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reduced+rate+relief

  • 1 Nachlass

    Nachlass m 1. FIN rebate; 2. GEN reduction; 3. RW trade discount; 4. RECHT abatement; deceased’s estate (Erbschaft); 5. STEUER relief • kein Nachlass V&M no discount, ND
    * * *
    m 1. < Finanz> rebate; 2. < Geschäft> reduction; 3. < Rechnung> trade discount; 4. < Recht> abatement, Erbschaft deceased's estate; 5. < Steuer> relief ■ kein Nachlass <V&M> no discount (ND)
    * * *
    Nachlass
    estate of [general] inheritance (US), property left, deceased (decedent’s, US) estate, (Grundbesitz) devise, (Preisnachlass) allowance, abatement, rebate[ment], reduction, deduction, shrinkage, slash, (Skonto) discount, (Steuern) relief, (Strafe) remission;
    • aus meinem Nachlass out of my estate;
    • mit einem Nachlass von at a reduction of;
    • ohne Nachlass without abatement;
    • zur Schuldendeckung nicht ausreichender Nachlass insufficient assets;
    • zur Versilberung bestimmter Nachlass blended fund (Br.);
    • beweglicher Nachlass personal assets (property, estate)
    • gesamter Nachlass real and personal effects;
    • herrenloser Nachlass vacant estate, estate without a claimant;
    • illiquider Nachlass insolvent estate;
    • konkursreifer Nachlass insolvent estate;
    • liquider Nachlass solvent estate;
    • reiner Nachlass net assets, residuary estate, clear residue;
    • steuerpflichtiger Nachlass taxable estate;
    • überschuldeter Nachlass insolvent estate;
    • unbeweglicher Nachlass real property (estate);
    • unverteilter Nachlass undivided estate;
    • frei verfügbarer Nachlass dead’s part (Br.);
    • treuhänderisch verwalteter Nachlass trust estate;
    • reiner Nachlass [nach Auszahlung aller Legate] net estate;
    • Nachlass bei Barzahlung discount for cash, cash discount on sales;
    • Nachlass an der Jahresmiete deduction from the yearly rent;
    • 10% Nachlass auf den Listenpreis 10% discount on the list price;
    • Nachlass bei Mengenabnahme quantity discount;
    • Nachlass für Rechenfehler des Kassierers allowance to cashier for errors;
    • Nachlass bei Veranlagung der Erbschaftssteuer succession relief;
    • Nachlass nach Zahlung aller Verbindlichkeiten surplus, residuary estate, clear residue;
    • Nachlass beanspruchen to lay claim to an estate;
    • Nachlass bewilligen to allow an abatement (a discount);
    • Nachlass verkürzter Steuersätze in Anspruch nehmen können to qualify for reduced rate relief;
    • Nachlass liquidieren (ordnen) to wind up an estate;
    • seinen Nachlass regeln to set one’s house in order;
    • Nachlass eines Verstorbenen regulieren to settle the estate of a deceased;
    • Nachlass sichern to protect (preserve) an estate;
    • Nachlass zu Erbschaftssteuerzwecken veranlagen to charge property to estate duty;
    • Nachlass verteilen to distribute (settle, appropriate) an estate;
    • Nachlass verwalten to administer upon a decedent’s estate (US);
    • als herrenloser Nachlass dem Staat zufallen to pass to the Crown as goods vacated (Br.);
    • Nachlassabwicklung administration of decedent’s estate (US);
    • zur Nachlassabwicklung schätzen to value for probate purposes;
    • Nachlassangelegenheiten estate affairs, administrative business;
    • Nachlassanteil share in an estate;
    • Nachlassbegünstigter residuary beneficiary;
    • Nachlassberechtigter distributee, beneficiary under a will;
    • Nachlassbeschränkung benefit of inventory;
    • Nachlassbewertung probate valuation;
    • Nachlasseinkünfte estate income;
    • Nachlasseinsetzung power of appointment.

