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reconstruction+(noun)

  • 1 reconstruction

    reconstruction [ʀ(ə)kɔ̃stʀyksjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
    [de maison, ville, fortune] rebuilding ; [de pays] reconstruction
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)kɔ̃stʀyksjɔ̃
    nom féminin (d'édifice, de ville) reconstruction; (de pays, société) rebuilding
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)kɔ̃stʀyksjɔ̃ nf
    [ville, bâtiment, pays, économie, potentiel] rebuilding
    * * *
    reconstruction nf (d'édifice, de ville) reconstruction; (de pays, société) rebuilding.
    [rəkɔ̃stryksjɔ̃] nom féminin
    1. [généralement] reconstruction, rebuilding

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > reconstruction

  • 2 reconstruction

    [-ʃən] noun
    إعادَة بِناء

    Arabic-English dictionary > reconstruction

  • 3 tervehdyttäminen

    reconstruction (noun)
    rehabilitating (noun)
    reorganization (noun)
    reorganizing (noun)
    * * *
    • reconstruction
    • reorganization
    • sanitation

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > tervehdyttäminen

  • 4 reconstrucción

    f.
    1 reconstruction, redevelopment, rebuilding, remaking.
    2 reconstructed area.
    * * *
    1 reconstruction
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino (de edificio, ciudad) reconstruction, rebuilding; ( de suceso) reconstruction
    * * *
    = reconstruction, redevelopment [re-development], rebuilding, re-enactment [reenactment].
    Ex. In the present climate of national reconstruction the Ministry of Motor Industry was one of the first to focus on questions of economics.
    Ex. The board chose to place the redevelopment issue in the hands of a committee, on which users formed the majority.
    Ex. The article 'Turning over a new page' discusses the rebuilding of the National Library and its collections following the Khmer Rouge occupation of 1975-9.
    Ex. And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.
    ----
    * en reconstrucción = under reconstruction.
    * reconstrucción de páginas = leafcasting [leaf casting].
    * * *
    femenino (de edificio, ciudad) reconstruction, rebuilding; ( de suceso) reconstruction
    * * *
    = reconstruction, redevelopment [re-development], rebuilding, re-enactment [reenactment].

    Ex: In the present climate of national reconstruction the Ministry of Motor Industry was one of the first to focus on questions of economics.

    Ex: The board chose to place the redevelopment issue in the hands of a committee, on which users formed the majority.
    Ex: The article 'Turning over a new page' discusses the rebuilding of the National Library and its collections following the Khmer Rouge occupation of 1975-9.
    Ex: And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.
    * en reconstrucción = under reconstruction.
    * reconstrucción de páginas = leafcasting [leaf casting].

    * * *
    1 (de un edificio, una ciudad) reconstruction, rebuilding
    2 (de un suceso) reconstruction
    * * *
    1. [de edificios, país] rebuilding
    2. [de sucesos] reconstruction
    * * *
    f reconstruction
    * * *
    reconstrucción nf, pl - ciones : reconstruction

    Spanish-English dictionary > reconstrucción

  • 5 jälleenrakennus

    yks.nom. jälleenrakennus; yks.gen. jälleenrakennuksen; yks.part. jälleenrakennusta; yks.ill. jälleenrakennukseen; mon.gen. jälleenrakennusten jälleenrakennuksien; mon.part. jälleenrakennuksia; mon.ill. jälleenrakennuksiin
    reconstruction (noun)
    * * *
    • rebuilding
    • reconstruction

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > jälleenrakennus

  • 6 rekonstruktio

    yks.nom. rekonstruktio; yks.gen. rekonstruktion; yks.part. rekonstruktiota; yks.ill. rekonstruktioon; mon.gen. rekonstruktioiden rekonstruktioitten; mon.part. rekonstruktioita; mon.ill. rekonstruktioihin
    reconstruction (noun)
    * * *
    • reconstruction

