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101 relief
n. lättnad; befrielse; bistånd; relief (skulpterad bild); socialhjälp, understöd; vaktombyte, avlösning* * *[rə'li:f]1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) lindring, lättnad2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) understöd, bistånd3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) avlösare, avbytare4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) befriande5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) relief•- relieve- relieved -
102 relief
[rə'li:f]1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) úleva2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) pomoc, pomocný3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) směna, střídání4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) osvobození5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) reliéf•- relieve- relieved* * *• ulehčení• úleva• útěcha• vysvobození• posila• pomoc• podpora materiální• plastika• profil• reliéf• střídání stráže• osvobození• odpočinek• obrys• kontrast -
103 relief
[rə'li:f]1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) úľava2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) pomoc; pomocný, na pomoc3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) smena, striedanie4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) oslobodenie5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) reliéf•- relieve- relieved* * *• útecha• zábava• výpomoc• vylahcenie• výmena• výraznost• výška pevnosti• žalobná prosba• zretelnost• zmena• smena• striedanie• ulahcenie• ulavenie• úlava• profil• reliéf• remedúra• oslobodenie• plasticnost• podbrúsenie• opravný prostriedok• podpora• posila• pomoc• právna pomoc• podsústruženie• kontrast• náprava• návrh žaloby• návrh žiadosti• oddych• odlahcenie• obrys• odpocinok -
104 relief
[rə'li:f]1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) uşurare; calmare2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) (de) ajutor; asistenţă3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) (de) schimb4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) eliberare5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) relief•- relieve- relieved -
105 relief
[rə'li:f]1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) ανακούφιση2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) βοήθημα, αρωγή3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) αντικαταστάτης (π.χ. με αλλαγή βάρδιας)4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) λύση πολιορκίας5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) ανάγλυφο•- relieve- relieved -
106 system
1) система; сеть; комплекс2) установка, устройство3) план; расположение4) система; порядок; классификация•- system of catalogs - system of catalogues - system of forces - system of ground points - system of road signs - system of scaffolds - acoustic signalling system - active residential solar heating system - aeration system - air-brake system - air-comfort system - air-conditioning system - air-curtain system - air-foam system - airline system - airline vacuum system - air-pressure water system - all-outside air-conditioning system - arch system - arch-and-pier system - audible alarm system - Automated Data Management System in Building - ADMSB - automatic fire alarm system - balanced system of ventilation - bar system - basic system - beam system - blower system - British absolute system of units - building system - building central air conditioning system - building solar optical system - bypass pipe system - cable system - cantilever tieback system - cathodic protection system of pipelines - central fan electric heating system - central hot water supply system - check-board system - circulating water system - closed system - closed heat supply system - closed pipeline system - collecting system - colour spraying systems - combined extract-and-input system - combined sewerage system - community complete system in containers or skids - composite cable roof system - compressed-air system - computer-aided system - consolidated power system - control system of survey - cooling system - cooling pipe system - coordinate system - curing system - decimal system - designation system - discrete system - discrete-continual system - distributing system - district heating system - double-pipe system - double-pipeline system - double-pipe riser system - downward system of ventilation - drainage system - drencher system - drop system - dry pipe sprinkler system - dry return system - duct system - earthling system - ejector system - elastic system - electric heating system - embedded panel system - emergency power supply system - energy recovery system - engineer's system of units - filling system of navigation lock - filtration system - fire-alarm sounding system - fire-fighting system - fire-sprinkling system - fire warning system - fixing systems - flange system - flooding system - floor system - floor system of bridge - floor heating system - flow-through system - flue gas cleaning system - fluid power system - forced circulation system - four-axis system - framed system - gas heating system - glaze systems - gravity system - gravity water supply system - grid system - hazard system - heating system - heat pump system - heat supply system - high pressure air-conditioning system - high velocity air-conditioning system - hinged system - hoisting system - hot air system - hot blast system - hot water supply system - inflation system - instantaneously variable system - integral deck system - integrated dispatching system - invariable system - ion-exchange system - irrigation system - land system - large public water system - lateral system - left-handed system - lighting system - local air-conditioning system - lock-filling system - long-line system - low pressure air-conditioning system - low velocity air-conditioning system - low voltage system - main system - management