    Business german-english dictionary > Nachlass

  • 2 прогрессивное налогообложение

    4) Business: graduated taxation

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > прогрессивное налогообложение

  • 3 Nachlass verkürzter Steuersätze in Anspruch nehmen können

    Nachlass verkürzter Steuersätze in Anspruch nehmen können
    to qualify for reduced rate relief

    Business german-english dictionary > Nachlass verkürzter Steuersätze in Anspruch nehmen können

  • 4 Steuersatz

    Steuersatz m STEUER rate of taxation, tax rate
    * * *
    m < Steuer> rate of taxation, tax rate
    * * *
    Steuersatz
    taxation rate, rate of assessment (taxation), levy, (Zoll) rate of customs (duty, Br.);
    • anwendbarer Steuersatz applicable rate;
    • einheitlicher Steuersatz flat rate;
    • ermäßigter Steuersatz rate of relief;
    • gestaffelter Steuersatz progressive rate of taxation;
    • höchster Steuersatz top (maximum) tax rate;
    • implizierter Steuersatz implicit tax rate;
    • normaler Steuersatz ordinary tax;
    • tatsächlicher Steuersatz effective tax rate;
    • verkürzter Steuersatz reduced rate of tax;
    • Steuersatz nach Anrechnung der Doppelsteuer net U. K. rate (Br.);
    • ermäßigter Steuersatz für die untersten Einkommensteuergruppen marginal relief (Br.);
    • verkürzter Steuersatz für Klein- und Mittelbetriebe small companies rate (Br.);
    • Steuersatz anheben to put up the rate of a tax;
    • Steuersatz anwenden to apply the tax rate;
    • höheren Steuersatz anwenden to tax at a higher rate;
    • niedrigen Steuersatz anwenden to charge a tax at a lower rate;
    • für den größeren Teil des Einkommens den normalen Steuersatz anwenden to shove more of the earned income into the ordinary tax bracket;
    • nur den halben Steuersatz auslösen to attract income tax on only 50%;
    • einer Bestrafung gleichkommender Kombination hoher Inflationsraten mit progressivem Steuersatz ausweichen to avoid a punitive combination of high inflation and progressive taxation;
    • höheren Steuersatz bezahlen müssen to be liable to a tax at a higher rate;
    • dem normalen Steuersatz (dem Steuersatz des unteren Proportionalbereichs) unterliegen to be taxable as ordinary income;
    • mit einem niedrigen Steuersatz veranlagt werden to be taxed at lower income rates;
    • nur mit dem halben Steuersatz versteuert werden to be eligible for the earned income ceiling rate of 50%;
    • niedrigsten Steuersatz zahlen to be at the bottom of the tax pile.

    Business german-english dictionary > Steuersatz

  • 5 reducción

    f.
    1 reduction, decrease, decline, fall.
    2 curtailment, deescalation, cut, cutback.
    * * *
    1 reduction
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=disminución)
    a) [de cantidad, precios, consumo, tamaño] reduction

    una reducción del gasto público — a cut o reduction in public spending

    b) [de tiempo] reduction
    2) (Mat) (=conversión) [de unidades, medidas] conversion; [de ecuaciones] reduction
    3) [de rebeldes] defeat
    4) (Med) setting, reduction frm
    5) Chile [de indígenas] reservation ( of natives)
    6) LAm ( Hist) settlement of Christianized Indians
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( disminución) reduction

    la reducción del precio del pan — the reduction in o lowering of the price of bread

    reducción de impuestos — tax cuts, reduction in taxes

    b) (Fot) reduction
    2) (Mat, Quím, Med) reduction
    3) (Chi) ( de indígenas) reservation
    * * *
    = compression, curtailment, cutting, reduction, shrinkage, contraction, dilution, diminution, abatement, slashing, ebbing, depletion, narrowing, cut, effacement, drawdown, mark-down.
    Ex. The compression keys are built for all main and added entry combinations appropriate to a record.
    Ex. This paper emphasises the need for booksellers to keep informed of new developments and of the danger of curtailment of present activities, but also to be prepared to experiment.
    Ex. This article concludes that cutting the number of words could lead to undesirable impoverishing of data bases rendering them useless as an independent source of information.
    Ex. A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex. DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.
    Ex. The euphoric years of affluence and expansion in the decades immediately following the midpoint of the century have given way to traumatic years of austerity and contraction.
    Ex. The good novelist is therefore an author with a wide appeal but this wide appeal is not attained, or even sought, through a dilution of quality; it is simply that this type of writer has a different sort of skill.
    Ex. Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.
    Ex. The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.
    Ex. But more to the point, the claim that 2 1/2 million jobs depend on slashing red tape is a misrepresentation of a CBI survey carried out in advance of the UK general election of 1983.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.
    Ex. Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.
    Ex. The narrowing of the curriculum has implications for the future.
    Ex. Cuts in the 1988 budget have resulted in cuts in opening hours, staff hours, and book budget.
    Ex. Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.
    Ex. Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    Ex. Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    ----
    * escala de reducción = reduction ratio.
    * mamoplastía de reducción = reduction mammoplasty.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * reducción al mínimo = minimisation [minimization, -USA].
    * reducción de costes = cost saving [cost-saving].
    * reducción de gastos = cost cutting, cost saving [cost-saving], cost reduction.
    * reducción de impuestos = tax cut.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * reducción de la deuda externa = debt relief.
    * reducción de las diferencias entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * reducción de los precios = price cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de pecho = breast reduction.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * reducción de plantilla = downsizing.
    * reducción de precios = pricecutting.
    * reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducciones presupuestarias = budgetary restrictions.
    * reducción fiscal = tax cut.
    * reducción para piano = piano score.
    * reducción presupuestaria = budget reduction, budgetary constraint.
    * reducción tributaria = tax reduction.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( disminución) reduction

