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41 editio
ēdĭtĭo, ōnis, f. [2. edo, II.].I.Prop.A.A bringing forth, a birth (late Lat.), Dig. 50, 2, 2, § 6; Tert. adv. Jud. 1.—B.A putting forth, publishing of a work (postAug.), Sen. Ben. 4, 28; Quint. Ep. ad Tryph. § 2; prooem. § 7; Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 5; 2, 10, 6; 3, 15, 1 et saep.—2.Concr., like our edition = ekdosis, qui versus in omni editione invenitur, Quint. 5, 11, 40; 12, 10, 55. —II.Trop.A.A statement, representation.1.In gen.:2.in tam discrepante editione,
Liv. 4, 23.—Jurid. t. t., a declaration, designation of the form of action, Dig. 2, 13, 1 sq.:B.tribuum,
Cic. Planc. 16, 39 and 41, v. 2. edo, II. C. 2., and editicius.—An exhibition:operarum,
Dig. 38, 1, 50:muneris gladiatorii,
Inscr. Orell. 3811; 5020; Symm. Ep. 4, 8. -
42 showing
1. n изложение, освещение2. n доказывание; показание3. n показатели, данныеon this showing — на основании данных сведений, согласно данным показаниям
4. n впечатление5. n выставка; показ, демонстрация6. n геол. признаки выхода пластаСинонимический ряд:1. appearance (noun) appearance; appearances; face; guise; manifestation; occurrence; out; seeming; semblance; sight; simulacrum; view2. production (noun) display; exhibit; exhibition; production; show3. appearing (verb) appearing; emerging; issuing; looming; materializing4. baring (verb) baring; disclosing; exposing; lay open; revealing; uncovering; unmasking; unveiling5. brandishing (verb) brandishing; disporting; flashing; flaunting; offering; parading; show off; showing off; sporting; trotting out6. coming (verb) arriving; coming; getting; getting in; reaching; showing up; turning up7. demonstrating (verb) demonstrating; displaying; evidencing; evincing; exhibiting; illustrating; looking; manifesting; proclaiming8. guiding (verb) conducting; directing; escorting; guiding; leading; piloting; routing; seeing; steering9. imaging (verb) delineating; depicting; describing; imaging; limning; picturing; portraying; rendering; representing10. indicating (verb) denoting; designating; indicating; marking; point out; reading; recording; registering; saying; specifying11. proving (verb) authenticating; bear out; confirming; corroborating; determining; establishing; making out; proving; substantiating; validating; verifying12. reading (verb) marking; reading; recording; registering13. running (verb) playing; running14. staging (verb) mounting; producing; putting on; staging -
43 παράστασις
I ([etym.] παρίστημι) putting aside, removal, esp. relegation, banishment,π. ἐπὶ τὰ τῆς χώρας ἔσχατα Pl.Lg. 855c
; ἀποδημητικὰς ποιεῖσθαι τὰς π. αὐτῶν, i.e. to ostracize them, Arist.Pol. 1308b19 ; παράστασις· φυγή, καὶ τὸ φυγαδεῦσαι παραστήσασθαι, Hsch.3 generally, setting forth, exhibition, manifestation, εἰς τύπωσιν καὶ π. Phld.Rh.2.34 S. ; πρὸς παράστασίν τινος placing before one, representation, Arr.Epict.2.19.1, Corn. ND12, Sor.Vit.Hp. 12, cf. Porph.Antr.4, Procl. in Prm.p 504 S., Dam. Pr.46, 301 ;κατὰ ἀπόφασιν ὧν οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐ κατὰ παράστασιν ὧν ἐστι προσηγόρευται Porph.Sent.19
.6 ἡ π. τῶν δημοσίων the provision of public sacrificial victims, i. e. the revenues earmarked for that purpose, SIG562.68 (Paros, iii B. C.).II ([etym.] παρίσταμαι) intr., being beside:3 assistance, succour, JHS37.101 (Lydia, ii A. D.) ; manifestation of divinity, SIG695.12 (Magn. Mae., ii B. C.) ; αἱ τῶν εἰδώλων π. Placit.5.2.1.5 room, space for standing, οὐχ ἕξει π. Ph.Bel.85.3, cf. D.S.20.91 : in pl., free spaces adjoining a line of wall, SIG1182.5,10( = 936 note, Ephesus, iii B.C.).7 mental excitement, ardour, exaltation,μεγίστη π. εἶχέ τινας, ὡς δικαίως πράττοντας Plb.5.9.6
;μετὰ παραστάσεως ἠσπάζετο Id.10.5.4
.b desperate courage, ὁρμὴ καὶ π. Id.3.63.14 ;μετὰ παραστάσεως ἠγωνίζοντο Id.16.33.2
;ἡ ἐν ταῖς βασάνοις π. τῆς ψυχῆς D.S.10.17
, cf. J.BJ2.20.7.c fury, desperation, τὸ λυποῦν ἤγαγ' ἐς π. Antiph.104, cf. Plb.8.21.4, 9.40.4 ;ἡ π. τῆς διανοίας Id.3.84.9
.d propensity, desire, ψυχῆς πονηρᾶς δυσσεβὴς π. Men.540.8 ; ἄλογος π. Epicur.Ep. 1p.30U. ;π. πρός τινα Id.Fr. 138
;π. ψυχῆς πρὸς ἐλευθερίαν D.S.33.16
; impulse, Plu.2.589a ; ἡ π. τῆς ψυχῆς, as gloss on λῆμα, Ps.-Hdn.Gr. post Moer.p.470 P.III as law-term, money deposit, court fee on entering certain public suits, And.1.120, Is.3.47, Dem.Phal.Fr.7 J. ;π., μία δραχμή Men.327
, cf. Com.Adesp.778, Harp. s.v.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > παράστασις
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44 Cubitt, William
[br]b. 1785 Dilham, Norfolk, Englandd. 13 October 1861 Clapham Common, Surrey, England[br]English civil engineer and contractor.[br]The son of a miller, he received a rudimentary education in the village school. At an early age he was helping his father in the mill, and in 1800 he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker. After four years he returned to work with his father, but, preferring to leave the parental home, he not long afterwards joined a firm of agricultural-machinery makers in Swanton in Norfolk. There he acquired a reputation for making accurate patterns for the iron caster and demonstrated a talent for mechanical invention, patenting a self-regulating windmill sail in 1807. He then set up on his own as a millwright, but he found he could better himself by joining the engineering works of Ransomes of Ipswich in 1812. He was soon appointed their Chief Engineer, and after nine years he became a partner in the firm until he moved to London in 1826. Around 1818 he invented the treadmill, with the aim of putting prisoners to useful work in grinding corn and other applications. It was rapidly adopted by the principal prisons, more as a means of punishment than an instrument of useful work.From 1814 Cubitt had been gaining experience in civil