коммерческое) (финансовое) опротестование (векселя) ;
протест (по векселю) - * for non-acceptance протест из-за неакцепта (коммерческое) морской протест - ship's * судовой протест (спортивное) протест протестовать, возражать - to * acts of violence протестовать против актов насилия (коммерческое) (финансовое) опротестовывать (вексель) ;
совершить, учинить протест (по векселю) торжественно заявлять, утверждать - I * my innocence я заявляю, что я невиновен( разговорное) уверять - I * I'm sick of the whole business уверяю вас, мне все это надоело acceptance supra ~ акцепт векселя после его опротестования acceptance supra ~ акцептование векселя для спасения кредита векселедателя acceptance supra ~ оплата векселя после его опротестования captain's ~ юр. морской протест ~ протест;
to enter( или to lodge, to make) a protest заявлять протест;
under protest вынужденно, против воли enter a ~ суд. опротестовывать ~ уст. уверять, говорить;
I protest I'm sick of the whole business уверяю вас, мне все это надоело no ~ не опротестован (о векселе) notify a ~ заявлять капитанский протест notify a ~ заявлять морской протест notify a ~ заявлять протест по векселю notify a ~ учинять протест по векселю payment supra ~ оплата третьим лицом опротестованного векселя payment supra ~ платеж для спасения кредита protest возражать ~ возражение ~ морской протест ~ нотариально заверенный сертификат об отказе от оплаты векселя ~ фин. опротестование, протест (векселя) ~ опротестование ~ опротестование векселя ~ фин. опротестовывать (вексель) ~ протест;
to enter (или to lodge, to make) a protest заявлять протест;
under protest вынужденно, против воли ~ протест ~ протестовать, возражать;
заявлять протест (against) ~ протестовать ~ совершать протест ~ юр. торжественно заявлять;
to protest one's innocence заявлять о своей невиновности ~ торжественно заявлять ~ юр. торжественное заявление ~ торжественное заявление ~ уст. уверять, говорить;
I protest I'm sick of the whole business уверяю вас, мне все это надоело ~ учинять протест ~ for nonpayment протест из-за неплатежа ~ of a bill опротестование векселя ~ of bill опротестование векселя ~ юр. торжественно заявлять;
to protest one's innocence заявлять о своей невиновности register a ~ заявлять протест ship's ~ морской протест ~ протест;
to enter (или to lodge, to make) a protest заявлять протест;
under protest вынужденно, против воли -
63 desechar
v.1 to throw out, to discard.Ella desechó los zapatos She discarded the shoes.2 to refuse, to turn down (rechazar) (ayuda, oferta).3 to ignore, to take no notice of.4 to dismiss, to refuse, to drop, to drop off.Elsa desechó la idea Elsa dismissed the idea.5 to nonsuit.* * *1 (tirar) to discard, throw out, throw away2 (rechazar) to refuse, reject; (proyecto, idea) to drop, discard3 (apartar de sí) to put aside, cast aside* * *verb* * *VT1) (=tirar) [+ basura] to throw out; [+ objeto inútil] to scrap, get rid of2) (=rechazar) [+ consejo, miedo] to cast aside; [+ oferta] to reject; [+ plan] to drop3) (=censurar) to censure, reprove4) [+ llave] to turn* * *verbo transitivoa) <ayuda/idea/propuesta> to rejectdesechó la idea de ir — he abandoned o gave up the idea of going
b) <restos/residuos> to throw away o out; < ropa> to throw out* * *= discard, dismiss, short-circuit [shortcircuit], throw out, set + aside, discount, scrap, toss out, ditch, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, turf out, count + Nombre + out.Ex. The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.Ex. It is too early to dismiss those physical forms associated with non-computerised cataloguing and indexing.Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.Ex. Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.Ex. Assistance from part-time librarians should not be totally discounted, however.Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.Ex. In preparation for computerization, let us not toss out old standards that were good.Ex. It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.Ex. International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.Ex. You will be disliked and turfed out as a sacrificial goat once your job is done but there will be many others queuing up for your services.Ex. Right now, there is no clear Republican candidate, though the inimitable Joe Kelly can never be counted out until the deadline passes.* * *verbo transitivoa) <ayuda/idea/propuesta> to rejectdesechó la idea de ir — he abandoned o gave up the idea of going
b) <restos/residuos> to throw away o out; < ropa> to throw out* * *= discard, dismiss, short-circuit [shortcircuit], throw out, set + aside, discount, scrap, toss out, ditch, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, turf out, count + Nombre + out.Ex: The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