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > rekonstruktio

  • 7 reconstitution

    reconstitution [ʀ(ə)kɔ̃stitysjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
       a. [de parti, armée, association] re-forming ; [de fortune, capital, réserves] rebuilding
       b. [de faits, histoire] reconstruction ; [de fichier] rebuilding ; [de texte] reconstitution
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)kɔ̃stitysjɔ̃
    nom féminin (d'armée, association) re-forming, reconstitution; (de crime, d'événement) reconstruction
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)kɔ̃stitysjɔ̃ nf
    [accident, crime] reconstruction
    * * *
    reconstitution nf (d'armée, association) re-forming, reconstitution; (de crime, d'événement) reconstruction; (d'époque, de décor) re-creation; reconstitution des faits reconstruction; reconstitution de carrière career record.
    [rəkɔ̃stitysjɔ̃] nom féminin
    1. [d'un groupe] reconstituting (substantif non comptable), bringing together (separable) again (substantif non comptable)
    [d'un capital] rebuilding, building up (separable) again
    [d'un fichier] recreating (substantif non comptable)
    [d'une histoire, d'un meurtre] reconstruction
    2. [réparation] piecing together (again)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > reconstitution

  • 8 vodà

    vodà Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `water'
    Old Church Slavic:
    voda `water' [f ā]
    Russian:
    vodá `water' [f ā], vódu [Accs]
    Czech:
    voda `water' [f ā]
    Slovak:
    voda `water' [f ā]
    Polish:
    woda `water' [f ā]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    vòda `water' [f ā], vȍdu [Accs];
    Čak. vodȁ (Vrgada, Novi, Hvar) `water' [f ā], vȍdu [Accs];
    Čak. vodȁ (Orbanići) `water' [f ā], vȍdo [Accs]
    Slovene:
    vóda `water' [f ā]
    Bulgarian:
    vodá `water' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: u̯ondōr
    Lithuanian:
    vanduõ `water' [m n] 3a
    Latvian:
    ûdens `water' [m o]
    Old Prussian:
    wundan `water';
    unds `water'
    Indo-European reconstruction: The origin of *vodà is the heteroclitic noun *uod-r/n- `water'. The fact that the etymon was not affected by Winter's law calls for an explanation. Kortlandt (1979: 60-61, cf. 1988: 388-389) claims that the vocalism of * voda continues the Gsg. * (v)undnes of a Balto-Slavic noun * vondōr, with a nasal infix originating from a suffix, as in Latv. unda (cf. Thurneysen 1883). The sequence ndn blocked Winter's law (cf. the regular acute in Lith. vanduõ). The vocalism * vod- arose in Proto-Slavic when *un was lowered before a tautosyllabic stop, which development was followed by the dissimilatory loss of the *n (cf. -> * ogn'ь).
    Other cognates:
    Skt. udán- (RV+) `water' [n];
    Hitt. u̯ātar `water' [n], u̯etenas [Gens];
    Gk. ὕδωρ `water' [n];
    Lat. unda `wave' [f];
    Go. wato `water' [n];
    OS watar `water' [n];
    OIc. vatn `water' [n]

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > vodà

  • 9 uudistaminen

    improving (noun)
    innovating (noun)
    mending (noun)
    modernizing (noun)
    reconstructing (noun)
    reform (noun)
    reformation (noun)
    reforming (noun)
    regenerating (noun)
    renewal (noun)
    renewing (noun)
    renovating (noun)
    reorganizing (noun)
    repeating (noun)
    reshaping (noun)
    * * *
    • reconditioning
    • revitalisation
    • resuscitation
    • repair
    • renovation
    • renewal
    • rejuvenation
    • reformation
    • reform
    • novation
    • reconstruction
    • recreation
    • regeneration