system - measuring system - mechanical systems of a house - medium-size public water system - membrane system - metric system - modular coordinating space system - monitoring system - multistage gas supply system - network system - observing system - once-through system - one-layer cable system - one-pipe heating system - one-pipe loop system - open system - open heat supply system - open return system - overhead system of heating - overhead heating system - panel air system - panel cooling system - pipeline system - piping system - plane system - plumbing system - pollution control system - population settlement group system - post-tensioned system - potabilization system - power system - power-reservoir system - pressurized water treatment system - pre-tensioned system - primary system - public transport system - public water system - public waterworks system - quality control system - quarternary system - railroad system - recirculated heating system - recirculation duct air conditioning system - recool system - rectangular system of street layout - reliability coefficients system - remote control system - reusing water supply system - rigid cable roof system - ring heating system - roll-cap system - round duct system - safety valve of a hydraulic system - saprobity system - separate sewerage system - septic system - sewerage system - single duct air-conditioning system - single-stage system - single-track automatic block system - slab-stringer system - smoke-detector system - solar aquatic system - solar cooling system - solar heating system - solar thermal power system - space system - split system - sprinkler system - statically determinate system - statically indeterminate system - steel plate system - structural system - supply air system - suspension system - thermal reheat system - three-dimensional system - three-way system of reinforcement - thrust system - total energy system - two-dimensional system - two-duct air-conditioning system - two-layer cable roof system - two-pipe water heating system - underfloor heating system - underground cable system - unified modular coordination system - universal sewerage system - upfeed water heating system - up-lighting system - utility system - utility detection system - vacuum system - vandalproof system - variable air volume system - ventilation system - warning system - waste treatment system - waste water system - water system - water measuring systems - water purification system - water quality system - water quality indicator system - water supply system - water supply by zones system - water treatment systems - wind bracing system - zone system* * *1. система; сеть (напр. трубопроводов); устройство2. способ, метод- system of forcessystem in equilibrium — равновесная система, система в состоянии равновесия
- system of masses
- system of scaffolds
- ABC system
- AC system
- acoustical ceiling system
- active solar energy system
- aesthetic value system
- air classification system
- air cycle refrigerating system
- airfield soil classification system
- air pollution control system
- air-to-air system
- air-to-water system
- air transport system
- alarm system
- all-air system
- all outside air system
- all-water coil system
- all water fan coil system
- approach lighting system
- arterial system
- Atterberg soil classification system
- audio alarm system
- automated casting system
- automatic fire alarm system
- automatic fire protection system
- automatic flushing system
- balanced system
- balanced system of streets
- balanced ventilation system
- bar system
- beam structural system
- bell alarm system
- Benoto piling system
- bivalent heat pump system
- bleed-in system
- blow and exhaust system
- blow through air-conditioning system
- blow through fan system
- bootstrap system
- box system
- bridge deck structured system
- British soil classification system
- building system
- building automation system
- building-drainage system
- building gravity drainage system
- building management system
- built-in dust suppression system
- burglar alarm system
- cable system
- central air heating system
- central fan system
- centralized hot-water supply system
- central plant air conditioning system
- changeover system
- circulating system
- circulation water supply system
- circulation water system
- closed system
- closed heat-supply system
- closed-loop heat pump system
- closed-type steam heating system
- coding system
- cogeneration system
- cold supply system
- collapsing-ring bridge rail system
- combined drainage system
- combined sewage system
- complanar system of structural members
- complanar force system
- complete-mix activated sludge system
- composite frame system
- compression system
- concrete suspended flooring system
- constant volume system
- continuous conveying system
- continuous suspension system
- control system
- cooling system
- coordinate system
- cost-efficient floor system
- crossbar approach lighting system
- cross blow ventilation system
- curtain walling system
- custom forming system
- decentralized air conditioning system
- decentralized sewerage system
- deluge sprinkler system
- desiccant cooling system
- designation system
- design-built system
- diffusion-absorption system
- digital indicating system
- direct system
- direct air heating system
- direct cooling system
- direct expansion system
- direct hot water system
- direct hot-water supply system
- direct return system
- direct through air-conditioning system
- distribution system
- domestic hot water system
- domestic sewerage system
- "Dot" recording system
- double-pipe system
- double stack system
- down-feed system
- drainage system
- draw-in system
- draw-through fan system
- draw-through system
- drencher system
- drop system
- dry-pipe sprinkler system
- dual conduit system
- duct system
- ductless split air conditioning system
- dust collecting system
- dust extract system
- early warning system
- economical floor system