    la reducción del precio del pan — the reduction in o lowering of the price of bread

    reducción de impuestos — tax cuts, reduction in taxes

    b) (Fot) reduction
    2) (Mat, Quím, Med) reduction
    3) (Chi) ( de indígenas) reservation
    * * *
    = compression, curtailment, cutting, reduction, shrinkage, contraction, dilution, diminution, abatement, slashing, ebbing, depletion, narrowing, cut, effacement, drawdown, mark-down.

    Ex: The compression keys are built for all main and added entry combinations appropriate to a record.

    Ex: This paper emphasises the need for booksellers to keep informed of new developments and of the danger of curtailment of present activities, but also to be prepared to experiment.
    Ex: This article concludes that cutting the number of words could lead to undesirable impoverishing of data bases rendering them useless as an independent source of information.
    Ex: A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex: DBMS systems aim to allow data to be re-organised to accommodate growth, shrinkage and so on.
    Ex: The euphoric years of affluence and expansion in the decades immediately following the midpoint of the century have given way to traumatic years of austerity and contraction.
    Ex: The good novelist is therefore an author with a wide appeal but this wide appeal is not attained, or even sought, through a dilution of quality; it is simply that this type of writer has a different sort of skill.
    Ex: Most adults feel the awakening of interest in biography and a diminution at the same time of the fondness for fiction.
    Ex: The asbestos literature is discussed under its industrial, medical, legal, control and abatement aspects.
    Ex: But more to the point, the claim that 2 1/2 million jobs depend on slashing red tape is a misrepresentation of a CBI survey carried out in advance of the UK general election of 1983.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The ebbing of municipal documents and the flow of public information in New York'.
    Ex: Results indicated that there will be a serious depletion of resources in library schools before the year 2001.
    Ex: The narrowing of the curriculum has implications for the future.
    Ex: Cuts in the 1988 budget have resulted in cuts in opening hours, staff hours, and book budget.
    Ex: Meanwhile a coalition of cells has been effected at intervals through the effacement of their walls.
    Ex: Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    Ex: Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    * escala de reducción = reduction ratio.
    * mamoplastía de reducción = reduction mammoplasty.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * reducción al mínimo = minimisation [minimization, -USA].
    * reducción de costes = cost saving [cost-saving].
    * reducción de gastos = cost cutting, cost saving [cost-saving], cost reduction.
    * reducción de impuestos = tax cut.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * reducción de la deuda externa = debt relief.
    * reducción de las diferencias entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * reducción de los precios = price cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de pecho = breast reduction.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * reducción de plantilla = downsizing.
    * reducción de precios = pricecutting.
    * reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducciones presupuestarias = budgetary restrictions.
    * reducción fiscal = tax cut.
    * reducción para piano = piano score.
    * reducción presupuestaria = budget reduction, budgetary constraint.
    * reducción tributaria = tax reduction.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (disminución): reducción de gastos reduction in costs
    la reducción del precio del pan the reduction in o lowering of the price of bread
    no habrá reducción de los impuestos there will be no tax cuts o no reduction in taxes
    una reducción del personal a reduction o cutback in the workforce
    se ha producido una reducción en el consumo de tabaco there has been a reduction o drop in tobacco consumption
    una reducción de tres horas semanales a reduction of three hours a week
    se solicitó la reducción de la pena they asked for the sentence to be commuted o reduced
    2 ( Fot) reduction
    B
    1 ( Mat) reduction
    2 ( Quím) reduction
    C (de una ciudad) conquest; (de los rebeldes, enemigos) defeat
    D
    2 ( Chi) (de indígenas) reservation
    E (de una fractura) setting, reduction ( tech)
    * * *