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > uudistaminen

  • 10 saneeraus

    yks.nom. saneeraus; yks.gen. saneerauksen; yks.part. saneerausta; yks.ill. saneeraukseen; mon.gen. saneerausten saneerauksien; mon.part. saneerauksia; mon.ill. saneerauksiin
    development (noun)
    re-fitting (noun)
    rebuilding (noun)
    redevelopment (noun)
    renovation (noun)
    reorganization (noun)
    slum clearance (noun)
    * * *
    • rebuilding
    • streamlining
    finance, business, economy
    • slum clearance
    • repair
    finance, business, economy
    • reorganization
    • reorganisation
    finance, business, economy
    • renovation
    finance, business, economy
    • clearance
    • reconstruction
    finance, business, economy
    • development
    • urban renewal
    • redevelopment

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > saneeraus

  • 11 altar

    m.
    altar.
    altar mayor high altar
    * * *
    1 altar
    \
    llevar/conducir al altar to lead to the altar, marry
    poner en un altar to put on a pedestal
    altar mayor high altar
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino altar
    * * *
    = altar.
    Ex. They were particularly concerned with the application of computer visualisation to the reconstruction of the Altar of Pergamon, Greece..
    ----
    * altar de sacrificios = sacrificial altar.
    * sábana del altar = altar cloth.
    * * *
    masculino altar
    * * *

    Ex: They were particularly concerned with the application of computer visualisation to the reconstruction of the Altar of Pergamon, Greece..

    * altar de sacrificios = sacrificial altar.
    * sábana del altar = altar cloth.

    * * *
    altar
    la llevó al altar he made her his wife, he married her
    Compuesto:
    high altar
    * * *

    altar sustantivo masculino
    altar
    altar m Relig altar
    ♦ Locuciones: llevar/conducir al altar: to marry: está deseando llevar al altar a María, he's dying to get hitched up with María
    ' altar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ara
    - monaguillo
    - templete
    - mantel
    - sagrado
    English:
    altar
    - candle
    - erect
    * * *
    altar nm
    altar;
    conducir o [m5] llevar a alguien al altar to lead sb down the aisle;
    altar mayor high altar
    * * *
    m altar;
    llevar al altar marry, lead to the altar;
    * * *
    altar nm
    : altar
    * * *
    altar n altar

    Spanish-English dictionary > altar

  • 12 urbanización

    f.
    1 urban development, development, housing complex, housing development.
    2 city planning, town planning.
    * * *
    1 (proceso) urbanization
    2 (conjunto residencial) housing development, housing estate
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) urbanization
    2) (=colonia, barrio) housing development, housing estate
    * * *
    femenino ( acción) urbanization, development; ( núcleo residencial) (Esp) (housing) development
    * * *
    = urbanisation [urbanization, -USA], estate, housing development, housing estate, housing complex.
    Ex. The acceleration of change, in technology, in mobility, in urbanization, in international relations, in economics, all have affected libraries.
    Ex. The Clifton branch serves an estate that is rather cut off from the rest of the city of Nottingham.
    Ex. The mobile visits 24 sites on a weekly basis, serving communities and housing developments some distance from static service points.
    Ex. Libraries formed a major part of the reconstruction of Poland after World War II and they are to be found in such diverse places as housing estates and office blocks.
    Ex. Roughly 3 percent of all persons aged 70 and older in 1993 were living in housing complexes for the elderly.
    ----
    * urbanización de viviendas sociales = council estate.
    * urbanización privada = private estate.
    * * *
    femenino ( acción) urbanization, development; ( núcleo residencial) (Esp) (housing) development
    * * *
    = urbanisation [urbanization, -USA], estate, housing development, housing estate, housing complex.

    Ex: The acceleration of change, in technology, in mobility, in urbanization, in international relations, in economics, all have affected libraries.

    Ex: The Clifton branch serves an estate that is rather cut off from the rest of the city of Nottingham.
    Ex: The mobile visits 24 sites on a weekly basis, serving communities and housing developments some distance from static service points.
    Ex: Libraries formed a major part of the reconstruction of Poland after World War II and they are to be found in such diverse places as housing estates and office blocks.
    Ex: Roughly 3 percent of all persons aged 70 and older in 1993 were living in housing complexes for the elderly.
    * urbanización de viviendas sociales = council estate.
    * urbanización privada = private estate.

