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21 бок о бок
1) (совсем рядом (идти, ехать и т. п.)) stand (go, ride, etc.) side by side; side-to-side; alongside of; shoulder to shoulder; neck and neck; cheek by jowl- Будем держаться бок о бок, не отходя друг от друга, или, как говорится у спортсменов, ноздря в ноздрю, - сказал Беридзе. (В. Ажаев, Далеко от Москвы) — 'Let's stick together, shoulder to shoulder, or, as sportsmen like to say, run nose to nose,' Beridze said...
2) (вместе (жить, работать, бороться и т. п.)) live (work, struggle, fight, etc.) side by side, shoulder to shoulderВ этих боях кадровые бойцы и ополченцы сражались бок о бок с моряками Балтийского флота и рабочими-судостроителями. (А. Чаковский, Блокада) — In those engagements regular troops and People's Volunteers fought side by side with the sailors of the Baltic Fleet and shipyard workers.
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22 обязанность
1. duties2. responsibilities3. duty; serviceсвятая обязанность, прямой долг — bounden duty
4. obligationСинонимический ряд:долг (сущ.) долг -
23 Serge
SARGE, SERGEA coarse, woollen cloth known as early as the 12th century, a finer quality being called " say." It was much used during the Middle Ages for all portions of attire by the poorer classes, and in the piece for the decoration of houses. ————————SERGE (U.S.A.)The specification issued by the U.S.A. Government is as follows: - Cotton and worsted serge for overcoat lining shall be of single or 2-ply cotton warp and single or 2-ply worsted filling, the wool to be not below 46's grade; the width shall be full 36-in. exclusive of the selvedge and shall weigh from 6-oz. to 7-oz. per linear yard; it shall be woven in regular serge weave and constructed so as to give a fabric with good body and twill line on the face and containing approximately equal quantities of worsted and cotton yarns throughout; to be navy-blue, fast to the light, with both sets of threads and to be put up into bookfold. ———————— This term was formerly applied in Yorkshire to rough handling coarse wool fabrics woven in a twill design. An old 6-end serge was a simple diagonal 3 up, 1 down, 1 up, 1 down. The term serge is now almost universally understood to mean the 2 & 2 twill, and sometimes the 3 & 3 and the 4 & 4 twills. In wool fabrics it is the practice to add to the name serge, the definition of botany to distinguish fine wool serges from cross-bred qualities. A typical botany worsted serge, 2 & 2 twill weave, 21-02. per yard, 56/58-in. is made with 2/20's worsted 64/70's quality, S twist, 46 ends and 46 picks per inch, 72-in. wide in loom, woven white arid piece-dyed. The cloth is clear finished so as to obtain a well-defined twill effect. A usual weight for ladies' costume serge is 12/13-oz. per yard. Serges are made in many qualities ranging from 12-oz. to 26-oz. per yard. Crossbred worsted yarns are used in making the rougher and stronger types, while woollen yarns are also used. A serge which is extensively used in uniforms for transport workers is made with two-fold cross-bred worsted yarn for warp and single Cheviot woollen yarn for weft. The cloth is woven white or grey and piece-dyed. -
24 Lumière, Auguste
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 19 October 1862 Besançon, Franced. 10 April 1954 Lyon, France[br]French scientist and inventor.[br]Auguste and his brother Louis Lumière (b. 5 October 1864 Besançon, France; d. 6 June 1948 Bandol, France) developed the photographic plate-making business founded by their father, Charles Antoine Lumière, at Lyons, extending production to roll-film manufacture in 1887. In the summer of 1894 their father brought to the factory a piece of Edison kinetoscope film, and said that they should produce films for the French owners of the new moving-picture machine. To do this, of course, a camera was needed; Louis was chiefly responsible for the design, which used an intermittent claw for driving the film, inspired by a sewing-machine mechanism. The machine was patented on 13 February 1895, and it was shown on 22 March 1895 at the Société d'Encouragement pour l'In-dustrie Nationale in Paris, with a projected film showing workers leaving the Lyons factory. Further demonstrations followed at the Sorbonne, and in Lyons during the Congrès des Sociétés de Photographie in June 1895. The Lumières filmed the delegates returning from an excursion, and showed the film to the Congrès the next day. To bring the Cinématographe, as it was called, to the public, the basement of the Grand Café in the Boulevard des Capuchines in Paris was rented, and on Saturday 28 December 1895 the first regular presentations of projected pictures to a paying public took place. The half-hour shows were an immediate success, and in a few months Lumière Cinématographes were seen throughout the world.The other principal area of achievement by the Lumière brothers was colour photography. They took up Lippman's method of interference colour photography, developing special grainless emulsions, and early in 1893 demonstrated their results by lighting them with an arc lamp and projecting them on to a screen. In 1895 they patented a method of subtractive colour photography involving printing the colour separations on bichromated gelatine glue sheets, which were then dyed and assembled in register, on paper for prints or bound between glass for transparencies. Their most successful colour process was based upon the colour-mosaic principle. In 1904 they described a process in which microscopic grains of potato starch, dyed red, green and blue, were scattered on a freshly varnished glass plate. When dried the mosaic was coated with varnish and then with a panchromatic emulsion. The plate was exposed with the mosaic towards the lens, and after reversal processing a colour transparency was produced. The process was launched commercially in 1907 under the name Autochrome; it was the first fully practical single-plate colour process to reach the public, remaining on the market until the 1930s, when it was followed by a film version using the same principle.Auguste and Louis received the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1909 for their work in colour photography. Auguste was also much involved in biological science and, having founded the Clinique Auguste Lumière, spent many of his later years working in the physiological laboratory.