Ex: It is too early to dismiss those physical forms associated with non-computerised cataloguing and indexing.Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.Ex: Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.Ex: Assistance from part-time librarians should not be totally discounted, however.Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.Ex: In preparation for computerization, let us not toss out old standards that were good.Ex: It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.Ex: International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.Ex: You will be disliked and turfed out as a sacrificial goat once your job is done but there will be many others queuing up for your services.Ex: Right now, there is no clear Republican candidate, though the inimitable Joe Kelly can never be counted out until the deadline passes.* * *desechar [A1 ]vt1 ‹ayuda/consejo/propuesta› to rejectdebes desechar esos malos pensamientos you must banish those wicked thoughts from your mindno desechó nunca la sospecha de que fuera él she never managed to rid herself of the suspicion that it was himdespués de un mes desechó la idea de quedarse after a month he gave up o abandoned the idea of staying theredesecharon la idea de pedir un préstamo they rejected the idea of asking for a loan2 ‹restos/residuos› to throw away o out; ‹ropa› to throw out* * *
desechar ( conjugate desechar) verbo transitivo
‹idea/plan› ( rechazar) to reject;
( renunciar a) to drop, give upb) ‹restos/residuos› to throw away o out;
‹ ropa› to throw out
desechar verbo transitivo
1 (un objeto) to discard, throw out o away
2 (una oferta) to turn down, refuse
(descartar una idea, un proyecto) to drop, discard
' desechar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
tirar
English:
cast aside
- shrift
- discard
- dismiss
- ditch
- scrap
- sweep
* * *desechar vt1. [tirar] to throw out, to discard2. [rechazar] [ayuda, oferta] to refuse, to turn down;[idea, pensamiento] to reject; [posibilidad, sospecha] to dismiss; [propuesta, sugerencia] to reject, to turn down;pensó ir a pie, pero luego desechó la idea he thought of going on foot but then dropped the idea;no desecho la posibilidad de que haya sido ella I don't rule out the possibility that it was her* * *v/t1 ( tirar) throw away2 ( rechazar) reject* * *desechar vt1) : to discard, to throw away2) rechazar: to reject -
64 अपास् _apās
अपास् [अप्-अस्] 4 P.1 (a) To throw or fling away, cast away or off, leave, keep or put aside, reject, discard (opinion also); सारं ततो ग्राह्यमपास्य फल्गु Pt.1.5; किमित्यपांस्याभरणानि यौवने धृतं त्वया वार्धकशोभि वल्कलम् Ku.5.44; निरस्तगाम्भीर्यमपास्तपुष्पकम् Śi.1.55; इत्यादीनामपि काव्यलक्षणत्वम- पास्तम् S. D. rejected, discarded. (b) To leave, abandon, desert, quit, retire or withdraw from; यदि समरमपास्य नास्ति मृत्योर्भयम् Ve.3.5.-2 To scare, disperse, drive away; अपास्य चास्य यन्तारम् Mb.-3 To leave behind, leave in a deserted condition; to disregard, take no notice of, condemn. -
65 protest
1. ['prəutest] сущ.1)а) протест, апелляция, опротестованиеto cause / draw / trigger / spark амер. / spark off брит. a protest — вызывать волну протеста
to dismiss / reject a protest — отклонять протест, апелляцию
to express / voice a protest — выразить протест
We lodged a strong protest with their government. — Мы предъявили серьёзные обвинения их правительству.
The court rejected their protest that due process had not been observed. — Суд отклонил их протест о том, что не был соблюдён полагающийся порядок.
Syn:б) несогласие, разногласие ( с общепринятыми нормами)2) фин. опротестование, протест ( векселя)3) юр. торжественное заявлениеSyn:2. [prə'test] гл.1)а) протестовать, возражать; заявлять протестIf it's protested against by all the people, the government can hardly refuse to take notice. — Если весь народ запротестует, правительство вряд ли сможет это проигнорировать.
б) выразить несогласие (с чем-л.); опротестовывать (что-л.)2) фин. опротестовывать ( вексель)3)а) юр. торжественно заявлять, делать торжественное заявлениеSyn:б) уст. говорить, уверять; клятвенно заверять -
66 keep clear of smb.
(keep (stay или steer) clear of smb. (или smth.))держаться подальше от кого-л. (или чего-л.), избегать, сторониться кого-л. (или чего-л.)Hate each other like poison, of course. Take my advice - keep clear of them. (R. Aldington, ‘Rejected Guest’, ch. 14) — Конечно, они смертельно ненавидят друг друга. Советую вам - держитесь от них подальше.
Dinny and Alf had steered clear of each other... (K. S. Prichard, ‘The Roaring Nineties’, ch. 66) — Динни и Альф уже давно старательно избегали друг друга...
The blacks had steered clear of the white man's camp... (K. S. Prichard, ‘The Roaring Nineties’, ch. 5) — Туземцы стороной обходили лагерь белых...
The train slowed and Eddie and Uncle Jennison, to keep clear of the company police, dropped off as they reached the edge of the yard. (A. Saxton, ‘The Great Midland’, ‘The First War’) — Поезд замедлил ход. Чтобы не попасться на глаза железнодорожной полиции, Эдди и дядя Дженнисон соскочили, не доезжая до станции.