    * * *
    1 (acción) urbanization, development
    la urbanización de un terreno the development of a piece of land
    2 ( Esp) (núcleo residencial) (housing) development
    * * *

     

    urbanización sustantivo femenino ( acción) urbanization, development;
    ( núcleo residencial) (Esp) (housing) development
    urbanización sustantivo femenino
    1 (construcción) development, urbanization
    2 (zona residencial) estate, (housing) development
    ' urbanización' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    croquis
    - chalet
    - polígono
    English:
    development
    - estate
    - housing development
    - housing estate
    - retirement community
    - housing
    * * *
    1. [zona residencial] (private) housing development
    2. [acción] development, urbanization;
    la urbanización de la zona the development of the area
    * * *
    f (urban) development; ( colonia) housing development, Br
    housing estate
    * * *
    urbanización nf, pl - ciones : housing development, residential area
    * * *
    urbanización n housing estate

    Spanish-English dictionary > urbanización

  • 13 banque

    banque [bɑ̃k]
    feminine noun
    • banque du sang/d'organes blood/organ bank
    * * *
    bɑ̃k
    1) ( établissement) bank

    mettre un chèque à la banque — to pay in ou deposit a cheque GB ou check US

    2) ( activité) banking
    3) ( de jeu) bank
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    bɑ̃k nf
    1) (= établissement) bank
    2) (= secteur) banking
    * * *
    banque nf
    1 ( établissement) bank; mettre son argent à la banque to put one's money in the bank; avoir 1 000 euros en banque to have 1,000 euros in the bank; mettre un chèque à la banque to pay in ou deposit a cheque GB ou check US;
    2 ( activité) banking; les métiers de la banque banking careers;
    3 Jeux bank; faire sauter la banque to break the bank; tenir la banque to be banker.
    banque d'affaires merchant bank; banque de connaissances knowledge bank; banque de dépôt deposit bank; banque à domicile home banking; banque de données Ordinat data bank; banque d'émission issuing bank; Banque européenne d'investissement, BEI European Investment Bank, EIB; Banque européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement, BERD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, EBRD; Banque de France Banque de France; banque d'organes Méd organ bank; banque du sang Méd blood bank; banque de sperme Méd sperm bank; Banque mondiale World Bank; Banque des règlements internationaux, BRI Bank for International Settlements, BIS.
    ⓘ Banque de France The central bank, under state ownership since 1945, which has sole money-issuing powers, and a supervisory role over other banks.
    [bɑ̃k] nom féminin
    1. [établissement] bank
    avoir/mettre une somme à la banque to have/put some money in the bank
    banque d'affaires/de dépôt merchant/deposit bank
    banque d'émission issuing bank, issuing house
    2. [profession] banking
    3. INFORMATIQUE & MÉDECINE bank
    banque du sang/du sperme/de données blood/sperm/data bank
    4. JEUX [réserve] bank
    tenir la banque to be the banker, to keep the bank