     

    reducción sustantivo femenino
    reduction;
    ◊ reducción de impuestos tax cuts, reduction in taxes;

    una reducción de personal a reduction o cutback in the workforce
    reducción sustantivo femenino reduction
    reducción de plantilla, streamlining

    ' reducción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    contrapartida
    - polvareda
    - rebaja
    - despedir
    English:
    cut
    - cutback
    - decrease
    - reduction
    - redundant
    - remission
    - retrenchment
    - board
    * * *
    1. [disminución] reduction;
    piden la reducción de la jornada laboral they are asking for working hours to be shortened;
    reducción al absurdo reductio ad absurdum;
    reducción de gastos cost cutting;
    han anunciado una reducción de gastos they have announced that they are going to cut costs;
    reducción de jornada: [m5] estar en reducción de jornada to work part-time;
    reducción de precios [acción] price-cutting;
    [resultado] price cut;
    2. [sometimiento] [de rebelión] suppression;
    [de ejército] defeat
    3. Med [de fractura] reduction
    4. Quím reduction
    5. Hist = settlement of Indians converted to Christianity
    6. RP [de cadáver] exhumation [for reburial of bones in smaller container]
    * * *
    f
    1 reduction;
    reducción de empleo job cuts pl ;
    reducción de la jornada laboral shortening of the working day;
    plantilla cutbacks pl, job cuts pl
    2 MED setting
    * * *
    reducción nf, pl - ciones : reduction, decrease
    * * *
    reducción n reduction

    Spanish-English dictionary > reducción

  • 6 ermäßigt

    I P.P. ermäßigen
    II Adj. reduced; zu ermäßigten Preisen at reduced prices; Fahrkarten etc.: auch at reduced rates
    * * *
    reduced
    * * *
    er|mä|ßigt [Eɐ'mɛːsɪçt]
    1. ptp
    See:
    2. adj
    reduced

    zu ermä́ßigten Preisen — at reduced prices; (Fahrkarten, Eintritt etc) at reduced rates

    * * *
    er·mä·ßigt
    I. pp und 1. pers. sing von ermäßigen
    II. adj reduced
    \ermäßigte Eintrittskarte reduced-price ticket
    \ermäßigter Steuersatz rate of relief
    * * *
    A. pperf → ermäßigen
    B. adj reduced;
    zu ermäßigten Preisen at reduced prices; Fahrkarten etc: auch at reduced rates
    * * *
    adj.
    reduced adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > ermäßigt

  • 7 льготный

    прл
    privileged; favo(u)rable

    льго́тный биле́т — privilege ticket

    по сниженной цене — cut-price/cut-rate ticket

    льго́тный срок — grace period

    по льго́тной цене́ — at a reduced price

    льго́тный тари́ф — preferential rate

    льго́тное налогообложе́ние — tax exemption/relief

    Русско-английский учебный словарь > льготный

  • 8 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

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  • Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 — The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (USPL|107|16, USStat|115|38, June 72001), was a sweeping piece of tax legislation in the United States. It is commonly known by its abbreviation EGTRRA, often pronounced egg tra or egg …   Wikipedia

  • Debt relief — is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations. From antiquity through the 19th century, it refers to domestic debts, in particular agricultural debts and… …   Wikipedia

  • Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 — The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 ( JGTRRA , USPL|108|27, USStat|117|752), was passed by the United States Congress on May 23, 2003 and signed by President Bush on May 28, 2003.Among other provisions, the act accelerated… …   Wikipedia

  • World Relief — Infobox Organization name = World Relief image border = size = 250px caption = World Relief logo formation = 1944 type = International NGO purpose = Relief and development headquarters = Baltimore, Maryland, US location = region served =… …   Wikipedia

  • Commission for Polish Relief — The Commission for Polish Relief (CPR), also known unofficially as Comporel[1] or Hoover Commission,[2] was initiated in late 1939 by former US President Herbert Hoover, following the German and Soviet occupation of Poland. The Commission… …   Wikipedia

  • Jobs And Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 - JGTRRA — A U.S. tax law, passed by Congress on May 23, 2003, that lowered the maximum individual income tax rate on corporate dividends to 15%. The act also reduced the long term individual income tax rate on capital gains to 15%. The act was signed by… …   Investment dictionary

  • Famine relief — A famine is a phenomenon in which a large percentage of the population of a region or country are so undernourished that death by starvation becomes increasingly common. In spite of the much greater technological and economic resources of the… …   Wikipedia

  • President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief — The President s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR/Emergency Plan) was a commitment of $15 billion over five years (2003–2008) from United States President George W. Bush to fight the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. The program initially aimed …   Wikipedia

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