engineering, and upon his removal to London his career in this field began to take off. He was engaged on many canal-building projects, including the Oxford and Liverpool Junction canals. He accomplished some notable dock works, such as the Bute docks at Cardiff, the Middlesborough docks and the coal drops on the river Tees. He improved navigation on the river Severn and compiled valuable reports on a number of other leading rivers.The railway construction boom of the 1840s provided him with fresh opportunities. He engineered the South Eastern Railway (SER) with its daringly constructed line below the cliffs between Folkestone and Dover; the railway was completed in 1843, using massive charges of explosive to blast a way through the cliffs. Cubitt was Consulting Engineer to the Great Northern Railway and tried, with less than his usual success, to get the atmospheric system to work on the Croydon Railway.When the SER began a steamer service between Folkestone and Boulogne, Cubitt was engaged to improve the port facilities there and went on to act as Consulting Engineer to the Boulogne and Amiens Railway. Other commissions on the European continent included surveying the line between Paris and Lyons, advising the Hanoverian government on the harbour and docks at Hamburg and directing the water-supply works for Berlin.Cubitt was actively involved in the erection of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851; in recognition of this work Queen Victoria knighted him at Windsor Castle on 23 December 1851.Cubitt's son Joseph (1811–72) was also a notable civil engineer, with many railway and harbour works to his credit.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1851. FRS 1830. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1850 and 1851.Further ReadingObituary, 1862, Minutes of 'the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 21:552– 8.LRD -
45 Gamond, Aimé Thomé de
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 1807d. 1876[br]French civil engineer and early advocate of the Channel Tunnel.[br]He became interested in the possibility of a tunnel or a bridge link between England and France in 1833 when he did his own geological survey of a route between Calais and Dover, and in 1834 he proposed an immersed tube tunnel. However, at the Great Exhibition of 1855 he promoted a scheme incorporating an artificial stone isthmus with movable bridges, which was estimated to cost £33,600,000, but this idea was eventuallv abandoned. He reverted to the idea of a tunnel and did further survey in 1855, with 180 lb (80 kg) of flint for ballast, ten inflated pig bladders to bring him to the surface and pieces of buttered lint plastered over his ears to protect them against the water pressure. He touched bottom between 99 and 108 ft (30 and 33 m). In 1856 Napoleon III granted him an audience and promised a scientific commission to evaluate his scheme, which it eventually approved. In 1858 he went to London and got the backing of Robert Stephenson, Isambard K. Brunel and Joseph Locke. He also obtained an interview with Prince Albert. In 1858, after an assassination attempt on Napoleon III, relations between France and England cooled off and Thomé de Gamond's plans were halted. He revived them in 1867, but others were by now also putting forward schemes. He had worked on the scheme for thirty-five years and expended a small fortune. In 1875 The Times reported that he was "living in humble circumstances, his daughter supporting him by giving lessons on the piano". He died the following year.[br]Further ReadingT.Whiteside, 1962, The Tunnel under the Channel.IMcN -
46 Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste
[br]b. 1734 Lyons, France d. 1829[br]French architect particularly interested in the scientific and mathematical basis of architectural structure, and who at an early date introduced reinforced concrete into supporting piers in his buildings.[br]From 1795 Rondelet was Professor at the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics and while there was responsible for a major treatise on building construction: this was his Traité théorique et pratique de l'art de bâtir, published in four volumes in 1802–17. From 1806 he taught at the Ecole Spéciale d'Architecture, which was soon afterwards merged with the Ecole Polytechnique. It was when Rondelet took over the work of com-pleting the Panthéon in Paris, after the death of Jacques-Germain Soufflot, that he had the opportunity of putting some of his particular structural ideas into practice. In 1755 the King had appointed Soufflot architect of the great new church to be dedicated to the patron saint of the city, Sainte Geneviève. In this neo-classical structure based upon Greek cross plan, Soufflot intended four slender piers, each encased in three engaged columns, to support the pendentives for the dome to rise over the crossing. It was a fine and elegant building on a large scale, but by the early nineteenth century, when the church had become a pantheon, cracks were appearing in the masonry. When Rondelet succeeded as architect after Soufflot's death, he strengthened and enlarged the piers, employing a faced concrete structure reinforced with metal. He used a metalreinforced mortar with rubble aggregate.[br]BibliographyAn article by Rondelet appears in: 1989, Le Panthéon: Symbole des Révolutions, pp. 308–10 (book of the Exhibition at the Hôtel de Sully, Paris), ed. Picard, Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites en France.Further ReadingM.N.Mathuset-Bandouin, 1980, "Biographie de Jean Rondelet", Soufflot et son temps, Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites en France, 155ö7.DYBiographical history of technology > Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste
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