- ejector refrigerating system
- elastic mechanical system
- elastic system
- electric heating system
- electric reheat system
- energy management system
- environmental system
- exhaust system
- extract system
- FAA soil classification system
- fan coil system
- Federal aviation administration soil classification system
- fire alarm system
- fire-extinguishing system
- fire protection system
- flat plate-pipe column floor system
- floor structural system
- floor system
- flow-through system
- F-number system
- force system
- forming-and-reinforcing system
- Forton system
- four pipe system
- gantry crane system
- gas heating system
- gravity system
- gravity-flow heating system
- gravity sewerage system
- gravity steam heating system
- gravity water-supply system
- grid coordinate system
- gridiron distribution system
- grounding system
- groundwater control system
- group water supply system
- gyratory system
- heat distribution system
- heating system
- heat-of-light system
- heat pump system
- heat recovery system
- heat supply system
- heat-traced system
- high-intensity lighting system
- high temperature hot-water heating system
- high velocity system
- hold-over system
- holonomic system
- hot-air system
- hot water system
- hot-water circulation system
- hush piling system
- hybrid system
- hydraulic control system
- hydrophilic system
- hydrophobic system
- indirect expansion system
- indirect hot-water supply system
- indirect refrigeration system
- individual sewage-disposal system
- induction air conditioning system
- induction system
- industrialized building systems
- inflation system
- instrument landing system
- integral deck system
- integrated distribution floor system
- inverter driven VRV system
- Jackson system
- land system
- large panel system
- lighting system
- line system
- liquid overfeed system
- local sewerage system
- low-pressure system
- low pressure hot water system
- low velocity system
- main system
- maintenance management system
- mass transit system
- materials-handling system
- mechanical system
- mechanical refrigerating system
- mechanical supply system
- medium pressure hot water system
- medium temperature hot water system
- microbore heating system
- modular system
- modular air conditioning system
- modular compression sealing system
- modular decking system
- modular precast building system
- multiple-degree system
- multiple web system
- multiple well system
- multistage gas-supply system
- multizone system
- municipal piping system
- nail-free formwork system
- non-changeover system
- octopus duct system
- oil fired heating system
- once-through water-supply system
- one-degree system
- one-duct air-conditioning system
- one-pipe system
- one-pipe loop system
- one-way system
- open system
- open expansion tank system
- open-loop control system
- open return system
- open steam heating system
- operation system
- overhead heating system
- overhead runway system
- packaged cogeneration system
- panel air-conditioning system
- panel air system
- panel-lock system
- partially-separate system
- piping system
- plane system of forces
- plane grid system
- plenum system
- plumbing system
- pneumatic conveying system
- post-tensioning system
- preaction sprinkler system
- prefabricated pipe conduit system
- pressurization system
- pressurized heating system
- pressurized hot water system
- primary-secondary system
- principal system
- public system
- public waterwork system
- push-through fan system
- push-through system
- quality system
- rail mounted track laying system
- raised floor system
- rapid transport system
- recool system
- recycling system
- recycling water system
- redundant bridge system
- refrigerating system
- regenerative air cycle system
- regional settlement system
- reheat system
- return system
- return air system
- reverse return system
- reverse return upfeed system
- rising heating system
- road system
- roofing system
- run-around system
- safety system
- scraper system
- sealed heating system
- security system
- self-climbing form system
- separate sewerage system
- separate system
- series loop system
- sewage system
- shunt system
- single-degree-of-freedom system
- single-degree system
- single duct air conditioning system
- single-pipe heating system
- single-pipe heat-supply system
- single-stack plumbing system
- single-storey heating system
- single web system
- single-zone air-conditioning system
- slab-stringer system
- small bore heating system
- smoke control system
- smoke extract ventilation system
- soil system
- soil absorption system
- solar heating system
- solid fuel heating system
- split system
- sprinkler system
- state plane coordinate system
- statically determinate system
- statically indeterminate system
- stationary system of loads
- steam heating system
- steel plate system
- storm sewer system
- structural system
- structural monitoring system
- sub-atmospheric heating system
- subbuilding drainage system
- subsurface drainage system
- subsurface sewage disposal system
- supply air system
- supporting formwork system
- suspension structural system
- swing joint system
- taxiway system
- telpher system
- terminal reheat system
- thermal storage heating system
- thermosiphon system
- three-pipe system
- three-pipe air-conditioning system
- three-pipe heat supply system
- total energy system
- track laying system
- trench shoring system
- trussed system
- truss-supported deck system
- tube cleaning system
- two-degree-of-freedom system
- two-degree system
- two-pipe system
- two value system of proportional balancing
- two value system
- two-way system
- underfloor conduit system
- unvented system
- up-feed heating system
- utility detection system
- vacuum heating system
- vacuum return system
- vacuum waste disposal system
- variable air volume system
- variable refrigerant volume system
- variable volume system
- variable water volume system
- VAV system
- vented system
- ventilation system