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > banque

  • 14 bèrdjь

    bèrdjь Grammatical information: adj. jo Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `with young, pregnant'
    Page in Trubačev: I 188-189
    Church Slavic:
    brěžda `pregnant' [Nomsgf];
    brěž(d)a (RuCS) `pregnant' [Nomsgf]
    Russian:
    beréžaja (dial.) `in foal' [Nomsgf];
    berëžaja (dial.) `mare in foal' [Nomsgf]
    Ukrainian:
    beréža `with young' [Nomsgf]
    Czech:
    březí `with young, pregnant' [Nomsgf]
    Old Czech:
    břězí `with young, pregnant' [Nomsgf]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    brȅđ (W. dial.) `pregnant, (Cr.) in calf' [adj jo];
    Čak. brȅja (Orbanići) `pregnant (of a cow), with young' [Nomsgf]
    Slovene:
    brẹ́ja `with young' [Nomsgf]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: berʔdios
    Lithuanian:
    ber̃(g)ždžias `barren (of a cow)' [adj] 4;
    ber(g)ždė̃ `barren cow' [f ē]
    Indo-European reconstruction: bʰerdieh₂
    IE meaning: pregnant
    Comments: Both *bʰerdʰieh₂ and *bʰerHdʰieh₂ would have yielded forba in Latin (see Nussbaum 1999 for the development of *rdʰ originating from syncope). A proto-form *bʰerHdieh₂ would therefore theoretically be possible. Nussbaum, who considers the connection with OCS brěžda possible, suggests that an original noun *bʰori- > *fori `birther' was expanded to *fori-d- and then hypercharacterized as a feminine (1999: 406).
    Other cognates:
    Lat. forda `in calf' [Nomsgf]

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > bèrdjь

  • 15 ęzỳkъ

    ęzỳkъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `tongue, language'
    Page in Trubačev: VI 74-75
    Old Church Slavic:
    językъ `tongue, language, nation' [m o]
    Russian:
    jazýk `tongue, language' [m o]
    Czech:
    jazyk `tongue, language' [m o]
    Slovak:
    jazyk `tongue, language' [m o]
    Polish:
    język `tongue, language' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    jèzik `tongue, language' [m o];
    Čak. jazȉk (Vrgada) `tongue, language' [m o];
    Čak. zajȉk (Novi, Orbanići) `tongue, language' [m o]
    Slovene:
    jézik `tongue, language' [m o], jezíka [Gens]
    Bulgarian:
    ezík `tongue, language' [m o]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: inźuʔ-
    Lithuanian:
    liežùvis `tongue' [m io] 2
    Old Prussian:
    insuwis `tongue'
    Indo-European reconstruction: dnǵʰ-uh₂-
    IE meaning: tongue
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 223
    Comments: Apparently, the Balto-Slavic noun *inźuʔ- (with loss of initial *d) acquired the suffix *-kъ in Slavic. The nasal vowel of the root is reflected as short in the languages where quantitative differences can be observed, which points to original suffixal stress.
    Other cognates:
    Skt. jihvā́- (RV+) `tongue' [f];
    OLat. dingua `tongue' [f];
    Go. tuggo [f]

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > ęzỳkъ

  • 16 mě̑xъ

    mě̑xъ; měšъkъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `bag (made from skin)'
    Page in Trubačev: XVIII 156-159, 220-221
    Old Church Slavic:
    měxъ `wine-skin' [m o]
    Russian:
    mex `fur, (dial.) bag' [m o], méxa [Gens], mexá [Nom p] \{1\};
    mešók `bag' [m o], mešká [Gens]
    Czech:
    měch `bag, net' [m o];
    míšek `purse, small bag' [m o], mešká [Gens]
    Slovak:
    mech `bag' [m o]
    Polish:
    miech `bag, bellows' [m o]
    Slovincian:
    mjìex `bag, bellows' [m o]
    Upper Sorbian:
    měch `bag, bellows' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    mȉjeh `bellows, wine-skin' [m o], mȉjeha [Gens];
    Čak. mȋh (Vrgada) `bellows, wine-skin' [m o], mȋha [Gens];
    Čak. mȋh (Novi) `bellows, wine-skin' [m o];
    Čak. miȇh (Vrgada) `bellows, bag-pipes' [m o], miȇhe [Locs]
    Slovene:
    mẹ̑h `fur, wine-skin, bellows, leather bag' [m o/u], mẹ̑ha [Gens], mẹhȗ [Gens];
    mẹ̑šǝk `small bellows' [m o]
    Bulgarian:
    mjax `bellows, bag made from skin' [m o];
    mex `bellows, bag made from skin' [m o]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: moiṣós
    Lithuanian:
    maĩšas `bag, sack' [m o] 4 \{2\}
    Latvian:
    màiss `bag' [m o]
    Old Prussian:
    moasis (EV) `bellows'
    Indo-European reconstruction: moiso-
    IE meaning: ram
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 747
    Comments: I feel that we should not attach too much importance to De Vries's observation that with respect to Germanic it is unwarranted to start from an original meaning `Tragkorb aus Fell' (1962: 382). In fact, the same would apply to the Baltic forms. I consider the semantic similarity between, for instance, Lith. maĩšas `ein aus Schnüren gestricktes Heunetz' (note that the meaning `net' is also attested in Slavic), OIc. heymeiss `hay-sack' and Eng. (dial.) maiz `large, light hay-basket' sufficient evidence for the etymological identity of the Germanic and the Balto-Slavic forms. MoIr. moais `bag, hamper', moaiseog `wicker basket' is doubtless a borrowing from Germanic.
    Other cognates:
    Skt. meṣá- `ram'
    ;
    OIc. meiss `basket'
    ;
    OHG meisa `pannier'
    Notes:
    \{1\} The plural noun mexí means `fur bag, wine-skin'. \{2\} Friedrich Kurschat's dictionary (1883) mentions the more specific meaning `ein aus Schnüren gestricktes Heunetz'.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > mě̑xъ