[br]Further ReadingGuy Borgé, 1980, Prestige de la photographie, Nos. 8, 9 and 10, Paris. Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London ——1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.BC -
25 حض (على)
حَضَّ (عَلى) \ advocate: to speak in support or favour of (an idea, a course of action, etc.): Most doctors advocate regular exercise as a way of keeping healthy. prompt: to cause; urge: What prompted you to become a doctor? A quiet child won’t ask questions unless you prompt him. instigate: to cause (sth. bad or sb. to do sth. bad) by urging it: Two workers instigated all the trouble at the factory. \ See Also حث (حَثَّ)، حرض (حَرَّضَ)، أثار (أَثارَ) -
26 دفع
دَفَعَ \ bundle: to send away in a hurry: She bundled him down the stairs. drive (drove, driven): to cause (sb. or sth.) to move in a certain direction: We drove the sheep to market, to cause, sb. to be or do sth. The noise almost drove me mad. Hunger drove them to eat rats. pay: to give money for sth.: Whom should I pay for these goods? Pay the man at the door. How much must I pay? You must pay $4. You must pay that man $4. If you can’t pay now, come back later. prompt: to cause; urge: What prompted you to become a doctor? A quiet child won’t ask questions unless you prompt him. propel: to force (esp. a vehicle) forward. push: (the opposite of pull) to press forward: I pushed my bicycle up the hill. shove: to push. \ See Also سَاقَ \ دَفَعَ \ pay in, pay out: to hand money in or out: You can pay money in at the bank, and they will pay it out when you need it. \ See Also صرف (صَرَفَ) \ دَفَعَ أَجْرًا \ pay: to give regular money to an employed person: What do you pay your clerk? I pay him $80 a week. \ دَفَعَ إِكْرامِيَّة \ tip: to give a tip to: Did you tip the boy who brought you a newspaper? Yes, I tipped him 10 pence. \ دَفَعَ إلى السأم \ tire: to cause (sb.) to tire: The small print tired his eyes. I’m tired of paying your debts. \ دَفَعَ بِرِفْقٍ \ jog: to push or knock slightly: He jogged my arm, and my drink fell on the floor. \ دَفَعَ بسُرعَة \ hustle: to hurry (sb.) forcefully; to push: He hustled his family into the train. \ دَفَعَ بعَجَلةٍ \ rush: to urge (or cause) sb. to act too hastily: My wife rushed me into buying this house. \ See Also بِعُنْف \ دَفَعَ بِعُنْف \ thrust: to push suddenly and forcefully: He thrust a letter into my hand. \ دَفَعَ بالمِنْكَب \ jostle: to push roughly, among a crowd. \ دَفَعَ تَعْويضًا عن \ compensate: to make a suitable payment for some loss or bad effect: Many companies compensate their workers if they are hurt at work. \ دَفَعَ ثَمَنَ غَلْطَةٍ أو إهْمَال \ pay for: to suffer for (a foolish act): If you don’t oil that machine properly, you’ll pay for it later. \ دَفَعَ ثَمَنًا أو مُقابِلاً لِـ \ give: to pay; hand over (sth.) in return for sth. else: How much did you give for that watch? She gave her life for her children’s safety when the house was on fire. \ دَفَعَ شيئًا على عَجَلات \ wheel: to push (sth.) on wheels: He wheeled his bicycle into the hut. \ دَفَعَ مُقَدَّمًا \ advance: to pay money before it is earned; bring forward to an earlier date or time: My new employer advanced me $50 to buy a bicycle. -
27 advocate
حَضَّ (عَلى) \ advocate: to speak in support or favour of (an idea, a course of action, etc.): Most doctors advocate regular exercise as a way of keeping healthy. prompt: to cause; urge: What prompted you to become a doctor? A quiet child won’t ask questions unless you prompt him. instigate: to cause (sth. bad or sb. to do sth. bad) by urging it: Two workers instigated all the trouble at the factory. \ See Also حث (حَثَّ)، حرض (حَرَّضَ)، أثار (أَثارَ) -
28 instigate
حَضَّ (عَلى) \ advocate: to speak in support or favour of (an idea, a course of action, etc.): Most doctors advocate regular exercise as a way of keeping healthy. prompt: to cause; urge: What prompted you to become a doctor? A quiet child won’t ask questions unless you prompt him. instigate: to cause (sth. bad or sb. to do sth. bad) by urging it: Two workers instigated all the trouble at the factory. \ See Also حث (حَثَّ)، حرض (حَرَّضَ)، أثار (أَثارَ) -
29 prompt
حَضَّ (عَلى) \ advocate: to speak in support or favour of (an idea, a course of action, etc.): Most doctors advocate regular exercise as a way of keeping healthy. prompt: to cause; urge: What prompted you to become a doctor? A quiet child won’t ask questions unless you prompt him. instigate: to cause (sth. bad or sb. to do sth. bad) by urging it: Two workers instigated all the trouble at the factory. \ See Also حث (حَثَّ)، حرض (حَرَّضَ)، أثار (أَثارَ) -
30 pay
دَفَعَ أَجْرًا \ pay: to give regular money to an employed person: What do you pay your clerk? I pay him $80 a week. \ عَادَ بالنَّفع \ pay: to produce gain; be worth doing (after comparing the good points with the bad ones): This shop does not pay. It pays to keep your workers content. Crime does not pay.
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