- VRV system
- VWV system
- warning system
- water-air heating system
- water booster system
- water-supply system
- water-to-air system
- water-to-water system
- wellpoint system
- wet return system
- wind framing system
- wire cable control system
- wiring system
- zoned system
- zone reheat system -
107 power
сила; мощность; энергия; производительность; степень; способность (см. ability, capability, capacity); II снабжать двигательной энергией; приводить (в движение); вращать; служить приводным двигателем; II энергетический; силовой; моторный; машинный- power absorption fan - power-actuated - power-assisted steering - power broom - power-broom drag - power-circulating gear testing machine - power circulation - power clutch - power curve - power-cut - power-drawn - power efficiency - power end - power engineering - power factor - power farming - power fluid - power gas - power of absorption - power off - power of gravity - power of work - power on - power-operated - power-operated sprayer - power-per-litre - power piston - power-plant - power-plant suspension - power proportioning differential - power pulley - power pump - power-raised ladder - power rating - power ratio - power reductor - power reserve - power saving - power section of turbo-power unit - power shaft - power shifting - power shovel - power spark - power station - power steering - power stroke - power supply - power supply unit - power take-off - power take-off opening - power take-off shifter arm - power-to-volume ratio - power-to-weight ratio - power train - power transmission - power-transmission plant - power truck - power turbine - power-turbine nozzle diaphragm - power tyre pump - power unit - power washer - power waste - power-weight ratio - ascensional power - carrying power - engine continuous brake power - engine gross power - engine intermittent brake power - fluid power - hydraulic power - idle power - impelling power - mass power - net power - peak power - pulling power - reflecting power - required power - resistance power - spring power - stand-by power - stopping power - supporting power - thermal power - tractive power - useful power - wasted power - weak-mixture power - yielded-up power -
108 Brocatine
A brocade fabric made of all silk, or silk and cotton, in which the design is raised from the ground to imitate couched embroidery. -
109 Dobby Machines
These are exceedingly useful machines for forming the shed in weaving, since they can be used for both simple and complicated weaves. There are many types in use, most of which are negative acting in so far as they only lift the healds, springs being used beneath the healds to bring them down again after being lifted by the dobby. In the cotton trade 16 up 20 jacks is usual. Dobbies in common use are known as single lift, double lift, negative, positive, open shed, closed shed, and crossborder. Single Lift - In this type there is a single knife or griffe in use to raise the heald stave. The whole of the shafts return to their original position after each pick. A fresh selection of staves to be raised is made for each pick. Looms fitted with this dobby run slower than others, about 140 picks per minute. Double Lift - These machines are fitted with double selecting and lifting parts which move at half the speed of the loom. They give an open or semi-open shed. The speed of the loom is considerably more than for the single-lift type. Crossborder - This machine is used when headings or a change of weave is required as for bordered handkerchiefs, serviettes, towels, etc. Positive - Dobby machines which make an open shed and positively lift and depress the heald staves as required by the design. Negative - Dobbies which only lift the heald staves, and require springs or other means to move the staves to the bottom position. Centre Shed - Every thread of the warp is moved for every new shed. The shed opens from the middle. Some healds ascend and the others descend. Closed Shed - So termed because all the warp threads are brought to one level after each succeeding pick as in single-lift machines. Open Shed - The type generally used for automatic looms, also the double-lift machines. After a heald stave is lifted it remains up until it is required to be down again. The warp threads constantly form two lines, upper and lower, and the only changes are when threads move from line to the other. Semi-open Shed - This shed has a stationary bottom line, and to make changes, threads pass from the top to the bottom, or from the bottom to the top. The threads which remain up for more than one pick in succession only fall halfway and then go to the top again. -
110 Doups
Special healds used in the manufacture of gauze and leno fabrics. A doup consists of an ordinary heald termed the " front standard " and a half heald with only one stave termed the " doup heald." The half heald may be at the bottom or the top. In the case of the bottom doup, the twine of the doup heald passes over the eye of the front standard and returns through it. The crossing thread is drawn through the loop so formed, and also through an additional heald termed the back standard. To form the cross-shed the whole of the doup is raised, namely, the front standard and half heald. To form the open shed, i.e., when the crossing thread is on the other side of the standard end, the back standard is lifted, the front standard heald is left down, but the half heald is lifted to allow the warp thread to cross to the other side of the standard warp end (see gauze cloth and design). -
111 Gaufre
A French term for embossed velvets Gauffreing is now the term applied to the embossing of design on velvets, ribbons and trimmings. The plain material is passed between the nip of a suitably engraved hollow steel roller heated by gas or electricity and a paper roller. The engraved roller is pressed into the paper roller by screws and both are revolved until the surface of the paper roller has received the raised pattern in low relief. The material impregnated with the finishing substance is fed between these rollers and the heated roller embosses the pattern into the surface of the fabric. The pattern is not permanent and wetting will remove it. -