  • 17 měšъkъ

    mě̑xъ; měšъkъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `bag (made from skin)'
    Page in Trubačev: XVIII 156-159, 220-221
    Old Church Slavic:
    měxъ `wine-skin' [m o]
    Russian:
    mex `fur, (dial.) bag' [m o], méxa [Gens], mexá [Nom p] \{1\};
    mešók `bag' [m o], mešká [Gens]
    Czech:
    měch `bag, net' [m o];
    míšek `purse, small bag' [m o], mešká [Gens]
    Slovak:
    mech `bag' [m o]
    Polish:
    miech `bag, bellows' [m o]
    Slovincian:
    mjìex `bag, bellows' [m o]
    Upper Sorbian:
    měch `bag, bellows' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    mȉjeh `bellows, wine-skin' [m o], mȉjeha [Gens];
    Čak. mȋh (Vrgada) `bellows, wine-skin' [m o], mȋha [Gens];
    Čak. mȋh (Novi) `bellows, wine-skin' [m o];
    Čak. miȇh (Vrgada) `bellows, bag-pipes' [m o], miȇhe [Locs]
    Slovene:
    mẹ̑h `fur, wine-skin, bellows, leather bag' [m o/u], mẹ̑ha [Gens], mẹhȗ [Gens];
    mẹ̑šǝk `small bellows' [m o]
    Bulgarian:
    mjax `bellows, bag made from skin' [m o];
    mex `bellows, bag made from skin' [m o]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: moiṣós
    Lithuanian:
    maĩšas `bag, sack' [m o] 4 \{2\}
    Latvian:
    màiss `bag' [m o]
    Old Prussian:
    moasis (EV) `bellows'
    Indo-European reconstruction: moiso-
    IE meaning: ram
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 747
    Comments: I feel that we should not attach too much importance to De Vries's observation that with respect to Germanic it is unwarranted to start from an original meaning `Tragkorb aus Fell' (1962: 382). In fact, the same would apply to the Baltic forms. I consider the semantic similarity between, for instance, Lith. maĩšas `ein aus Schnüren gestricktes Heunetz' (note that the meaning `net' is also attested in Slavic), OIc. heymeiss `hay-sack' and Eng. (dial.) maiz `large, light hay-basket' sufficient evidence for the etymological identity of the Germanic and the Balto-Slavic forms. MoIr. moais `bag, hamper', moaiseog `wicker basket' is doubtless a borrowing from Germanic.
    Other cognates:
    Skt. meṣá- `ram'
    ;
    OIc. meiss `basket'
    ;
    OHG meisa `pannier'
    Notes:
    \{1\} The plural noun mexí means `fur bag, wine-skin'. \{2\} Friedrich Kurschat's dictionary (1883) mentions the more specific meaning `ein aus Schnüren gestricktes Heunetz'.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > měšъkъ

