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21 waste
1. угары; отходы; рвань; очёски; пух с машин; 2. обтирочный материал; 3. отработанный; 4. негодный; бракованный @waste at cards угары кардного чесания @waste at combers угары гребенного чесания @waste of material отходы сырья @waste of time простой (машины) @basin waste неразмот коконов, бассинет @burr waste 1. угары с обезрепеивающей машины; 2. отходы карбонизации шерсти @card waste кардные очёски @card front waste рвань чесальной ленты @card lap waste рвань холста @China waste промытые шёлковые отходы высшего качества @cleaning waste 1. обтирочные концы; 2. пух (с машин) @clearer waste пух с чистителей @comber waste гребенные очёски @cop bottom waste недоработанные початки, начинки @cotton waste 1. угары хлопкопрядения; 2. хлопчатобумажные обтирочные концы @crow waste угары с чистительных валиков @cutting waste обрезки, отходы, остатки (при раскрое) @drawing waste рвань ленты (с ленточной машины) @dusthouse waste подвальный пух; трубная пыль; угар из пылеосадочных камер и труб @engine cleaning waste обтирочные концы @filament waste отходы волокна химического прядения @fly waste 1. пух (с машин); 2. невозвратные угары, невидимые угары @gin waste угары первичной обработки хлопка @good waste чистые угары, прядомые угары @gum waste необесклееные шёлковые отходы @hard waste 1. жёсткие угары; 2.крутые концы с прядильной, мотальной или сновальной машины; 3. недоработанные початки, начинки; 4. путанка; 5. шлихтованные концы @hard twisted waste крутые концы @industrial waste промышленные отходы @invisible waste невозвратные угары, невидимые угары @lap waste рвань холста @liker-in waste орешек и пух с приёмного барабана (чесальной машины) @loom waste угары ткачества; концы от заправки основ @low soft waste низкосортные мягкие угары (подметь, орешек) @mill waste фабричные угары; фабричные отходы @picker waste орешек и пух с трепальной машины @reeling waste 1. отходы кокономотания; 2. отходы перемотки шёлка @reworkable waste обраты, прядомые угары @ring waste обраты, прядомые угары; рвань мычки с прядильной машины @roller waste пух с валиков и цилиндров @roving waste рвань ровницы; угары предпрядения @selvage waste обраты, прядомые угары @Shanghai waste китайские шёлковые отходы (чистые и белые) @Shanghai long waste длинные китайские шёлковые отходы @side waste сброс в угар прядомого волокна; потеря полноценного волокна @silk waste шёлковые отходы; шёлковые угары @soft waste прядомые мягкие угары (очёсы, рвань ленты и ровницы) @spinners waste угары прядения @spinning waste угары прядения @staple fiber waste отходы штапельного волокна; угары штапельного волокна @steam waste отходы кокономотания @thread waste 1. путанка, рвань пряжи; 2. рвань шёлка; 3. обрывки нитей @visible waste видимые угары @warp waste угары сновки; отходы основы @warper's waste угары со сновальной машины @washed waste угары с машины мокрого кручения @weaver's waste угары ткачества @weft waste отходы утка @winders waste угары с мотальной машины @winding waste угары со сновальной машины @wiping waste 1. обтирочные концы; 2. пух (с машин) @yarn waste 1. путанка, рвань пряжи; 2. крутые концы @ -
22 spinning
1. n прядение2. n пряжа3. n спец. завивка кокона4. a прядильныйspinning jenny — прядильная машина «Дженни»
5. n быстрое и лёгкое вращение6. n вращение7. n кружение8. n тех. центрифугирование9. n рыб. спиннинг10. n рыб. рыбная ловля со спиннингомСинонимический ряд:1. revolution (noun) alternating; circling; circuit; evolution; gyration; orbiting; revolution; rotation; turning2. swirling (verb) gyrating; reeling; swimming; swirling; turning; twirling; whirling -
23 take-up stand
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24 Cotton Waste
There are two classes of waste, known respectively as " hard " and " soft," and the methods of their treatment differ according to the used to which the waste is put. Hard Waste consists essentially of the waste from ring frames, reeling and winding machines, cop bottoms, and all other waste of a thready nature. The products is invariably spun into the finer counts of yarn. Soft Waste is mostly composed of scutcher droppings, card cylinder and flat strips and fly, clearer laps, sweepings, etc. It is adapted for lower counts, soft-spun weft, etc. In order to obtain the best results from the above waste it is essential that the two kinds be separated and treated accordingly. The waste thrown off in the process of cotton spinning may be utilised in a variety of ways. Certain portions may be worked up again in the mill in which it is made; or in its loose state it may be converted into wadding, gun cotton, etc. (see waste spinning) -
25 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, Englandd. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England[br]English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.[br]Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated 1st Baron Masham 1891.Bibliography1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.1852, British patent no. 14,135.1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.1868, British patent no. 2,386.1868, British patent no. 2,429.1868, British patent no. 3,669.1868, British patent no. 1,549.1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).Further ReadingJ.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).RLHBiographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham
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