112 Gros Point De Venise
An Italian needle-point lace having heavy raised designs forming horizontal scrolls, comparatively simple brides, and usually a straight edge, trimmed only with picots. The design is padded and button-holed along one edge, like the rose point. The lace was very fashionable about 1620 to 1650Dictionary of the English textile terms > Gros Point De Venise
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113 Katau
Embroidered fabric hand-worked in India. The fabric is cut away in parts. Several varieties are done, viz.: - (1) Katau - The design is formed by large stitches and the fabric cut along the needlework and the edges are folded back and oversewn. All sizes and shapes of holes are formed. (2) As above, but one edge of the opening is raised up with several bindings of thick threads. (3) Chira - The openings are square and fairly large. The squares are cut away and the sides oversewn. Fine needlework in varying patterns is added. -
114 Opus Anglicum
The Latin term (meaning "English work") applied to embroidery of English make during the latter part of the 13th and early part of the 14th centuries when this work was at its best. The embroidery was a combination of various stitches. An object is worked in a spiral line from the centre in a fine chain stitch and often pressed in at certain parts by heated irons, giving the effect of raised work. Drapery is generally worked in feather stitch crossed with other threads producing a zig-zag or diaper design. -
115 Pique
Sometimes abbreviated to P.K. See full pique and half pique. A type of seaming for gloves. ———————— Dobby cloths composed of two warps and two wefts. The face warp is lightly weighted, and weaves plain with the face weft. The back warp is heavily weighted, and stitches through the plain face cloth, according to a prearranged design. At the stitching points the face cloth is pulled down, causing the face to form an embossed surface. The second weft is used as wadding to make the raised figuring more pronounced. The face warp and weft are usually finer than those used for stitching and wadding and in the proportion of 2: 1, such as 2 ends 32's face 1 end 24's back. A popular cloth is made 40-in., 40/45 yards, 100 face 32's super Egyptian, 50 back 2/60's super American, 120 face picks 42's super Egyptian, and 64 wadding picks 18's super American. The finer piques are rather expensive. -
116 Repousse Lace
The design consists mostly of dots, it also has flowers and leaves which are raised like blisters. -
117 Watteau
A pattern or design similar to those produced by Watteau, an artist during the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774). The most popular Watteau styles were: - (1) The Watteau back, which is a style of woman's dress in which the fullness of the back is confined at the neck in plaits or gathers and falls from there to the hem of the skirt, sometimes forming a long train. (2) The Watteau bodice, having a square neck and short sleeves, terminating in a ruffle. (3) The Watteau mantle, which was a cape with loose-plaited back. (4) The Watteau hat, which was flat on top and raised towards the back by a bandeau. -
118 relief
[rə'li:f]1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) soulagement2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) (de) secours3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) (de) relève4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) relève5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) relief•- relieve- relieved -
119 relief
[rə'li:f]1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) alívio2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) auxílio3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) substituto4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) libertação5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) relevo•- relieve- relieved -
120 Archer, Frederick Scott
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1813 Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, Englandd. May 1857 London, England[br]English photographer, inventor of the wet-collodion process, the dominant photographic process between 1851 and c.1880.[br]Apprenticed to a silversmith in London, Archer's interest in coin design and sculpture led to his taking up photography in 1847. Archer began experiments to improve Talbot's calotype process and by 1848 he was investigating the properties of a newly discovered material, collodion, a solution of gun-cotton in ether. In 1851 Archer published details of a process using collodion on glass plates as a carrier for silver salts. The process combined the virtues of both the calotype and the daguerreotype processes, then widely practised, and soon displaced them from favour. Collodion plates were only sensitive when moist and it was therefore essential to use them immediately after they had been prepared. Popularly known as "wet plate" photography, it became the dominant photographic process for thirty years.Archer introduced other minor photographic innovations and in 1855 patented a collodion stripping film. He had not patented the wet-plate process, however, and made no financial gain from his photographic work. He died in poverty in 1857, a matter of some embarrassment to his contemporaries. A subscription fund was raised, to which the Government was subsequently persuaded to add an annual pension.[br]Bibliography1851, Chemist (March) (announced Archer's process).Further ReadingJ.Werge, 1890, The Evolution of Photography.H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of "Photography", rev. edn, London.JWBiographical history of technology > Archer, Frederick Scott
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