  • 18 mělь

    mělь; mělъ Grammatical information: f. i; m. o
    Page in Trubačev: XVIII 162-168
    Old Church Slavic:
    měla (Supr.) `lime' [Gensm o]
    Russian:
    mel' `sand-bank, shoal' [f i];
    mel `chalk' [m o]
    Czech:
    měl (SSJČ) `spit' [f i];
    měl (Jungmann) `pebble, dust, shoal' [f i];
    měl (Kott) `loose earth, powder, pebble' [f i]
    Old Czech:
    měl `shoal, sand-bank, fodder' [m i]
    Polish:
    miaɫ, mieɫ (dial.) `dust, chalk, muddy water, fine powder' [m o]
    Old Polish:
    miel `sand-bank' [f i];
    miaɫ `finely ground substance' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    mẽlj (Čak.), mèlja [Gens] `fine sand' [m jo];
    mél (Čak.), mèla [Gens] `dust, powder' [m o]
    Slovene:
    mẹ̑lj `sand-bank' [m jo]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)mēl-i-
    Lithuanian:
    smė̃lis `sand' [m io] 2 \{1\}
    Latvian:
    smēlis `fine sand' [m io] \{2\}
    Indo-European reconstruction: mēlH-i-
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 717
    Comments: The Baltic and Slavic forms are formally compatible with the root melH- `to grind', the Baltic word showing s mobile. The lengthened grade vowel points to an old root noun. Semantically, this etymology does not seem implausible to me ( pace Stang (l.c.), who, by the way, does not mention any Baltic forms).
    Other cognates:
    OIc. melr (dial.) `sand-bank'
    ;
    Sw. mjåg (dial.) `sand-hill, high riverbank'
    ;
    Sw. smula `chunk'
    ;
    Nw. smola (dial.) `smash' [verb];
    Nw. smol (dial.) `dust'
    \{3\} \{4\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} Also Standard Lithuanian is smėlỹs 4. \{2\} Judging by the Lithuanian evidence, the zero grade of the root was originally acute: smiltis 1/3/4 (LKŽ) `fine sand, gritty earth'. The only non-ambiguous Latvian forms in ME are smìlts and smìltis `sand', however. The most plausible option is that the Latvian falling tone is secondary (cf. Derksen 1996: 147). \{3\} The Scandinavian forms with sm- could derive from the root melH- `grind' preceded by s mobile. OIc. melr and Sw. (dial.) mjåg < *mjalg are mentioned by Stang in connection with Ru. mel' etc. (1972: 36). According to Stang, these words point to *melha- /melga. Therefore the possible etymological relationship with the Slavic forms is limited to the root.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > mělь