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67 recuso
I.In gen., to make an objection against, in statement or reply; to decline, reject, refuse, be reluctant or unwilling to do a thing, etc. (freq. and class.; cf.: abnuo, renuo, denego); constr. with acc., an inf., an object-clause, with de, ne, quin, quominus, or absol.(α).With acc.: uxorem, * Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 16; Hor. S. 1, 4, 50:(β).me judicem,
Tac. Or. 5 al.; cf.:populum Romanum disceptatorem,
Cic. Fl. 38, 97:populi Romani amicitiam,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44:nec quae pepigere recusent,
Verg. A. 12, 12:nullum periculum communis salutis causā,
Caes. B. G. 7, 2; so,nullum periculum,
id. ib. 7, 19; id. B. C. 3, 26:laborem,
id. ib. 1, 68 fin.; Quint. 11, 3, 26; 12, 11, 10:nihil nisi hiberna,
Caes. B. G. 5, 41:legumina,
id. B. C. 3, 47 fin.:servitutem,
Sall. J. 31, 20:vincla (leones),
Verg. A. 7, 16:jussa,
id. ib. 5, 749 et saep.:nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo,
Cic. de Or. 2, 29, 128; so,psalteria virginibus probis,
Quint. 1, 10, 31:nihil de poenā,
Cic. Planc. 1, 3; cf.:de stipendio,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44:qui quod ab altero postularent, in se recusarent,
id. B. C. 1, 32, 5:Ptolemaeus recusabat regem Aridaeum,
rejected, Just. 13, 2, 11. —Of things: terra numquam recusat imperium,
Cic. Sen. 15, 51:genua impediunt cursumque recusant,
Verg. A. 12, 747:rapax ignis non umquam alimenta recusat,
Ov. M. 8, 837:(falsae gemmae) recusant limae probationem,
Plin. 37, 13, 76, § 200 et saep. —With inf. (in class. prose, only in negative sentences or questions implying a negative):(γ).mori recusare,
Caes. B. G. 3, 22; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 8, 6; 10, 17, 2; Anton. ap. Cic. Phil. 8, 8, 25; Liv. 22, 60, 17:hoc facere,
id. 5, 53, 9:ad minora se demittere, Quint. prooem. § 5: prodere voce suā quemquam aut opponere morti,
Verg. A. 2, 126:praeceptis parere,
id. ib. 2, 607:quicquam tentare,
id. ib. 11, 437:tibi comes ire,
id. ib. 2. 704:facere ipse,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 208; Plin. [p. 1538] Pan. 5; Curt. 6, 11, 36; Just. 14, 1, 6.—Of things: pedes vitiosum ferre recusant Corpus,
Hor. S. 2, 7, 108; so id. Ep. 2, 1, 259; id. A. P. 39.—With object-clause:(δ).non rem (medicam) antiqui damnabant, sed artem. Maxime vero quaestum esse manipretio vitae recusabant,
Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 16:Velinum lacum obstrui recusantes,
refusing to permit, Tac. A. 1, 79; cf. infra, II.—With de:(ε).de judiciis transferendis recusare,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6.—With ne:(ζ).Servilius et recusare et deprecari, ne iniquis judicibus... judicium capitis in se constitueretur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 141:sententiam ne diceret, recusavit,
id. Off. 3, 27, 100:reliqui... ne unus omnes antecederet, recusarent,
Caes. B. C. 3, 82 fin. —With quin:(η).si absim, haud recusem, quin mihi male sit,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 8:non possumus, quin alii a nobis dissentiant, recusare,
Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 7:non recuso quin, etc.,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 4; id. Rosc. Am. 3, 8; Caes. B. C. 3, 45 fin.:neque recusare... quin armis contendant,
id. B. G. 4, 7; Liv. 8, 7, 19.—With quominus:(θ).nec recusabo, quominus omnes mea legant,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 7; id. Div. in Caecil. 10, 31:... quominus perpetuo sub illorum dicione essent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:neque recusavit quo minus poenam subiret,
Nep. Epam. 8, 2.—Absol.:II.non recuso, non abnuo, etc.,
Cic. Mil. 36, 100:recusandi aut deprecandi causā legatos mittere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 6; Verg. E. 3, 29 et saep. —In partic.1. 2.In jurid. lang., to protest against a complaint; to object, take exception, plead in defence:causa omnis, in quā pars altera agentis est, altera recusantis,
Quint. 3, 10, 1:numquid recusas contra me?
Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18:tu me ad verbum vocas: non ante venio, quam recusaro... Quoniam satis recusavi, veniam jam quo vocas,
Cic. Caecin. 28, 8 sq.:cum reus recusare vellet, sub usuris creditam esse pecuniam, etc.,
Dig. 17, 1, 48; cf. recusatio, II. B. -
68 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
[br]b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England[br]English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.[br]The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.Further ReadingE.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
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