  • 19 mělъ

    mělь; mělъ Grammatical information: f. i; m. o
    Page in Trubačev: XVIII 162-168
    Old Church Slavic:
    měla (Supr.) `lime' [Gensm o]
    Russian:
    mel' `sand-bank, shoal' [f i];
    mel `chalk' [m o]
    Czech:
    měl (SSJČ) `spit' [f i];
    měl (Jungmann) `pebble, dust, shoal' [f i];
    měl (Kott) `loose earth, powder, pebble' [f i]
    Old Czech:
    měl `shoal, sand-bank, fodder' [m i]
    Polish:
    miaɫ, mieɫ (dial.) `dust, chalk, muddy water, fine powder' [m o]
    Old Polish:
    miel `sand-bank' [f i];
    miaɫ `finely ground substance' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    mẽlj (Čak.), mèlja [Gens] `fine sand' [m jo];
    mél (Čak.), mèla [Gens] `dust, powder' [m o]
    Slovene:
    mẹ̑lj `sand-bank' [m jo]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)mēl-i-
    Lithuanian:
    smė̃lis `sand' [m io] 2 \{1\}
    Latvian:
    smēlis `fine sand' [m io] \{2\}
    Indo-European reconstruction: mēlH-i-
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 717
    Comments: The Baltic and Slavic forms are formally compatible with the root melH- `to grind', the Baltic word showing s mobile. The lengthened grade vowel points to an old root noun. Semantically, this etymology does not seem implausible to me ( pace Stang (l.c.), who, by the way, does not mention any Baltic forms).
    Other cognates:
    OIc. melr (dial.) `sand-bank'
    ;
    Sw. mjåg (dial.) `sand-hill, high riverbank'
    ;
    Sw. smula `chunk'
    ;
    Nw. smola (dial.) `smash' [verb];
    Nw. smol (dial.) `dust'
    \{3\} \{4\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} Also Standard Lithuanian is smėlỹs 4. \{2\} Judging by the Lithuanian evidence, the zero grade of the root was originally acute: smiltis 1/3/4 (LKŽ) `fine sand, gritty earth'. The only non-ambiguous Latvian forms in ME are smìlts and smìltis `sand', however. The most plausible option is that the Latvian falling tone is secondary (cf. Derksen 1996: 147). \{3\} The Scandinavian forms with sm- could derive from the root melH- `grind' preceded by s mobile. OIc. melr and Sw. (dial.) mjåg < *mjalg are mentioned by Stang in connection with Ru. mel' etc. (1972: 36). According to Stang, these words point to *melha- /melga. Therefore the possible etymological relationship with the Slavic forms is limited to the root.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > mělъ

  • 20 ògn'ь

    ògn'ь Grammatical information: m. i / m. jo Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `fire'
    Page in Trubačev: XXXII 30-33
    Old Church Slavic:
    ognь `fire' [m i], ogni [Gens];
    ogn'ь `fire' [m jo], ognja [Gens]
    Russian:
    ogón' `fire' [m jo], ognjá [Gens];
    ogon' (N. dial.) `fire' [m? i], ogni [Gens]
    Ukrainian:
    ohón' (dial.) `fire' [m jo], ohnjú [Gens];
    ohén' (dial.) `fire' [m i], ohný [Gens]
    Czech:
    oheň `fire' [m jo]
    Slovak:
    oheň `fire' [m jo]
    Polish:
    ogień `fire' [m jo]
    Slovincian:
    vùo̯gȯu̯n `fire' [m jo]
    Upper Sorbian:
    woheń `fire' [m jo]
    Lower Sorbian:
    wogeń `fire' [m jo]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    òganj `fire' [m jo], ògnja [Gens];
    Čak. ȍgań (Vrgada) `fire, hearth' [m jo], ȍgńa [Gens];
    Čak. ogáń (Novi) `fire' [m jo], ogńȁ [Gens];
    Čak. ugãnj (Orbanići) `fire' [m jo], ugnjȁ [Gens]
    Slovene:
    ógǝnj `fire' [m jo], ógnja [Gens]
    Bulgarian:
    ógăn `fire' [m jo]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ungnis
    Lithuanian:
    ugnìs `fire' [f i] 4
    Latvian:
    uguns `fire' [f i];
    uguns `fire' [m i]
    Indo-European reconstruction: h₁ngw-ni-
    Comments: According to Kortlandt (1979: 60-61), * ogn'ь reflects a Balto-Slavic noun * ungnis, where *- ngn- blocked the operation of Winter's law. The sequence *un was lowered to *on before a tautosyllabic stop, with subsequent loss of the nasal as a result of dissimilation (cf. -> *vodà). Apparently, the latter development occurred in Baltic as well. The expected reflex of Winter's law is found in -> *vỳgъn̨ь, vỳgъn̨a.
    Other cognates:
    Skt. agní- (RV+) `fire, Agni'
    ;
    Lat. ignis `fire'

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > ògn'ь

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